Development and natural history of pediatric depression: Treatment implications

Clinical Neuropsychiatry

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 194-204

  Rao, Uma ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Antidepressant response; Children; Developmental differences; Early onset illness; Pathogenesis; Pediatric depression; Unipolar depression

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

ADULTHOOD; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DISEASE COURSE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MENTAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; PREVALENCE; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOTHERAPY; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 33845405615     PISSN: 17244935     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (178)

1. Aalto-Setala T, Marttunen M, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Poikolainen K, Lonnqvist J (2002). Depressive symptoms in adolescence as predictors of early adulthood depressive disorders and maladjustment. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1235-1237.
2. Akiskal HS, Rosenthal TL, Haykal RE, Lemmi H, Rosenthal RH, Scott-Strauss (1980). Characterological depressions: clinical and sleep EEG findings separating 'subaffective dysthymias' from 'character spectrum disorders'. Archives of General Psychiatry 37, 777-783.
3. Allgood-Merten B, Lewinsohn PM, Hops H (1990). Sex differences and adolescent depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 99, 55-63.
4. Alpert JE, Fava M, Uebelacker LA et al (1999). Patterns of axis I co morbidity in early-onset versus late-onset major depressive disorder. Biological Psychiatry 46, 202-210.
5. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic Criteria from DSM-IV-TR™, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
6. Angold A, Costello EJ, Erkanli A (1999). Comorbidity. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40, 57-87.
7. Angold A, Costello E, Worthman C (1998). Puberty and depression: the roles of age, pubertal status and pubertal timing. Psychological Medicine 28, 51-61.
8. Angold A, Worthman CV (1993). Puberty onset of gender differences in rates of depression: a development, epidemiologic and neuroendocrine perspective. Journal of Affective Disorders 29, 145-158.
9. Angst J, Dobler-Mikola A (1984). Do the diagnostic criteria determine the sex ratio in depression? Journal of Affective Disorders 7, 189-198.
10. Apter A, Bleich A, Tyano S (1988). Affective and psychotic psychopathology in hospitalized adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 116-120.
11. Asarnow JR, Jaycox LH, Duan N, LaBorde AP, Rea MM Murray P, Anderson M, Landon C, Tang L, Wells KB (2005). Effectiveness of a quality improvement intervention for adolescent depression in primary care clinics. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 293, 311-319.
12. Avison WR, McAlpine DD (1992). Gender differences in symptoms of depression among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 33, 77-96.
13. Bardone AM, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Dickson N, Silva PA (1996). Adult mental health and social outcomes of adolescent girls with depression and conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology 8, 811-829.
14. Baron P, Joly E (1988). Sex differences in the expression of depression in adolescents. Sex Roles 18, 1-7.
15. Benca RM, Obermeyer WH, Thisted RA, Gillin JC (1992). Sleep and psychiatric disorders: a meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 651-668.
16. Bennett DS, Ambrosini PJ, Kudes D, Metz C, Rabinovich H (2005). Gender differences in adolescent depression: do symptoms differ for boys and girls? Journal of Affective Disorders 89, 35-44.
17. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Bolduc EA, Faraone SV, Hirshfeld DR (1991). A high risk study of young children of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia with and without co morbid depression. Psychiatry Research 37, 333-348.
18. Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE et al (1996a). Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 1427-1439.
19. Birmaher B, Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Brent DA, Kaufman J (1996b). Childhood and adolescent depression: a review of the past 10 years. Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 1575-1583.
20. Brent DA, Perper JA, Goldstein CE et al. (1988). Risk factors for adolescent suicide: a comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 45, 581-588.
21. Brooks-Gunn J, Graber JA, Paikoff RL (1994). Studying links between hormones and negative affect: models and measures. Journal of Research on Adolescence 4, 469-486.
22. Burke KC, Burke JD, Regier DA, Rae DS (1990). Age at onset of selected mental disorders in five community populations. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 511-518.
23. Carlson GA, Kashani JH (1988). Phenomenology of major depression from childhood through adulthood: analysis of three studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 1222-1225.
24. Carrey NJ, Dursun S, Clements R, Renton K, Waschbusch D, MacMaster F (2002). Noradrenergic and serotonergic neuroendocrine responses in prepurbertal, peripubertal, and postpubertal rats pretreated with Desipramine and Sertraline. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, 999-1006.
25. Carter JD, Joyce PR, Mulder RT, Luty SE, McKenzie J (2000). Gender differences in the presentation of depressed outpatients: a comparison of descriptive variables. Journal of Affective Disorders 61, 59-67.
26. Caspi A, Sudgen K, Moffitt TE et al (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science 301, 386-389.
27. Charney DS, Berman RM, Miller HL (1998). Treatment of Depression. In: Schatzberg AF, Nemeroff CB (Eds) The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Psychopharmacology, 2nd Edition, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
28. Cheung AH, Graham JE, Mayes TL (2005). Review of the efficacy and safety of antidepressants in youth depression. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46, 735-754.
29. Clarke G, Debar L, Lynch F, Powell J, Gale J, O'Connor E, Ludman E, Bush T, Lin EH. Von Korff M, Herbert S (2005). A randomized effectiveness trial of brief cognitive-behavioral therapy for depressed adolescents receiving antidepressant medication. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44, 888-898.
30. Clarke GN, Hops H, Lewinsohn PM, Andrews JA, Seely JR, Williams J (1992). Cognitive behavioral group treatment of adolescent depression: prediction of outcome. Behavioral Therapy 23, 341-354.
31. Cohen P, Cohen J, Kasen S, Velez CM, Hartmark C, Johnson J, Rojas M, Brook J, Steuning EL (1993). An epidemiological study of disorders in late childhood and adolescence, I: age and gender specific prevalence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 34, 851-867.
32. Cole, DA, Martin JM, Peeke La, Seroczynski AD, Fier J (1999). Children's over and underestimation of academic competence: a longitudinal study of gender differences, depression, and anxiety. Child Development 70, 459-473.
33. Compas BE, Oppedisano G, Conner JK et al (1997). Gender differences in depressive symptoms in adolescence: comparison of national samples of clinically referred and nonreferred youths. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65, 617-626.
34. Coplan JD, Wolk SI, Goetz RR et al (2000). Nocturnal growth hormone secretion studies in adolescents with or without major depression re-examined: integration of adult clinical follow-up data. Biological Psychiatry 47, 594-604.
35. Coryell W, Akiskal HS, Leon AC, Winokur G, Maser JD, Mueller TI, Keller MB (1994). The time course of nonchronic major depressive disorder. Uniformity across episodes and samples. National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Program on the Psychobiology of Depression - Clinical Studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 405-410.
36. Coryell W, Keller M, Endicott J, Andreasen N, Clayton P, Hirschfeld R (1989). Bipolar II illness: course and outcome over a five-year period. Psychological Medicine 19, 129-141.
37. Costello EJ, Pine DS, Hammen C et al (2002). Development and Natural History of Mood Disorders. Biological Psychiatry 52, 529-542.
38. Cyranowski JM, Frank E, Young E, Shear K (2000). Adolescent onset of the gender difference in lifetime rates of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 57, 21-27.
39. Daley SE, Hammen C, Rao U (2000). Predictors of first onset and recurrence of major depression in young women during the 5 years following high school graduation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109, 525-533.
40. Demyttenaere K (1997). Compliance during treatment with antidepressants. Journal of Affective Disorders 43, 27-39.
41. Emslie G, Kowatch R (1996). Predictors of remission and recurrence in depressed children and adolescents. Presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, October 22-27, Philadelphia, PA.
42. Faravelli C, Ambonetti A, Pallanti S, Pazzagli A. (1986). Depressive relapses and incomplete recovery from index episode. American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 888-891.
43. Fava GA, Grandi S, Zielezny M, Canestrati R. (1994). Four year outcome for cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms in major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 153, 945-947.
44. Fava M, Uebelacker LA, Alpert JE, Nierenberg AA, Pava JA, Rosenbaum (1997). Major depressive subtypes and treatment response. Biological Psychiatry 42, 568-576.
45. Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ (2002). Mental health, educational and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 225-231.
46. Ferro T, Carlson GA, Grayson P, Klein DN (1994). Depressive disorders: distinctions in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 664-670.
47. Fleming JE, Offord DR (1990). Epidemiology of childhood depressive disorders: a critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 29, 571-580.
48. Fleming J, Boyle M, Offord D (1993). The outcome of adolescent depression in the Ontario Child Health Study follow-up. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 28-33.
49. Fombonne E, Wostear G, Cooper V, Harrington R, Rutter M (2001). The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 1. Psychiatric outcomes in adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry 179, 210-217.
50. Forbes EE, Miller A, Cohn JF, Fox NA, Kovacs M (2005). Affect-modulated startle in adults with childhood-onset depression: relations to bipolar course and number of lifetime depressive episodes. Psychiatry Research 134, 11-25.
51. Frank E, Carpenter LL, Kupfer DJ (1988). Sex differences in recurrent depression: are there any that are significant? American Journal of Psychiatry 145, 41-45.
52. Franko DL, Striegel-Moore RH, Bean J et al (2005). Psychosocial and health consequences of adolescent depression in Black and White young adult women. Health Psychology 24, 586-593.
53. Garber J, Kriss MR, Koch M, Lindholm L (1988). Recurrent depression in adolescents: a follow-up study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 49-54.
54. Georgotas A, McCue RE. (1989). Relapse of depressed patients after effective continuation therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders 17, 159-164.
55. Ge X, Lorenz FO, Conger RD, Elder GH, Simons RL (1994). Trajectories of stressful life events and depressive symptoms during adolescence. Developmental Psychology 30, 467-483.
56. Geller B, Zimmerman B, Williams M, Bolhofner K, Craney JL (2001). Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 125-127.
57. Giaconia RM, Reinherz HZ, Silverman AB, Pakiz B, Frost AK, Cohen E (1994). Ages of onset of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 706-717.
58. Goetz RR, Wolk SI, Coplan JD, Ryan ND, Weissman MM (2001). Premorbid polysomnographic signs in depressed adolescents: a reanalysis of EEG sleep after longitudinal follow-up in adulthood. Biological Psychiatry 49, 930-942.
59. Hammen C, Burge D, Burney E, Adrian C (1990). Longitudinal study of diagnoses in children of women with unipolar and bipolar affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 1112-1117.
60. Hamrin V, Pachler MC (2005). Child & adolescent depression: review of the latest evidence-based treatments. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services 43, 54-63.
61. Hankin BL, Abramson LY, Moffitt TE, Silva PA, McGee R, Angell KE (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 107, 128-140.
62. Hankin BL, Abramson LY (1999). Development of gender differences in depression: description and possible explanations. Annals of Medicine 31, 372-379.
63. Harrington R, Fudge H, Rutter M, Pickles A, Hill J (1990). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry 47, 465-473.
64. Harrington R, Fudge H, Rutter M, Pickles A, Hill J (1991). Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression: II. Links with antisocial disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30, 434-439.
65. Harrington R, Rutter M, Weissman M et al (1997). Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of depressed probands. I. Comparison of prepubertal, adolescent and early adult onset cases. Journal of Affective Disorders 42, 9-22.
66. Hirschfield RM, Keller MB, Panico S et al (1997). The National Depressive and Manic-Depressive Association consensus statement on the under treatment of depression. Journal of the American Medical Association 277, 333-340.
67. Holsboer F (1995). Neuroendocrinology of mood disorders. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ (Eds), Psychopharmacology: The Fourth Generation of Progress Raven Press, New York.
68. Hughes C, Preskorn S, Weller E, Weller R, Hassanein R, Tucker S (1990). The effect of concomitant disorders in childhood depression on predicting treatment response. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 26, 235-238.
69. Jaffee SR, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Fombonne E, Poulton R, Martin J (2002). Differences in early childhood risk factors for juvenile-onset and adult-onset depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 215-222.
70. Judd LL, Akiskal HS, Maser JD et al (1998). Major depressive disorder: a prospective study of residual subthreshold depressive symptoms as predictor of rapid relapse. Journal of Affective Disorders 50, 97-108.
71. Kandel D, Davies M (1986). Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry 43, 255-262.
72. Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Henk HJ. (1997a). Predictors of adequate dose and duration of anti-depressant medication for depression in a HMO. Presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit (NCDEU), May 27-30, Boca Raton, FL.
73. Katzelnick DJ, Kobak KA, Greist JH, Jefferson JW, Henk HJ (1997b). Effects of primary care treatment of depression on service use by patients with high medical expenditures. Psychiatry Services 48, 59-64.
74. Kaufman J, Martin A, King RA, Chamey D (2001). Are child-, adolescent-, and adult-onset depression one and the same disorder? Biological Psychiatry 49, 981-1001.
75. Kaufman J, Yang B-Z, Douglas-Palumberi H, Houshyar S, Lipschitz D, Krystal JH, Gelernter J (2004). Social supports and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 17316-17321.
76. Keller MB, Boland RJ (1998). Implications of failing to achieve successful long-term maintenance treatment of recurrent unipolar major depression. Biological Psychiatry 44, 348-360.
77. Kendall PC, Kortlander E, Chansky TE, Brady EU (1992). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in youth: treatment implications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60, 869-880.
78. Kessler RC, Avenevoli S, Merikangas KR (2001). Mood disorders in children and adolescents: An epidemiologic perspective. Biological Psychiatry 49, 1002-1014.
79. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry 62, 593-602.
80. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Foster CL, Saunders WB, & Stang PE (1997). Social consequences of psychiatric disorders: II. Teenage parenthood. American Journal of Psychiatry 154, 1405-1411.
81. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Swartz M, Blazer DG, Nelson CB (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders 29, 85-96.
82. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S et al (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 8-19.
83. Kessler RC, Walters EE (1998). Epidemiology of DSM-III-R major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the National Comorbidity Survey. Depression and Anxiety 7, 3-14.
84. Klein DN, Shankman SA, Rose S (2006). Ten-year prospective follow-up study of the naturalistic course of dysthymic disorder and double depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 163, 872-880.
85. Klerman GL, Lavori PW, Rice J et al (1985). Birth cohort trends in rates of major depressive disorder among relatives of patients with affective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 42, 689-693.
86. Kornstein SG, Schatzberg AF, Thase ME et al (2000). Gender differences in chronic major and double depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 60, 1-11.
87. Kovacs M (1996). Presentation and course of major depressive disorder during childhood and later years of the life span. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35, 705-715.
88. Kovacs M (2001). Gender and the course of major depressive disorder through adolescence in clinically referred youngsters. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40, 1079-1085.
89. Kovacs M, Akiskal S, Gatsonis C, Parrone PL (1994a), Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51, 365-374.
90. Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak M, Paulauskas SL, Finkelstein R (1984a). Depressive disorders in childhood: I. A longitudinal prospective study of characteristics and recovery. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 229-237.
91. Kovacs M, Feinberg TL, Crouse-Novak M, Paulauskas SL, Pollack M, Finkelstein R (1984b). Depressive disorders in childhood: II. A longitudinal study of the risk for subsequent major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 41, 643-649.
92. Kovacs M, Gatsonis C (1994). Secular trends in age at onset of major depressive disorder in a clinical sample of children. Journal of Psychiatric Research 28, 319-328.
93. Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulauskas S, Richards C (1989). Depressive disorders in childhood: IV. A longitudinal study of co morbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 46, 776-782.
94. Kovacs M, Goldston D, Gatsonis C (1993). Suicidal behaviors and childhood-onset depressive disorders: a longitudinal investigation. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 8-20.
95. Kovacs M, Krol RSM, Voti L (1994b). Early onset psychopathology and the risk for teenage pregnancy among clinically referred girls. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 106-122.
96. Kovacs M, Obrosky MS, Gatsonis C, Richards C (1997). First-episode major depressive and dysthymic disorder in childhood: clinical and sociodemographic factors in recovery. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 777-784.
97. Kovacs M, Obrosky DS, Sherrill J. (2003). Developmental changes in the phenomenology of depression in girls compared to boys from childhood onward. Journal of Affective Disorders 74, 33-48.
98. Kupfer DJ, Coble P, Kane J, Petti T, Conner CK. (1979). Imipramine and EEG sleep in children with depressive symptoms. Psychopharmacology 60, 117-123.
99. Lauer CJ, Modell S, Schreiber W, Krieg J-C, Holsboer F (2004). Prediction of the development of a first major depressive episode with a rapid eye movement sleep induction test using the cholinergic agonist RS86. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 24, 356-357.
100. Lewinsohn PM, Clarke GN, Seeley JR, Rohde P (1994a), Major depression in community adolescents: age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 33, 809-818.
101. Lewinsohn PM, Hops H, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Andrews JA (1993a). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, 133-144.
102. Lewinsohn PM, Pettit JW, Joiner TE, Seeley JR (2003a). The symptomatic expression of major depressive disorder in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112, 244-252.
103. Lewinsohn PM, Roberts RE, Seeley JR, Rohde P, Gotlib IH, Hops H (1994b). Adolescent psychopathology: II. Psychosocial risk factors for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103, 302-315.
104. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Klein DN, Seeley JR (1999). Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder. I. Continuity into young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 56-63.
105. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Klein DN, Seeley JR (2000). Natural course of adolescent major depressive disorder in a community sample: predictors of recurrence in young adults. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1584-1591.
106. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR (1995). Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 510-519.
107. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Fischer SA (1993b). Age-cohort changes in the lifetime occurrence of depression and other mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102, 110-120.
108. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Hops H (1991). Comorbidity of unipolar depression I: major depression with dysthymia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 100, 205-213.
109. Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR, Klein DN, Gotlib IH (2003b). Psychosocial functioning of young adults who have experienced and recovered from major depressive disorder during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112, 353-363.
110. Maj M, Veltro F, Pirozzi R, Lobrace S, Magliano L (1992). Pattern of recurrence of illness after recovery from an episode of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 149, 795-800.
111. Masi G, Favilla L, Mucci M, Poli P, Romano R (2001). Depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with dysthymic disorder. Psychopathology 34, 29-35.
112. Mathew SJ, Coplan JD, Goetz RR et al (2003). Differentiating depressed adolescent 24 h cortisol secretion in light of their adult clinical outcome. Neuropsychopharmacology 28, 1336-1343.
113. McCauley E, Myers K, Mitchell J, Calderon R, Schloredt K, Treder R (1993). Depression in young people: initial presentation and clinical course. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 714-722.
114. McCauley-Ohannessian C, Lerner RM, Lerner JV, von Eye A (1999). Does self-competence predict gender differences in adolescent depression and anxiety? Journal of Adolescence 22, 397-411.
115. McCracken JT, Poland RE (1995). Reduced effect of antidepressant treatment on prolactin response to a serotonin agonist in prepubertal rats. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 5, 115-120.
116. McCrone P, Knapp M, Fombonne E (2005). The Maudsley longterm follow-up of child and adolescent depression: predicting costs in adulthood. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 14, 407-413.
117. McGee R, Feehan M, Williams S, Anderson J (1992). DSM-III disorders from age 11 to 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 50-59.
118. McGee R, Williams S (1988). A longitudinal study of depression in nine-year-old children. Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 342-348.
119. Miller A, Fox NA, Cohn JF, Forbes EE, Sherrill JT, Kovacs M (2002). Regional patterns of brain activity in adults with a history of childhood-onset depression: gender differences and clinical variability. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 934-940.
120. Mitchell J, McCauley E, Burke P, Moss S (1988). Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 27, 12-20.
121. Modell S, Ising M, Holsboer F, Lauer CH (2005). The Munich vulnerability study on affective disorders: premorbid polysomnographic profile of affected high-risk probands. Biological Psychiatry 58, 694-699.
122. Morehouse RL, Kusumakar V, Kutcher SP, LeBlanc J, Armitage R (2002). Temporal coherence in ultradian sleep EEG rhythms in a never-depressed, high-risk cohort of female adolescents. Biological Psychiatry 51, 446-456.
123. Mufson L, Dorta KP, Wickramaratne P, Nomura Y, Olfson M, Weissman MM (2004). A randomized effectiveness trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for depressed adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 577-584.
124. Mulder RT, Watkins WGA, Joyce PR, Luty SE (2003). Age may affect response to antidepressants with serotonergic and noradrenergic actions. Journal of Affective Disorders 76, 143-149.
125. Newman DL, Moffit TE, Caspi A, Magdol L, Silva PA, Stanton WR (1996). Psychiatric disorder in a birth cohort of young adults: prevalence, co morbidity, clinical significance, and new case incidence from ages 11 to 21. Journal of Consultant and Clinical Psychology 64, 552-562.
126. Nolen-Hoeksema S (1990). Sex Differences in Depression. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.
127. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin 115, 424-443.
128. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Girgus JS, Seligman MEP (1991). Sex differences in depression and explanatory style in children. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20, 233-245.
129. Olsson G, von Knorring A-L (1997). Beck's depression inventory as a screening instrument for adolescent depression in Sweden: gender differences. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 95, 277-282.
130. Pathak S, Kratochvil CJ, Rogers GM, Silva S, Vitiello B, Weller EB, March JS (2005). Comparative efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy, fluoxetine, and their combination in depressed adolescents: initial lessons from the treatment for adolescents with depression study. Current Psychiatry Report 7, 429-434.
131. Paykel ES, Ramana R, Cooper Z, Hayhurst H, Kerr J, Barocka A (1995). Residual symptoms after partial remission: an important outcome in depression. Psychological Medicine 25, 1171-1180.
132. Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y (1998). The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 55, 56-64.
133. Poland RE, Lutchmansingh P, Au D et al (1996). Exposure to threshold doses of nicotine in utero. III. Augmentation of the prolactin and ACTH response to 8-OH DPAT by desipramine treatment is compromised in adult male offspring. Neurotoxicology 17, 351-358.
134. Poland RE, Lutchmansingh P, McGeoy S et al (1995). Prenatal stress prevents the desensitization of the corticosterone response to TFMPP by desmethylimipramine, but not by phenelzine, in adult male offspring. Life Sciences 57, 2163-2170.
135. Posternak MA, Solomon DA, Leon AC, Mueller TI, Shea MT, Endicott J, Keller MB (2006). The naturalistic course of unipolar major depression in the absence of somatic therapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 194, 324-329.
136. Prien RF, Kupfer DJ (1986). Continuation drug therapy for major depressive episodes. American Journal of Psychiatry 143, 18-23.
137. Puig-Antich J, Kaufman J, Ryan ND et al (1997). The psychosocial functioning and family environment of depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 244-253.
138. Rao U (2002). Gender differences in depression during the transition to adulthood. Trends in Evidence-Based Neuropsychiatry 4, 46-53.
139. Rao U, Dahl RE, Ryan ND et al (1996). The relationship between longitudinal clinical course, sleep and cortisol changes in adolescent depression. Biological Psychiatry 40, 474-484.
140. Rao U, Dahl RE, Ryan ND et al (2002). Heterogeneity in EEG sleep findings in adolescent depression: unipolar vs bipolar clinical course. Journal of Affective Disorders 70:273-280.
141. Rao U, Daley SE, Hammen C (2000). Relationship between depression and substance use disorders in adolescent women during the transition to adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 39, 215-222.
142. Rao U, Hammen C, Daley SE (1999a). Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: a 5-year longitudinal study of young women. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 908-915.
143. Rao U, Hammen C, Poland RE (2003). Social factors and the psychobiology of adolescent depression: relations between life stress and HPA activity. Biological Psychiatry 53, 75S.
144. Rao U, McGinty DJ, Shinde A, McCracken JT, Poland RE (1999b): Prenatal stress is associated with depression-related EEG sleep changes in adult male rats: a preliminary report. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 23, 929-939.
145. Rao U, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, et al (1995). Unipolar depression in adolescents: clinical outcome in adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 566-578.
146. Rao U, Ryan ND, Birmaher B, et al (1999c). Factors associated with the development of substance use disorder in depressed adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 1109-1117.
147. Rao U, Weissman MM, Martin JA, Hammond RW (1993). Childhood depression and risk of suicide: a preliminary report of a longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 21-27.
148. Reinherz HZ, Giaconia RM, Hauf AMC, Wasserman MS, Silverman AB (1999). Major depression in the transition to adulthood: Risk and impairments. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 108, 500-510.
149. Reinherz HZ, Giaconia RM, Lefkowitz ES, Pakiz B, Frost AK (1993). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 369-377.
150. Reiss D, Neiderhiser JM (2000). The interplay of genetic influences and social processes in developmental theory: specific mechanisms are coming into view. Development and Psychopathology 12, 357-374.
151. Rice DP, Miller LS (1995). The economic burden of affective disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 166, 34-42.
152. Roberts RE, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR (1995). Symptoms of DSM-III-R major depression in adolescence: evidence from an epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 1608-1617.
153. Ryan ND (2001). Diagnosing pediatric depression. Biological Psychiatry 49, 1050-1054.
154. Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Ambrosini P et al (1987). The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry 44, 854-861.
155. Ryan ND, Williamson DE, Iyengar S et al (1992). A secular increase in child and adolescent onset affective disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 31, 600-605.
156. Sanford M, Szatmari P, Spinner M et al. (1995). Predicting the one-year course of adolescent major depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34, 1618-1628.
157. Schraedley PK, Gotlib IH, Hayward C (1999). Gender differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 25, 98-108.
158. Schwartz JA, Gladstone TR, Kaslow NJ (1998). Depressive disorders. In Ollendick TH & Hersen M (Eds) Handbook of Child Psychopathology (3rd Edition), pp 269-289. Plenum Press, New York.
159. Silverstein B (2002). Gender differences in the prevalence of somatic versus pure depression: a replication. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1051-1052.
160. Simpson HB, Nee JC, Endicott J (1997). First-episode major depression: few sex differences in course. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 633-639.
161. Sroufe LA, Egeland B, Kreuter T (1990). The fate of early experience following developmental change: longitudinal approaches to individual adaptation. Child Development 61, 1363-1373.
162. Sorensen MJ, Nissen JB, Mores O, Thomsen PH (2005). Age and gender differences in depressive symptomatology and co morbidity: an incident sample of psychiatrically admitted children. Journal of Affective Disorders 84, 85-91.
163. Stice E, Hayward C, Cameron RP, Killen JD, Taylor CB (2000). Body-image and eating disturbances predict onset of depression among female adolescents: a longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109, 438-444.
164. Strober M, Carlson GA (1982). Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 39, 549-555.
165. Strober M, Lampert C, Schmidt S, Morrell W (1993). The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32, 34-42.
166. Teplin LA, Abram KM, McClelland GM, Dulcan MK, Mericle AA (2002). Psychiatric disorders in youth in juvenile detention. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 1133-1143.
167. Thase ME, Simmons AP, McGeary J et al. (1992). Relapse after cognitive behavior therapy of depression: potential implications for longer courses of treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 197, 1046-1052.
168. Vredenburg K, Krames L, Flett GL (1986). Sex differences in the clinical expression of depression. Sex Roles 14, 37-49.
169. Wade TJ, Cairney J, Pevalin DJ (2002). Emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence: national panel results from three countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 41, 190-198.
170. Warner V, Weissman M, Fendrich M, Wickramaratne P, Moreau D (1992). The course of major depression in the offspring of depressed parents. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 795-801.
171. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ et al (1996). Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar study. Journal of the American Medical Association 276, 293-299.
172. Weissman MM, Warner V, Wickramaratne, Moreau D, Olfson M (1997). Offspring of depressed parents: 10 years later. Archives of General Psychiatry 54, 932-940.
173. Weissman MM, Wolk S, Goldstein RB et al (1999a). Depressed adolescents grown up. Journal of the American Medical Association 281, 1707-1713.
174. Weissman MM, Wolk S, Wickramaratne P et al (1999b). Children with prepubertal-onset major depressive disorder and anxiety grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 794-801.
175. Wichstrøm L (1999). The emergence of gender difference in depressed mood during adolescence: the role of intensified gender socialization. Developmental Psychology 35, 232-245.
176. Wilhelm K, Roy K, Mitchell P, Brownhill S, Parker G (2002). Gender differences in depression risk and coping factors in a clinical sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 106, 45-53.
177. Wolraich ML, Felice ME, Drotar D (1996). The Classification of Child and Adolescent Mental Diagnoses in Primary Care American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, Illinois.
178. World Health Organization (1996). The Global Burden of Disease. World Health Organization Press, Geneva.