Black under-representation in management across U.S. labor markets

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

Volumn 609, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 181-199

  Cohen, Philip N ^a,b   Huffman, Matt L ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHAPEL HILL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Inequality; Labor markets; Management; Underrepresentation

Indexed keywords

EID: 33845636593     PISSN: 00027162     EISSN: 15523349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0002716206296734     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Adler, Marina A., Gijsberta J. Koelewijn-Strattner, and Joseph J. Lengermann. 1995. The intersection of race and gender among chemists: Assessing the impact of double minority status on income. Sociological Focus 28 (3). 245-259.
2. Baron, James N., and William T. Bielby. 1980. Bringing the firms back in: Stratification, segmentation, and the organization of work. American Sociological Review 45: 737-765.
3. Baron, James N., P. D. Jennings, and Frank R. Dobbin. 1988. Mission control? The development of personnel systems in U.S. industry. American Sociological Review 53: 497-514.
4. Baron, James N., and Andrew E. Newman. 1990. For what it's worth - Organizations, occupations, and the value of work done by women and nonwhites. American Sociological Review 55 (2). 155-175.
5. Beggs, John J. 1995. The institutional environment: Implications for race and gender inequality in the U.S. labor market. American Sociological Review 60: 612-633.
6. Beggs, John J., Wayne J. Villemez, and Ruth Arnold. 1997. Black population concentration and black-white inequality: Expanding the consideration of place and space effects. Social Forces 76: 65-91.
7. Bendick, Marc, Jr. 2000. Using EEO-1 data to investigate claims of employment discrimination. Paper Presented to the American Bar Association, July 10, New York.
8. Blalock, Hubert M. 1967. Toward a theory of minority group relations. New York: Wiley.
9. Blau, Peter M. 1977. Inequality and heterogeneity. New York: Free Press.
10. Blum, Terry C., Dail L. Fields, and Jodi S. Goodman. 1994. Organization-level determinants of women in management. Academy of Management Journal 37 (2). 241-268.
11. Burr, Jeffery A., Omer R. Galle, and Mark A. Fossett. 1991. Racial occupational inequality in southern metropolitan areas: 1940-1980: Revisiting the visibility-discrimination hypothesis. Social Forces 69: 831-850.
12. Catanzarite, Lisa, and Michael B. Aguilera. 2002. Working with co-ethnics: Earnings penalties for Latino immigrants at Latino jobsites. Social Problems 49 (1). 101-127.
13. Cohen, Philip N. 1998. Black concentration effects on black-white and gender inequality: Multilevel analysis for U.S. metropolitan areas. Social Forces 77 (1). 207-229.
14. Cohen, Philip N. 2001. Race, class, and labor markets: The white working class and racial composition of U.S. metropolitan areas. Social Science Research 30: 146-169.
15. Cohen, Philip N., and Matt L. Huffman. 2006. Working for the woman? Female managers and the gender wage gap. Manuscript, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; and University of California, Irvine.
16. Cotter, David A., Joan M. Hermsen, and Reeve Vanneman. 2003. The effects of occupational segregation across race. Sociological Quarterly 44: 17-36.
17. Darity, William A., and Patrick L. Mason. 1998. Evidence on discrimination in employment: Codes of color, codes of gender. Journal of Economic Perspectives 12 (2). 63-90.
18. DiPrete, Thomas A., and Jerry D. Forristal. 1994. Multilevel models: Methods and substance. Annual Review of Sociology 20: 331-357.
19. Elliott, James R., and Ryan A. Smith. 2001. Ethnic matching of supervisors to subordinate work groups: Findings on "bottom-up" ascription and social closure. Social Problems 48: 258-276.
20. Elliott, James R., and Ryan A. Smith. 2004. Race, gender, and workplace power. American Sociological Review 69: 365-386.
21. Finkelstein, Michael O., and Bruce Levin. 2001. Statistics for lawyers. New York: Springer.
22. Fossett, Mark A., and K. Jill Kiecolt. 1989. The relative size of minority populations and white racial attitudes. Social Science Quarterly 70: 820-835.
23. Gastwirth, Joseph L. 1984. Statistical methods for analyzing claims of employment discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 38: 75-86.
24. Gastwirth, Joseph L. 1992. Statistical reasoning in the legal setting. American Statistician 46 (1). 55-69.
25. Gastwirth, Joseph L., and Samuel W. Greenhouse. 1987. Estimating a common relative risk: Applications in equal employment. Journal of the American Statistical Association 82: 38-45.
26. Glenn, Norval D. 1963. Occupational benefits to whites from the subordination of Negroes. American Sociological Review 28: 443-448.
27. Grodsky, Eric, and Devah Pager. 2001. The structure of disadvantage: Individual and occupational determinants of the black-white wage gap. American Sociological Review 66: 542-567.
28. Guo, Guang, and Hongxin Zhao. 2000. Multilevel modeling for binary data. Annual Review of Sociology 26: 441-462.
29. Heer, David M. 1959. The sentiment of white supremacy: An ecological study. American Journal of Sociology 64 (6). 592-598.
30. Hirsch, Barry T., and Edward J. Schumacher. 1992. Labor earnings, discrimination, and the racial composition of jobs. Journal of Human Resources 27: 602-628.
31. Huffman, Matt L. 1999. Who's in charge? Organizational influences on women's representation in managerial positions. Social Science Quarterly 80 (4). 738-756.
32. Huffman, Matt L., and Philip N. Cohen. 2004. Racial wage inequality: Job segregation and devaluation across U.S. labor markets. American Journal of Sociology 109 (4). 902-936.
33. Jacobs, Jerry A. 1992. Women's entry into management - Trends in earnings, authority and values among salaried managers. Administrative Science Quarterly 37 (2). 282-301.
34. Jacobs, Jerry A., and Mary Blair-Loy. 1996. Race, gender, local labor markets and occupational devaluation. Sociological Focus 29: 209-230.
35. Kanter, Rosabeth M. 1977. Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
36. Kmec, Julie A. 2003. Minority job composition and wages. Social Problems 50 (1). 38-59.
37. Lieberson, Stanley. 1980. A piece of the pie: Blacks and white immigrants since 1880. Berkeley: University of California Press.
38. Massey, Douglas S., and Nancy A. Denton. 1993. American apartheid: Segregation and the making of the underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
39. McCall, Leslie. 2001. Sources of racial wage inequality in metropolitan labor markets: Racial, ethnic, and gender differences. American Sociological Review 66 (4). 520-541.
40. Olzak, Susan, Suzanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth H. McEneaney. 1996. Poverty, segregation, and race riots: 1960 to 1993. American Sociological Review 61 (4). 590-613.
41. Olzak, Susan, Suzanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth West. 1994. School desegregation, interracial exposure, and antibusing activity in contemporary urban America. American Journal of Sociology 100: 196-241.
42. Pettigrew, Thomas F. 1957. Demographic correlates of border-state desegregation. American Sociological Review 22 (6). 683-689.
43. Pfeffer, Jeffery. 1983. Organizational demography. In Research in organizational behavior, ed. Larry L. Cummings and Barry M. Staw, 299-359. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
44. Pfeffer, Jeffery, and Alison Davis-Blake. 1987. The effect of the proportion of women on salaries: The case of college administrators. Administrative Science Quarterly 32: 1-24.
45. Quillian, Lincoln. 1996. Group threat and regional change in attitudes toward African Americans. American Journal of Sociology 102: 816-860.
46. Raudenbush, Stephen W., and Anthony S. Bryk. 2002. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
47. Reed, John S. 1972. Percent black and lynching: A test of Blalock's theory. Social Forces 50 (3). 356-360.
48. Reskin, Barbara F. 2003. Including mechanisms in our models of ascriptive inequality. American Sociological Review 68 (1). 1-21.
49. Reskin, Barbara, and Naomi Cassirer. 1996. Occupational segregation by gender, race and ethnicity. Sociological Focus 29 (3). 231-243.
50. Reskin, Barbara F., and Debra B. McBrier. 2000. Why not ascription? Organizations' employment of male and female managers. American Sociological Review 65 (2). 210-233.
51. Robinson, Corre L., Tiffany Taylor, Donald Tomaskovic-Devey, Catherine Zimmer, and Matthew W. Irvin. 2005. Studying race or ethnic and sex segregation at the establishment level: Methodological issues and substantive opportunities using EEO-1 reports. Work & Occupations 32 (1). 5-38.
52. Scott, Richard W. 1992. Organizations: Rational, natural, and open systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
53. Semyonov, Moshe, Danny R. Hoyt, and Richard I. Scott. 1984. Place, race, and differential occupational opportunities. Demography 21: 259-270.
54. Shenhav, Yehouda, and Yitchak Haberfeld. 1992. Organizational demography and inequality. Social Forces 71 (1). 123-143.
55. Smith, Ryan A. 2002. Race, gender, and authority in the workplace: Theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology 28: 509-542.
56. Stainback, Kevin, and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey. 2006. Managing privilege: The stable advantage of white males in U.S. labor markets, 1966-2000. Manuscript, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
57. Szafran, Robert F. 1982. What kinds of firms hire and promote women and blacks? A review of the literature. Sociological Quarterly 23: 171-190.
58. Taylor, Marylee C. 1998. How white attitudes vary with the racial composition of local populations: Numbers count. American Sociological Review 63 (4). 512-535.
59. Tienda, Marta, and Ding-Tzann Lii. 1987. Minority concentration and earnings inequality: Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians compared. American Journal of Sociology 93: 141-165.
60. Tolnay, Stewart E., and E. M. Beck. 1995. A festival of violence: An analysis of southern lynchings, 1882-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
61. Tolnay, Stewart E., Glenn Deane, and E. M. Beck. 1996. Vicarious violence: Spatial effects on southern lynchings, 1890-1919. American Journal of Sociology 3: 788-815.
62. Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald. 1993. Gender and racial inequality at work: The sources and consequences of job segregation. New York: ILR Press.
63. Tomaskovic-Devey, Donald, Catherine Zimmer, Kevin Stainback, Corre Robinson, Tiffany Taylor, and Tricia McTague. 2006. Documenting desegregation: Segregation in American workplaces by race, ethnicity, and sex, 1966-2003. American Sociological Review 71: 565-588.
64. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. 2006. Diversity in the finance industry. Washington, DC: EEOC Office of Research, Information and Planning. http://www.eeoc.gov/stats/reports/finance/index.html (accessed October 19, 2006).
65. Wilson, George, Ian Sakura-Lemessy, and Jonathan P. West. 1999. Reaching the top: Racial differences in mobility paths to upper-tier occupations. Work & Occupations 26 (2). 165-186.
66. Wilson, William J. 1996. When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Vintage Books.