Presentation and course of major depressive disorder during childhood and later years of the life span

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Volumn 35, Issue 6, 1996, Pages 705-715

  Kovacs, Maria ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b WPIC   (United States)

Author keywords

development; major depression; phenomenology

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; AGED; ANXIETY NEUROSIS; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; DEPRESSION; DISEASE COURSE; DYSTHYMIA; HUMAN; MANIC DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; MORBIDITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REMISSION; REVIEW; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

EID: 0029885137     PISSN: 08908567     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199606000-00010     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Akiskal HS, Walker P, Puzantian VR, King D, Rosenthal TL, Dranon M (1983), Bipolar outcome in the course of depressive illness. Phenomenologic, familial, and pharmacologic predictors. J Affect Disord 5:115-128
2. Alexopoulos GS, Young RC, Abrams RC, Meyers B, Shamoian CA (1989), Chronicity and relapse in geriatric depression. Biol Psychiatry 26:551-564
3. Alpen JE, Maddocks A, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M (1994), Childhood psychopathology retrospectively assessed among adults with early onset major depression. J Affect Disord 31:165-171
4. American Psychiatric Association (1980), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition (DSM-III). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
5. American Psychiatric Association (1987), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd edition-revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
6. Angold A (1988), Childhood and adolescent depression: II. Research in clinical populations. Br J Psychiatry 153:476-492
7. Angst J (1985), Switch from depression to mania: a record study over decades between 1920 and 1982. Psychopathology 18:140-154
8. Angst J (1987), Switch from depression to mania, or from mania to depression. J Psychopharmacol 1:13-19
9. Belsher G, Costello CG (1988), Relapse after recovery from unipolar depression: a critical review. Psychol Bull 104:84-96
10. Biederman J, Faraone S, Mick E, Lelon E (1995), Psychiatric comorbidity among referred juveniles with major depression: fact or artifact? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:579-590
11. Black DW, Goldstein RB, Nasrallah A, Winokur G (1991), The prediction of recovery using a multivariate model in 1,471 depressed inpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 241:41-45
12. Blackburn IM, Eunson KM, Bishop S (1986), A two-year naturalistic follow-up of depressed patients treated with cognitive therapy, pharmacotherapy and a combination of both. J Affect Disord 10:67-75
13. Blazer D, Bachar JR, Hughes DC (1987), Major depression with melancholia: a comparison of middle-aged and elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 35:927-932
14. Brodaty H, Peters K, Boyce P et al. (1991), Age and depression. J Affect Disord 23:137-149
15. Caron C, Rutter M (1991), Comorbidity in child psychopathology: concepts, issues and research strategies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 32:1063-1080
16. Chambers WJ, Puig-Antich J, Tabrizi MA, Davies M (1982), Psychotic symptoms in prepubertal major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:921-927
17. Coryell W, Akiskal HS, Leon AC et al. (1994), The time course of nonchronic major depressive disorder. Uniformity across episodes and samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:405-410
18. Coryell W, Endicott J, Maser JD, Keller MB, Leon AC, Akiskal HS (1995), Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 152:385-390
19. Dunner DL, Fleiss JL, Fieve RR (1976), The course of development of mania in patients with recurrent depression. Am J Psychiatry 133:905-908
20. Endicott J, Nee J, Andreasen N, Clayton P, Keller M, Coryell W (1985), Bipolar II. Combine or keep separate? J Affect Disord 8:17-28
21. Feighner JP, Robins E, Guze SB, Woodruff RA, Winokur G, Munoz R (1972), Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Arch Gen Psychiatry 26:57-63
22. Ferro T, Carlson GA, Grayson P, Klein DN (1994), Depressive disorders: distinctions in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:664-670
23. Fleming JE, Offord DR (1990), Epidemiology of childhood depressive disorders: a critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:571-580
24. Gallo JJ, Anthony JC, Muthen BO (1994), Age differences in the symptoms of depression: a latent trait analysis. J Gerontol 49:P251-P264
25. Geller B, Fox LW, Clark KA (1994), Rate and predictors of prepubertal bipolarity during follow-up of 6-to 12-year-old depressed children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 33:461-468
26. Gershon ES, Dunner DL, Goodwin FK (1971), Toward a biology of affective disorders. Genetic contributions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 25:1-15
27. Goldberg JF, Harrow M, Grossman LS (1995), Course and outcome in bipolar affective disorder: a longitudinal follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry 152:379-384
28. Gonzales LR, Lewinsohn PM, Clarke GN (1985), Longitudinal follow-up of unipolar depressives: an investigation of predictors of relapse. J Consult Clin Psychol 53:461-469
29. Harrington R, Fudge H, Rutter M, Pickles A, Hill J (1990), Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression. I. Psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 47:465-473
30. Heun R, Maier W (1993), The distinction of bipolar II disorder from bipolar I and recurrent unipolar depression: results of a controlled family study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 87:279-284
31. Hinrichsen GA (1992), Recovery and relapse from major depressive disorder in the elderly. Am J Psychiatry 149:1575-1579
32. Hughes CW, Preskorn SH, Wrona M, Hassanein R, Tucker S (1990), Followup of adolescents initially treated for prepubertal-onset major depressive disorder with imipramine. Psychopharmacol Bull 26:244-248
33. Hughes DC, DeMallie D, Blazer DG (1993), Does age make a difference in the effects of physical health and social support on the outcome of a major depressive episode? Am J Psychiatry 150:728-733
34. Jensen PS, Koretz D, Locke BZ et al. (1993), Child and adolescent psychopathology research: problems and prospects for the 1990s. J Abnorm Child Psychol 21:551-580
35. Kalbfleish JD, Prentice RL (1980), The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data. New York: John Wiley
36. Keitner GI, Ryan CE, Miller IW, Norman WH (1992), Recovery and major depression: factors associated with twelve-month outcome. Am J Psychiatry 149:93-99
37. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Endicott J, Coryell W, Klerman GL (1983a), "Double depression": two-year follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 140:689-694
38. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Lewis CE, Klerman GL (1983b), Predictors of relapse in major depressive disorder. JAMA 250:3299-3304
39. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Mueller TI et al. (1992), Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression. A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:809-816
40. Keller MB, Lavori PW, Rice J, Coryell W, Hirschfeld RMA (1986), The persistent risk of chronicity in recurrent episodes of nonbipolar major depressive disorder: a prospective follow-up. Am J Psychiatry 143:24-28
41. Keller MB, Shapiro RW, Lavori PW, Wolfe N (1982), Recovery in major depressive disorder. Analysis with the life table and regression models. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:905-910
42. Klein DN, Taylor EB, Harding K, Dickstein S (1988), Double depression and episodic major depression: demographic, clinical, familial, personality, and socioenvironmental characteristics and short-term outcome. Am J Psychiatry 145:1226-1231
43. Kovacs M, Akiskal HS, Gatsonis C, Parrone PL (1994), Childhood-onset dysthymic disorder. Clinical features and prospective naturalistic outcome. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51:365-374
44. Kovacs M, Gatsonis C (1989), Stability and change in childhood-onset depressive disorders. Longitudinal course as a diagnostic validator. In: The Validity of Psychiatric Diagnosis, Robins LN, Barren JE, eds. New York: Raven Press, pp 57-75
45. Kovacs M, Gatsonis C, Paulauskas SL, Richards C (1989), Depressive disorders in childhood. IV. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46:776-782
46. Kovacs M, Paulauskas S, Gatsonis C, Richards C (1988), Depressive disorders in childhood. III. A longitudinal study of comorbidity with and risk for conduct disorders. J Affect Disord 15:205-217
47. Kovacs M, Pollock M (1995), Bipolar disorder and comorbid conduct disorder in childhood and adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:715-723
48. Kraepelin E (1968), Lectures on Clinical Psychiatry. New York: Hafner
49. Kupfer DJ, Carpenter LL, Frank E (1988), Is bipolar II a unique disorder? Compr Psychiatry 29:228-236
50. Last CG, Hersen M, Kazdin AE, Finkelstein R, Strauss CC (1987), Comparison of DSM-III separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: demographic characteristics and patterns of comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 26:527-531
51. Lee AS, Murray RM (1988), The long-term outcome of Maudsley depressives. Br J Psychiatry 153:741-751
52. Levitt AJ, Joffe RT, MacDonald C (1991), Life course of depressive illness and characteristics of current episode in patients with double depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 179:678-682
53. McCauley E, Myers K, Mitchell J, Calderon R, Schloredt K, Treder R (1993), Depression in young people: initial presentation and clinical course. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:714-722
54. Mitchell J, McCauley E, Burke PM, Moss SJ (1988), Phenomenology of depression in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 27:12-20
55. Poznanski EO (1982), The clinical phenomenology of childhood depression. Am J Orthopsychiatry 52:308-313
56. Rao U, Ryan ND, Birmaher B et al. (1995), Unipolar depression in adolescents: clinical outcome in adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 34:566-578
57. Robins LN, Regier DA, eds (1991), Psychiatric Disorders in America. New York: Free Press
58. Rush AJ, Laux G, Giles DE et al. (1995), Clinical characteristics of outpatients with chrome major depression. J Affect Disord 34:25-32
59. Rutter M (1986), Depressive feelings, cognitions, and disorders: a research postscript. In: Depression In Young People, Rutter M, Izard CE, Read PB, eds New York: Guilford Press, pp 491-519
60. Ryan ND, Puig-Antich J, Ambrosini P et al. (1987), The clinical picture of major depression in children and adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 44:854-861
61. Sanderson WC, Beck AT, Beck J (1990), Syndrome comorbidity in patients with major depression or dysthymia: prevalence and temporal relationships. Am J Psychiatry 147:1025-1028
62. Shain BN, King CA, Naylor M, Alessi N (1991), Chronic depression and hospital course in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 30:428-433
63. Shea MT, Elkin I, Imber SD et al. (1992), Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up. Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program. Arch Gen Psychiatry 49:782-787
64. Strober M, Carlson G (1982), Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression. Clinical, genetic, and psychopharmacologic predictors in a three-to four-year prospective follow-up investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 39:549-555
65. Strober M, Lampert C, Schmidt S, Morrel, W (1993), The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: I. Recovery and risk of manic switching in a follow-up of psychotic and nonpsychotic subtypes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 32:34-42
66. Thase ME, Simons AD, McGeary J et al. (1992), Relapse after cognitive behavior therapy of depression: potential implications for longer courses of treatment. Am J Psychiatry 149:1046-1052
67. Winokur G, Morrison J (1973), The Iowa 500: follow-up of 225 depressives. Br J Psychiatry 123:543-548
68. Winokur G, Morrison J, Clancy J, Crowe R (1972), The Iowa 500. II. A blind family history comparison of mania, depression, and schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 27:462-464
69. Zis AP, Goodwin FK (1979), Major affective disorder as a recurrent illness: a critical review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 36:835-839