Theoretically-inspired rational design of electro-optic materials

Nonlinear Optics Quantum Optics

Volumn 35, Issue 1-3, 2006, Pages 1-19

  Dalton, Larry R ^a   Jen, Alex K Y ^a   Sullivan, Philip ^a   Liao, Yi ^a   Eichinger, Bruce ^a   Robinson, Bruce H ^a   Chen, Antao ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Dendrimers; Intermolecular electrostatic interactions; Molecular first hyperpolarizability; Monte Carlo calculations; Organic electro optic materials and devices

Indexed keywords

HYPERPOLARIZABILITY; INTERMOLECULAR ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS; ORGANIC ELECTROOPTIC MATERIALS; SUPERMOLECULAR ASSEMBLIES;

CARRIER MOBILITY; CHROMOPHORES; CRYSTAL LATTICES; DENDRIMERS; ELECTRIC FIELD EFFECTS; ELECTROOPTICAL DEVICES; ELECTROOPTICAL EFFECTS; MONTE CARLO METHODS; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; OPTICAL DESIGN; SUPRAMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY;

ELECTROOPTICAL MATERIALS;

EID: 33751045751     PISSN: 15430537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Robinson, B. and Dalton, L. (2000). Monte Carlo statistical mechanical simulations of the competition of inlermolecular electrostatic and poling field interactions in defining macroscopic electro-optic activity for organic chromophore/polymer materials. J. Phys. Chem., 104, 4785-4795.
2. Dalton, L., Robinson, B., Jen, A., Steier, W. and Neilsen, R. (2003). Systematic development of high bandwidth, low drive voltage organic electro-optic devices and their applications. Opt. Mater., 21, 19-28.
3. Dalton, L. (2003). Rational design of organic electro-optic materials. J. Phys.: Condens. Matter, 15, R897-R934.
4. Shi, Y., Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Bechtel, J., Dalton, L., Robinson, B. and Steier, W. (2000). Low (sub-1 volt) halfwave voltage polymeric electrooptic modulators achieved by control of chromophore shape. Science, 288, 119-122.
5. Nielsen, R., Rommel, H. and Robinson, B. (2004). Simulation of the loading parameter in organic nonlinear optical materials. J. Phys. Chem., 108, 8659-8667.
6. Dalton, L., Robinson, B., Jen, A., Reid, P., Eichinger, B., Sullivan, P., Akelaitis, A., Bale, D., Haller, M., Luo, J., Liu, S., Liao, Y., Firestone, K., Bhatambrekar, N., Bhattacharjee, S., Sinness, J., Hammond, S., Buker, N., Snoeberger, R., Lingwood, M., Rommel, H., Amend, J., Jang, S., Chen, A. and Steier, W. (2005). Acentric lattice electro-optic materials by rational design. Proc. SPIE, 5912, 43-54.
7. Dalton, L., Scherer, A., Chen, A., Jen, A., Ried, P., Robinson, B., Eichinger, B., Hochberg, M., Baehr-Jones, T., Pyajt, A., Takayesu, J., Sullivan, P., Akelaitis, A., Larson, R., Bale, D., Haller, M., Luo, J., Liu, S., Liao, Y., Firestone, K., Bhattacharjee, S., Sinness, Hammond, S., Sago, A., Buker, N., Snoeberger, R., Lingwood, M. and Steier, W. (2005). Organic electro-optic glasses for WDM applications. Proc. SPIE, 6014, 60140P1-15.
8. Teng C. and Man, H. (1990). Simple reflection technique for measuring the electro-optic coefficient of poled polymers. Appl. Phys. Lett., 56, 1734-1736.
9. Schildkraut, J. (1990). Determination of the electrooptic coefficient of a poled polymer film. Appl. Opt., 29, 2839-2841.
10. Park, D., Kang, J., Luo, J., Lim, T., A. Jen, A., Lee, C. and Herman, W. (2005). Nonlinear ellipsometric analysis of poled organic glasses having very large electro-optic coefficients. Proc. SPIE, 5935, 59350O-1-12.
11. Chen, A., Chuyanov, V., Garner, S., Steier, W. and Dalton, L. (1997). Modified attenuated total reflection for the fast and routine electrooptic measurements of nonlinear optical polymer thin films. In Organic Thin Films for Photonic Applications, vol. 14, OSA Technical Digest Series (Optical Society of America, Washington DC) pp. 158-159. In 2001, the chromium coating on the prism of the ATR setup was changed to ITO for measurements at 1.3 microns (where chromium is too lossy).
12. Dumont, M. and Levy, Y. (1989). Measurement of electrooptic properties of organic thin films by attenuated total reflection. In Nonlinear Optics of Organics and Semiconductors, ed. Kobayashi, T. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) pp. 256-266.
13. Levy, Y., Dumont, M., Shastaing, E., Robin, P., Chollet, P. A., Gadret, G. and Kajzar, F. (1993). Reflection method for electro-optic coefficient determination in stratified thin film structures, Mol. Cryst. Liqu. Cryst. Sci. Technol., Sect. B, 4, 1-6.
14. Meyrueix, R., Lecomte, J. and Tapolsky, G. (1991). A Fabry-Perot interferometric technique for the electro-optic characterization of nonlinear optical polymers. Nonlinear Opt., 1, 201-211.
15. Meyrueix, R., Dickens, M., Lemonnier, O., Lecomte, J. and Tapolsky, G. (1994). Fabry-Perot interferometry applied to the study of piezoelectric and electro-optic properties of a poled NLO polyurethane. Opt. Commun., 110, 445-455.
16. Nagtegaele, P., Brasselet, E. and Zyss, J. (2003). Anisotropy and dispersion of a Pockels tensor: a benchmark for electro-optic organic thin-film assessment. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B. 20, 1932-1936.
17. Dalton, L. (2004). Nonlinear Optics - Applications: Electro-Optics, EO. In Encyclopedia of Modern Optics, vol. 3, ed., Guenther, R. (Elsevier, Amsterdam) pp. 121-129.
18. Donval, A., Toussaere, E., Hierle, R. and Zyss, J. (2000). Polarization insensitive electro-optic polymer modulator. J. Appl. Phys., 87, 3258-3262.
19. Shin, M., Cho, H., Han, S. and Wu, J. (1998). Analysis of a Mach-Zehnder interferometry measurement of the Pockels coefficients in a poled polymer film with a reflection configuration. J. Appl. Phys., 83, 1848-1853.
20. Liao, Y., Eichinger, B., Firestone, K., Haller, M., Luo, J., Kaminsky, W., Benedict, J., Reid, P., Jen, A., Dalton, L. and Robinson, B. (2005). Systematic study of the structure-property relationship of a series of ferrocenyl nonlinear optical chromophores. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 127, 2758-2766.
21. Jang, S., Luo, J., Tucker, N., Leclercq, Zojer, A., Haller, M., Kim, T., Kang, J., Firestone, K., Bale, D., Lao, D., Benedict, J., Cohen, D., Kaminsky, W., Kahr, B., Bredas, J., Reid, P., Dalton, L. and Jen, A. (2006). Pyrroline chromophores for electro-optics. Mater Chem., 18, 2985-2988.
22. Firestone, K., Bale, D., Liao, Y., Casmier, D., Clot, O., Dalton, L. and Reid, P. (2005) Frequency-agile Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering studies of electro-optic chromophores. Proc. SPIE, 5935, 59350P1-9.
23. Keinan, S., Zojer, E., Bredas, J., Ratner, M. and Marks, T. (2003). Twisted π-system electro-optic chromophores. A CIS vs. MRD-CI theoretical investigation. THEOCHEM, 633, 227-235.
24. Facchetti, A., Hutchison, G., Keinan, S. and Ratner, M. (2004). Control mechanisms for transport and nonlinear optical response in organic materials: a tale of twists and barriers. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 357, 3980-3990.
25. Kang, H., Facchetti, A., Jiang, H., Zhu, P. and Marks. (2005). T. Synthesis and unprecedented electro-optic response properties of twisted π-system chromophores. MRS Symposium Proceedings, 883, 151-156.
26. Kang, H., Facchetti, A., Stern, C., Rheingold, A. and Marks, T. (2005). Efficient synthesis and structural characteristics of zwitterionic twisted pi-electron system biaryls. Organic Letters. 7, 3721-3724.
27. Kang, H., Facchetti, A., Zhu, P., Jiang, H., Yang, Y., Cariati, E., Righetto, S., Ugo, R., Liu, Z., Ho, S. and Marks, T. (2005). Exceptional molecular hyperpolarizabilities in tωtστεπ-system chromophores. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 44, 7922-7925.
28. Taylor, E., Nichter, J., Nash, F., Haas, F., Szep, A., Michalak, R., Flusche, B., Cook, P., McEwen, T., McKeon, B., Payson, P., Brost, G., Pirich, A., Castanenda, C., Tsap, B. and Fetterman, H. (2005). Radiation resistance of electro-optic polymer-based modulators," Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 2011221-3.
29. Ashley, P., Sangnadasa, M. and Lindsay, G. (2005). Investigation of long term thermal stability of electrically poled CLD and FTC chromophores in amorphous polycarbonates. Pacifichem 2005, Honolulu, Hawaii, Dec. 15-20.
30. Jen, A. Luo, J., Kim, T., Chen, B., Jang, S., Kang, J., Tucker, N., Hau, S., Tian, Y., Ka, J., Haller, M., Liao, Y., Robinson, B., Dalton, L. and W. Herman, W. (2005). Exceptional electro-optic properties through molecular design and controlled self-assembly. Proc. SPIE. 5935, 5935061-13.
31. Suresh, S., Chen, S., Topping, C., Ballato, J. and Smith, D., Jr. (2003). Novel perfluorocyclo-butyl (PFCB) polymers containing isophorone derived chromophore for electro-optic [EO] applications. Proc. SPIE. 4991, 530-536.
32. Jin, D., Londergan, T., Huang, D., Wolf, N., Condon, S., Tolstedt, D., Guan, H., Cong, S., Johnson, E. and Dinu, R. (2004). Achieving large electro-optic response: DH-type chromophores in both crosslinked systems and linear high Tg systems. Proc. SPIE, 5351, 44-56.
33. Luo, J., Haller, M., Ma, H., Liu, S., Kim, T., Tian, Y., Chen, B., Jang, S., Dalton, L. and Jen, A. (2004). Nanoscale architectural control and macromolecular engineering of nonlinear optical dendrimers and polymers for electro-optics. J. Phys. Chem. B. 108, 8523-8530.
34. Luo, J., Liu, S., Haller, M., Kang, J., Kim, T., Jiang, S., Chen, B., Tucker, N., Li, H., Tang, H., Dalton, L., Liao, Y., Robinson, B. and Jen, A. (2004). Recent progress in developing highly efficient and thermally stable nonlinear optical polymers for electro-optics. Proc. SPIE, 5351, 36-43.
35. Zhang, C., Zhang, H., Oh, M., Dalton, L. and Steier, W. (2003). What the ultimate polymeric electro-optic materials will be: Guest-host, crosslinked, or side-chain, Proc. SPIE, 4991, 537-51.
36. Sullivan, P., Akelaitis, A., Lee, S., McGrew, G., Lee, S., Choi, D. and Dalton, L. (2006). Novel dendritic chromophores for electro-optics: Influence of binding mode and attachment flexibility on EO behavior. Chem. Mater., 18, 344-351.
37. Dalton, L. (2006). Organic Electro-Optic Materials. In Handbook of Conducting Polymers, eds., T. Skotheim, T., Reynolds, J. (CRC Press/Marcel Dekkar, Boca Raton) in press.
38. Gopalan, P. and Campbell, V. (2005). Low-loss electro-optic polymers for active wave guide components. Pacifichem 2005, Honolulu, Hawaii, Dec. 15-20.
39. Baehr-Jones, T., Hochberg, M., Wang, G., Lawson, R., Liao, Y., Sullivan, P., Dalton, L., Jen, A. and Scherer, A. (2005). Optical modulation and detection in slotted silicon waveguides. Optics Express, 13, 5216-5226.
40. Teng, C. (1993). Precision measurements of the optical attenuation profile along the propagation path in thin-film waveguides. Appl. Opt. 32, 1051-1054.
41. Barto, R., Jr., Bedworth, P., Frank, C., Ermer, S. and Taylor, R. (2005). Near-infrared optical-absorption behavior in high-beta nonlinear optical chromophore-polymer guest-host materials. II. Dye spacer length effects in an amorphous polycarbonate copolymer host. J. Chem. Phys., 122, 234907 1-14.
42. Barto, R., Jr., Frank, C., Bedworth, P., Ermer, S. and Taylor, R. (2004). Near-infrared optical absorption behavior in high-β nonlinear optical chromophore-polymer guest-host materials. 1. Continuum dielectric effects in polycarbonate hosts, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8702-8715.
43. Galvan-Gonzalez, A., Canva, M., Stegeman, G., Twieg, R., Chang, K., Kowalczyk, T., Zhang, X., Lackritz, H., Marder, S. and Thayumanavan, S. (2000). Systematic behavior of electro-optic chromophore photostability. Opt. Lett., 25, 332-334.
44. DeRosa, M., He, M., Cites, J., Garner, S. and Tang, Y. (2004). Photostability of high μβ electro-optic chromophores at 1550 nm. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8725-8730.
45. He, M., Leslie, T., Garner, S., DeRosa, M. and Cites, J. (2004). Synthesis of new electrooptic chromophores and their structure-property relationship. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8731-8736.
46. Song, H., Oh, M., Ahn, S. and Steier, W. (2003). Flexible low-voltage electro-optic polymer modulators, Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 4432-4434.
47. Yariv, A., Zhang, C., Dalton, L., Huang, Y. and Paloczi, G. (2004). Fabrication and replication of polymer integrated optical devices using electron-beam lithography and soft lithography. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 8006-8013.
48. Paloczi, G., Huang, Y., Yariv, A., Luo, J. and Jen, A. (2004). Replica-molded electro-optic polymer Mach-Zehnder modulator. Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 1662-1664.
49. Kim, T., Kang, J., Luo, J. Chen, B. Ka, J., Jang, S., Tucker, N., Shi, Z., Haller, M., Hau, S. and Jen, A. (2005). A novel approach to achieve highly efficient nonlinear optical polymers from guest-host systems. P roc. SPIE. 5935, 593505-1-11.
50. Dalton, L., Robinson, B., Jen, A., Ried, P., Eichinger, B., Sullivan, P., Akelaitis, A., Bale, D., Haller, M., Luo, J., Liu, S., Liao, Y., Firestone, K., Sago, A., Bhatambrekar, N., Bhattacharjee, S., Sinness, J., Hammond, S., Buker, N., Snoeberger, R., Lingwood, M., Rommel, H., Amend, J., Jang, S., Chen, A. and Steier, W. (2005). Optimizing electro-optic activity in chromophore/polymer composites and in organic chromophore glasses. Proc. SPIE, 5990, 59900C-1-10.