Vicarious violence: Spatial effects on southern lynchings, 1890-1919

American Journal of Sociology

Volumn 102, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 788-815

  Tolnay, Stewart E ^a   Deane, Glenn ^a   Beck, E M ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

^b State University of New York ^*

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0030351985     PISSN: 00029602     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/230997     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Anselin, Luc. 1988. Spatial Econometrics: Methods and Models. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
2. Ayers, Edward L. 1984. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century American South. New York: Oxford University Press.
3. _. 1992. The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Beck, E. M., and Stewart E. Tolnay. 1990. "The Killing Fields of the Deep South: The Market for Cotton and the Lynching of Blacks, 1882-1930." American Sociological Review 55:526-39.
5. _. 1995. "Analyzing Historical Count Data: Poisson and Negative Binomial Regression Models." Historical Methods 28:25-31.
6. _. 1996. "When Race Didn't Matter: Black and White Mob Violence against Their Own Color." In Under Sentence of Death: Essays on Lynching in the South, edited by Fitzhugh Brundage. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
7. Blalock, Hubert M. 1967. Toward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations. New York: John Wiley.
8. Blau, Judith R., Kenneth C. Land, and Kent Redding. 1992. "The Expansion of Religious Affiliation: An Explanation of the Growth of Church Participation in the United States, 1850-1930." Social Science Research 21:329-52.
9. Brown, Lawrence A., Edward J. Malecki, and Aron N. Spector. 1976. "Adopter Categories in a Spatial Context: Alternative Explanations for an Empirical Regularity." Rural Sociology 41:99-118.
10. Brundage, W. Fitzhugh. 1990. "The Darien 'Insurrection' of 1899: Black Protest during the Nadir of Race Relations." Georgia Historical Quarterly 74:234-53.
11. _. 1993. Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
12. Cameron, A., and P. Trivedi. 1986. "Econometric Models Based on Count Data: Comparisons and Applications of Some Estimators." Journal of Applied Econometrics 1:29-53.
13. Cohen, Lawrence D., and Marcus Felson. 1979. "Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach." American Sociological Review 44:588-608.
14. Coleman, James S. 1964. Introduction to Mathematical Sociology. New York: Free Press.
15. Corzine, Jay, Lin Corzine, and James Creech. 1988. "The Tenant Labor Market and Lynching in the South: A Test of Split Labor Market Theory." Sociological Inquiry 58:261-78.
16. Corzine, Jay, James Creech, and Lin Corzine. 1983. "Black Concentration and Lynchings in the South: Testing Blalock's Power-Threat Hypothesis." Social Forces 61:774-96.
17. Dann, Norman K. 1976. "Spatial Diffusion of a Religious Movement." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15:351-60.
18. Doreian, Patrick. 1980. "Linear Models with Spatially Distributed Data: Spatial Disturbances or Spatial Effects?" Sociological Methods and Research 9:29-66.
19. _. 1981. "Estimating Linear Models with Spatially Distributed Data." Sociological Methodology 11:359-88.
20. Doreian, Patrick, and Norman P. Humon. 1976. "A Spatial Model of Political Insurgency." Pp. 130-45 in Modeling Social Processes, edited by Patrick Doreian and Norman P. Humon. New York: Elsevier.
21. Eaton, William W., and Andree Fortin. 1978. "A Third Interpretation for the Generating Process of the Negative Binomial." American Sociological Review 47:264-67.
22. Gibbs, Jack P. 1989. "Conceptualization of Terrorism." American Sociological Review 54:329-40.
23. Ginzburg, Ralph. 1988. 100 Years of Lynchings. Baltimore: Black Classics Press.
24. Griffin, Larry J. 1993. "Narrative, Event-Structure Analysis, and Causal Interpretation in Historical Sociology." American Journal of Sociology 98:1094-1133.
25. Holden, Robert T. 1987a. "Time Series Analysis of a Contagious Process." Journal of the American Statistical Association 82:1019-26.
26. _. 1987b. "The Contagiousness of Aircraft Hijacking." American Journal of Sociology 91:874-904.
27. Horan, Patrick M., and Peggy G. Hargis. 1989. "The County Longitudinal Template." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Social Science History Association, Chicago.
28. ICPSR (Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research). 1994. Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-1970, MRDF no. 0003. Ann Arbor, Michigan: ICPSR.
29. Land, Kenneth C., and Glenn Deane. 1992. "On the Large-Sample Estimation of Regression Models with Spatial- or Network-Effects Terms: A Two-Stage Least Squares Approach." Sociological Methodology 22:221-48.
30. Land, Kenneth C., Glenn Deane, and Judith R. Blau. 1991. "Religious Pluralism and Church Membership: A Spatial Diffusion Model." American Sociological Review 56:237-49.
31. Lawless, J. F. 1987. "Regression Methods for Poisson Process Data." Journal of the American Statistical Association 82:808-15.
32. Liao, T. F. 1994. Interpreting Probability Models: Logit, Probit, and Other Generalized Linear Models. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage.
33. Mandle, Jay R. 1978. The Roots of Black Poverty: The Southern Plantation Economy after the Civil War. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
34. Marsden, Peter V., and Steven B. Andrews. 1991. "Network Sampling and the Network Effects Model." Paper presented at the Sunbelt Social Network Conference, San Diego, Calif.
35. McPhail, Clark. 1991. The Myth of the Madding Crowd. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
36. Oberschall, Anthony. 1989. "The 1960 Sit-ins: Protest Diffusion and Movement Take-Off." Research in Social Movements 11:31-53.
37. Olzak, Susan, Suzanne Shanahan, and Elizabeth H. McEneaney. 1993. "Sources of Contemporary Racial Unrest in the United States: From the 1960s through 1990s." Paper presented at the meeting of the Social Science History Association, Baltimore.
38. Ord, Keith. 1975. "Estimation Methods for Models of Spatial Interaction." Journal of the American Statistical Association 70:120-26.
39. Pitcher, Brian, Robert L. Hamblin, and Jerry L. L. Miller. 1978. "The Diffusion of Collective Violence." American Sociological Review 43:23-35.
40. Raper, Arthur. 1933. The Tragedy of Lynching. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
41. Reed, John Shelton. 1972. "Percent Black and Lynching: A Test of Blalock's Theory." Social Forces 50:356-60.
42. Rogers, Everett. 1983. Diffusion of Innovations, 3d ed. New York: Free Press.
43. SAS Institute. 1993. SAS Technical Report P-243, SAS/STAT Software: The GENMOD Procedure, Release 6.09. Cary, N.C.: SAS Institute.
44. Shapiro, Herbert. 1988. White Violence and Black Response: From Reconstruction to Montgomery. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
45. Spilerman, Seymour. 1970. "The Causes of Racial Disturbances: A Comparison of Alternative Explanations." American Sociological Review 35:627-49.
46. _. 1975. "Forecasting Social Events." Pp. 381-403 in Social Indicator Models, edited by Kenneth C. Land and Seymour Spilerman. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
47. Strang, David, and Nancy Brandon Tuma. 1993. "Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity in Diffusion." American Journal of Sociology 99:614-39.
48. Taibleson, Mitchell H. 1974. "Distinguishing between Contagion, Heterogeneity and Randomness in Stochastic Models." American Sociological Review 39:877-80.
49. Tolnay, Stewart E. 1995. "The Spatial Diffusion of Fertility: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Counties in the American South, 1940." American Sociological Review 60: 299-308.
50. Tolnay, Stewart E., and E. M. Beck. 1992. "Racial Violence and Black Migration in the South, 1910 to 1930." American Sociological Review 57:103-16.
51. _. 1995. A Festival of Violence: An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882-1930. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
52. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1913. Thirteenth Census of the United States. 1910. Agriculture. Vols. 6-7, Reports by States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
53. U.S. Census Office. 1895. Eleventh Census of the United States: Report on the Statistics of Agriculture, 1890. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
54. _. 1902. Twelfth Census of the United States: Agriculture, Crops, and Irrigation. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
55. Woodward, C. Vann. 1963. Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Wright, Richard. 1966. Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth. New York: Harper & Row.