Linking patterns and processes of species diversification in the cone flies Strobilomyia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution

Volumn 41, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 606-621

  Sachet, Jean Marie ^a   Roques, Alain ^b   Després, Laurence ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ JOSEPH FOURIER   (France)

^b Inst Natl de la Rech Agronom   (France)

Author keywords

Adaptive radiation; Ecological speciation; Host shift; Mitochondrial DNA; Molecular phylogeny; Oviposition behavior; Phenological shift

Indexed keywords

CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE; PRIMER DNA;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; CHEMISTRY; CLASSIFICATION; DNA SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION; FLY; GENETICS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PARASITOLOGY; PINACEAE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

ANIMALS; BIODIVERSITY; DIPTERA; DNA PRIMERS; ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV; EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PINACEAE; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

ABIES; ANTHOMYIIDAE; CONIFEROPHYTA; DIPTERA; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; LARIX; PICEA; STROBILOMYIA;

EID: 33750956574     PISSN: 10557903     EISSN: 10959513     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.06.005     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Abbot P., and Withgott J.H. Phylogenetic and molecular evidence for allochronic speciation in gall-forming aphids (Pemphigus). Evolution 58 (2004) 539-553
2. Abrahamson W.G., Blair C.P., Eubanks M.D., and Morehead S.A. Sequential radiation of unrelated organisms: the gall fly Eurosta solidaginis and the tumbling flower beetle Mordellistena convicta. J. Evol. Biol. 16 (2003) 781-789
3. Anderton L.K., and Jenkins M.J. Cone entomofauna of whitebark pine and alpine larch (Pinaceae): potential impact of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and a new record of Strobilomyia macalpinei (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Can. Entomol. 133 (2001) 399-406
4. Baldwin B.G., and Sanderson M.J. Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 (1998) 9402-9406
5. Ballard J.W. When one is not enough: introgression of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 (2000) 1126-1130
6. Barraclough T.G., and Vogler A.P. Detecting the geographical pattern of speciation from species-level phylogenies. Am. Nat. 155 (2000) 419-434
7. Barraclough T.G., and Nee S. Phylogenetics and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16 (2001) 391-399
8. Belova N.V., Baranchikov Y.N., and Roques A. New observation of cone flies attacking cones of Picea obovata and Larix sibirica in central Siberia. J. For. Res. (Harbin) 9 (1998) 256-260
9. Berlocher S.H., and Feder J.L. Sympatric speciation in phytophagous insects: moving beyond controversy?. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 (2002) 773-815
10. Bermingham E., and Martin A.P. Comparative mtDNA phylogeography of neotropical freshwater fishes: testing shared history to infer the evolutionary landscape of lower Central America. Mol. Ecol. 7 (1998) 499-517
11. Brändle M., and Brandl R. Species richness of insects and mites on trees: expanding Southwood. J. Anim. Ecol. 70 (2001) 491-504
12. Brockerhoff E.G., and Kenis M. Oviposition, life cycle, and parasitoids of the spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia anthracina (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in the Alps. Bull. Entomol. Res. 87 (1997) 555-562
13. Bromham L., and Woolfit M. Explosive radiations and the reliability of molecular clocks: island endemic radiations as a test case. Syst. Biol. 53 (2004) 758-766
14. Brower A.V.Z. Rapid morphological radiation and convergence among races of the butterfly Heliconius erato inferred from patterns of mitochondrial DNA evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91 (1994) 6491-6495
15. Brower A.V.Z., and DeSalle R. Patterns of mitochondrial versus nuclear DNA sequence divergence among nymphalid butterflies: the utility of wingless as a source of characters for phylogenetic inference. Insect Mol. Biol. 7 (1998) 73-82
16. Brubaker L.B., Anderson P.M., Edwards M.E., and Lozhkin A.V. Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: new perspectives from mapped pollen data. J. Biogeogr. 32 (2005) 833-848
17. Bukovinszky T., Potting R.P.J., Clough Y., van Lenteren J.C., and Vet L.E.M. The role of pre- and post-alighting detection mechanisms in the responses to patch size by specialist herbivores. Oikos 109 (2005) 435-446
18. Bush G.L. Modes of animal speciation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6 (1975) 339-364
19. Bush G.L. Sympatric speciation in animals: new wine in old bottles. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9 (1994) 285-288
20. Caterino M.S., Cho S., and Sperling F.A.H. The current state of insect molecular systematics: a thriving Tower of Babel. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 45 (2000) 55-81
21. Condon M.A., and Steck G.J. Evolution of host use in fruit flies of the genus Blepharoneura (Diptera: Tephritidae): cryptic species on sexually dimorphic host plants. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 60 (1997) 443-466
22. Cook J.M., Rokas A., Pagel M., and Stone G.N. Evolutionary shifts between host oak sections and host-plant organs in Andricus gallwasps. Evolution 56 (2002) 1821-1830
23. Cooley J.R., Simon C., and Marshall D.C. Temporal separation and speciation in periodical cicadas. Bioscience 53 (2003) 151-157
24. Coyne J.A., and Price T.D. Little evidence for sympatric speciation in island birds. Evolution 54 (2000) 2166-2171
25. Cryan J.R., Liebherr J.K., Fetzner Jr. J.W., and Whiting M.F. Evaluation of relationships within the endemic Hawaiian Platynini (Coleoptera: Carabidae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 21 (2001) 72-85
26. DeFilippis V.R., and Moore W.S. Resolution of phylogenetic relationships among recently evolved species as a function of amount of DNA sequence: an empirical study based on woodpeckers (Aves: Picidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 16 (2000) 143-160
27. DeSalle R., Freedman T., Prager E.M., and Wilson A.C. Tempo and mode of sequence evolution in mitochondrial DNA of Hawaiian Drosophila. J. Mol. Evol. 26 (1987) 157-164
28. Després L., and Jaeger N. Evolution of oviposition strategies and speciation in the globeflower flies Chiastocheta spp. (Anthomyiidae). J. Evol. Biol. 12 (1999) 822-831
29. Després L., Pettex E., Plaisance V., and Pompanon F. Speciation in the globeflower fly Chiastocheta spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in relation to host plant species, biogeography, and morphology. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 22 (2002) 258-268
30. Després L., and Cherif M. The role of competition in adaptive radiation: a field study on sequentially ovipositing host-specific seed predators. J. Anim. Ecol. 73 (2004) 109-116
31. Dieckmann U., and Doebeli M. On the origin of species by sympatric speciation. Nature 400 (1999) 354-357
32. Drès M., and Mallet J. Host races in plant-feeding insects and their importance in sympatric speciation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357 (2002) 471-492
33. Drummond A.J., Nicholls G.K., Rodrigo A.G., and Solomon W. Estimating mutation parameters, population history and genealogy simultaneously from temporally spaced sequence data. Genetics 161 (2002) 1307-1320
34. Drummond, A.J., Rambaut, A., 2003. BEAST v1.0, Available from: . University of Oxford, Oxford.
35. Emelianov I., Marec F., and Mallet J. Genomic evidence for divergence with gene flow in host races of the larch budmoth. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 271 (2004) 97-105
36. Felsenstein J. Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Annu. Rev. Genet. 22 (1988) 521-565
37. Ferdy J.-B., Després L., and Godelle B. Evolution of mutualism between globeflowers and their pollinating flies. J. Theor. Biol. 217 (2002) 219-234
38. Filchak K.E., Roethele J.B., and Feder J.L. Natural selection and sympatric divergence in the apple maggot Ragoletis pomonella. Nature 407 (2000) 739-742
39. Fukatsu T., Shibao H., Nikoh N., and Aoki S. Genetically distinct populations in an Asian soldier-producing aphid, Pseudoregma bambucicola (Homoptera: Aphididae), identified by DNA fingerprinting and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 18 (2001) 423-433
40. Funk D.J., and Omland K.E. Species-level paraphyly and polyphyly: frequency, causes, and consequences, with insights from animal mitochondrial DNA. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 34 (2003) 397-423
41. Gavrilets S. Models of speciation: what have we learned in 40 years?. Evolution 57 (2003) 2197-2215
42. Gavrilets S., and Vose A. Dynamic patterns of adaptive radiation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 18040-18045
43. Gibbons J.R.H. A model for sympatric speciation in Megarhyssa (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): competitive speciation. Am. Nat. 114 (1979) 719-741
44. Gillespie R.G. Biogeography of spiders on remote oceanic islands of the Pacific: archipelagoes as stepping stones?. J. Biogeogr. 29 (2002) 655-662
45. Gillespie R.G., and Roderick G.K. Arthropods on islands: colonization, speciation and conservation. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 (2002)
46. Groman J.D., and Pellmyr O. Rapid evolution and specialization following host colonization in a yucca moth. J. Evol. Biol. 13 (2000) 223-236
47. Guindon S., and Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52 (2003) 696-704
48. Harry M., Solignac M., and Lachaise D. Molecular evidence for parallel evolution of adaptive syndromes in fig-breeding Lissocephala (Drosophilidae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 9 (1998) 542-551
49. Ho S.Y.W., Phillips M.J., Drummond A.J., and Cooper A. Accuracy of rate estimation using relaxed-clock models with a critical focus on the early metazoan radiation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (2005) 1355-1363
50. Hosken D.J., and Stockley P. Sexual selection and genital evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19 (2004) 87-93
51. Huelsenbeck J.P., and Ronquist F. MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17 (2001) 754-755
52. Hughes J., and Vogler A.P. The phylogeny of acorn weevils (genus Curculio) from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences: the problem of incomplete data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 32 (2004) 601-615
53. Irwin R.E., and Dorsett B. Volatile production by buds and corollas of two sympatric, confamilial plants, Ipomopsis aggregata and Polemonium foliosissimum. J. Chem. Ecol. 28 (2002) 565-578
54. Jeffries M.J., and Lawton J.H. Enemy-free space and the structure of ecological communities. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 23 (1984) 269-286
55. Jiggins C.D., and Bridle J.R. Speciation in the apple maggot fly: a blend of vintages?. Trends Ecol. Evol. 19 (2004) 111-114
56. Jocqué R. Genitalic polymorphism-a challenge for taxonomy. J. Arachnol. 30 (2002) 298-306
57. Jordan I.K., and McDonald J.F. Evolution of the copia retrotransposon in the Drosophila melanogaster species subgroup. Mol. Biol. Evol. 15 (1998) 1160-1171
58. Jordan S., Simon C., and Polhemus D. Molecular systematics and adaptive radiation of Hawaii's endemic damselfly genus Megalagrion (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Syst. Biol. 52 (2003) 89-109
59. Kambysellis M.P., Ho K.F., Craddock E.M., Piano F., Parisi M., and Cohen J. Pattern of ecological shifts in the diversification of Hawaiian Drosophila inferred from a molecular phylogeny. Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 1129-1139
60. Kelly C.K., and Southwood T.R.E. Species richness and resource availability: a phylogenetic analysis of insects associates with trees. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 8013-8016
61. Kim C.G., Zhou H.Z., Imura Y., Tominaga O., Su Z.H., and Osawa S. Pattern of morphological diversification in the Leptocarabus ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) as deduced from mitochondrial ND5 gene and nuclear 28S rDNA sequences. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 (2000) 137-145
62. Kirkpatrick M., and Ravigné V. Speciation by natural and sexual selection: models and experiments. Am. Nat. 159 (2002) S22-S35
63. Knowles L.L. Tests of Pleistocene speciation in montane grasshoppers (genus Melanoplus) from the sky islands of western North America. Evolution 54 (2000) 1337-1348
64. Kondrashov A.S., and Kondrashov F.A. Interactions among quantitative traits in the course of sympatric speciation. Nature 400 (1999) 351-354
65. Kornfield I., and Smith P.F. African cichlid fishes: model systems for evolutionary biology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 31 (2000)
66. Kumar S., Tamura K., Jakobsen I.B., and Nei M. MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics 17 (2001) 1244-1245
67. Losos J.B., Jackman T.R., Larson A., de Queiroz K., and Rodriguez-Schettino L. Contingency and determinism in replicated adaptive radiations of island lizards. Science 279 (1998) 2115-2118
68. Losos J.B., and Glor R.E. Phylogenetic comparative methods and the geography of speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 (2003) 220-227
69. Lovette I.J., and Bermingham E. Explosive speciation in the New World Dendroica warblers. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 266 (1999) 1629-1636
70. Maddison, W.P., Maddison, D.R., 2005. Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis. Version 1.06 .
71. Mallarino R., Bermingham E., Willmott K.R., Whinnett A., and Jiggins C.D. Molecular systematics of the butterfly genus Ithomia (Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae): a composite phylogenetic hypothesis based on seven genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 34 (2005) 625-644
72. Marques E.S.A., Price P.W., and Cobb N.S. Resource abundance and insect herbivore diversity on woody fabaceous desert plants. Environ. Entomol. 29 (2000) 696-703
73. Marshall D.C., and Cooley J.R. Reproductive character displacement and speciation in periodical cicadas, with description of a new species, 13-year Magicicada neotredecim. Evolution 54 (2000) 1313-1325
74. Mayr E. Animal Species and Evolution (1963), Belknap Press, Cambridge, MA
75. McClure M., Quiring D.T., and Turgeon J.J. Oviposition, temporal distribution, and potential impact of Strobilomyia laricis Michelsen and S. viaria (Huckett) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) on eastern larch, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. Can. Entomol. 128 (1996) 67-78
76. Megens H.J., van Moorsel C.H., Piel W.H., Pierce N.E., and de Jong R. Tempo of speciation in a butterfly genus from the Southeast Asian tropics, inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 31 (2004) 1181-1196
77. Michelsen V. A world revision of Strobilomyia gen.n.: the anthomyiid seed pests of conifers (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Syst. Entomol. 13 (1988) 271-314
78. Murphy S.M. Enemy-free space maintains swallowtail butterfly host shift. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101 (2004) 18048-18052
79. Orr M.R., and Smith T.B. Ecology and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13 (1998) 502-506
80. Päivinen J., Ahlroth P., Kaitala V., Kotiaho J.S., Suhonen J., and Virola T. Species richness and regional distribution of myrmecophilous beetles. Oecologia 134 (2003) 587-595
81. Pellmyr O. The cost of mutualism: interactions between Trollius europaeus and its pollinating parasites. Oecologia 78 (1989) 53-59
82. Pellmyr O., and Leebens-Mack J. Reversal of mutualism as a mechanism for adaptive radiation in yucca moths. Am. Nat. 156 (2000) S62-S76
83. Pigliucci M. Species as family resemblance concepts: the (dis-)solution of the species problem?. BioEssays 25 (2003) 596-602
84. Posada D., and Crandall K.A. MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14 (1998) 817-818
85. Ramadevan S., and Deakin M.A.B. The Gibbons speciation mechanism. J. Theor. Biol. 145 (1990) 447-456
86. Rambaut, A., Drummond, A.J., 2004. Tracer v1.3, Available from: . University of Oxford, Oxford.
87. Rees D.J., Emerson B.C., Oromi P., and Hewitt G.M. Mitochondrial DNA, ecology and morphology: interpreting the phylogeography of the Nesotes (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands). Mol. Ecol. 10 (2001) 427-434
88. Rees D.J., Emerson B.C., Oromi P., and Hewitt G.M. The diversification of the genus Nesotes (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the Canary Islands: evidence from mtDNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 21 (2001) 321-326
89. Riddle B.R., Hafner D.J., and Alexander L.F. Phylogeography and systematics of the Peromyscus eremicus species group and the historical biogeography of North American warm regional deserts. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 17 (2000) 145-160
90. Robinson-Rechavi M., and Huchon D. RRTree: relative-rate tests between groups of sequences on a phylogenetic tree. Bioinformatics 16 (2000) 296-297
91. Roderick G.K., and Gillespie R.G. Speciation and phylogeography of Hawaiian terrestrial arthropods. Mol. Ecol. 7 (1998) 519-531
92. Roques A., Martinez M., and Delplanque A. Les Diptères Anthomyiidae du genre Lasiomma Stein. ravageurs des cônes et graines de Mélèze d'Europe (Larix decidua Mill.) en France. I. Taxonomie et répartition. Z. Angew. Entomol. 95 (1983) 429-439
93. Roques A., Raimbault J.-P., and Delplanque A. Les Diptères Anthomyiidae du genre Lasiomma Stein. ravageurs des cônes et graines de Mélèze d'Europe (Larix decidua Mill.) en France. II. Cycles biologiques et dégâts. Z. Angew. Entomol. 98 (1984) 350-367
94. Roques A. Impact des insectes ravageurs des cônes et graines sur les potentialités de régénération naturelle des principales essences constituant des forêts d'altitude du Briançonnais. In: Gensac P. (Ed). Régénération des forêts d'altitude (1989), Université de Savoie, Chambéry 17-28
95. Roques A., Sun J.-H., Zhang X.-D., Pan Y.-Z., Xu Y.-B., and Delplanque A. Cone flies, Strobilomyiia spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), attacking larch cones in China, with description of a new species. Mitt. Schweiz. Entomol. Ges. 69 (1996) 417-429
96. Roques A., Sun J.-H., Sachet J.-M., and Pan Y.-Z. Cone flies, Strobilomyia spp. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), affecting conifer natural regeneration in the Far East. Acta Entomol. Sin. 46 (2003) 363-381
97. Rundle H.D., and Nosil P. Ecological speciation. Ecol. Lett. 8 (2005) 336-352
98. Sato A., O'Huigin C., Figueroa F., Grant P.R., Grant B.R., Tichy H., and Klein J. Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96 (1999) 5101-5106
99. Schluter D. Ecology and the origin of species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16 (2001) 373-380
100. Semerikov V.L., Zhang H., Sun M., and Lascoux M. Conflicting phylogenies of Larix (Pinaceae) based on cytoplasmic and nuclear DNA. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 27 (2003) 173-184
101. Shaw K.L. Conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies of a recent species radiation: what mtDNA reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in Hawaiian crickets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 (2002) 16122-16127
102. Shimodaira H., and Hasegawa M. Multiple comparisons of log-likelihoods with applications to phylogenetic inference. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16 (1999) 1114-1116
103. Shopmeyer, C.S., 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agriculture Handbook 450. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC.
104. Simon C., Tang J., Dalwadi S., Staley G., Deniega J., and Unnash T.R. Genetic evidence for assortative mating between 13-year cicadas and sympatric "17-year cicadas with 13-year life cycles" provides support for allochronic speciation. Evolution 54 (2000) 1326-1336
105. Sokal R.R., Unnash R.S., and Thomson B.A. Pemphigus revisited: changes in geographical variation but constancy in variability and covariation. Evolution 45 (1991) 1585-1605
106. Sota T., and Vogler A.P. Incongruence of mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees in the carabid beetles Ohomopterus. Syst. Biol. 50 (2001) 39-59
107. Stone G.N., Schönrogge K., Atkinson R.J., Bellido D., and Pujade-Villar J. The population biology of oak gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47 (2002) 633-668
108. Swofford, D.L., 2002. PAUP*. Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (* and Other Methods). Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA.
109. Tauber E., Roe H., Costa R., Hennessy J.M., and Kyriacou C.P. Temporal mating isolation driven by a behavioral gene in Drosophila. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 140-145
110. Thomas R.H., and Hunt J.A. The molecular evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase locus and the phylogeny of Hawaiian Drosophila. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8 (1991) 687-702
111. Thomas Y., Bethenod M.-T., Pelozuelo L., Frerot B., and Bourguet D. Genetic isolation between two sympatric host plant races of the european corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner. I-Sex pheromone, moth emergence and parasitism. Evolution 57 (2003) 261-273
112. Turelli M., Barton N.H., and Coyne J.A. Theory and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 16 (2001) 330-343
113. Turgeon J.J., Roques A., and de Groot P. Insect fauna of coniferous seed cones: diversity, host plant interactions, and management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 39 (1994) 179-212
114. Via S. Reproductive isolation between sympatric races of pea aphids. I. Gene flow restriction and habitat choice. Evolution 53 (1999) 1446-1457
115. Vidaković, M., 1991. Conifers: morphology and variation. Grafi ki Azvod Hrvatske, Zagreb.
116. Wang X.-Q., Tank D.C., and Sang T. Phylogeny and divergence times in Pinaceae: Evidence from three genomes. Mol. Biol. Evol. 17 (2000) 773-781
117. Weiblen G.D., and Bush G.L. Speciation in fig pollinators and parasites. Mol. Ecol. 11 (2002) 1573-1578
118. Wiens J.J. Speciation and ecology revisited: phylogenetic niche conservatism and the origin of species. Evolution 58 (2004) 193-197
119. Will K.W., Mishler B.D., and Wheeler Q.D. The perils of DNA barcoding and the need for integrative taxonomy. Syst. Biol. 54 (2005) 844-851
120. Yao W.-S., Fang S.-Y., and Roques A. Specific composition, bio-ecological characteristics and population dynamics of the larch cone fly (Strobilomyia spp.; Dipt., Anthomyiidae) complex in the Da Khinggan and Xiao Khinggan mountains in China. J. Appl. Entomol. 112 (1991) 454-463