Conjugated linoleic acid: A functional nutrient in the different pathophysiological components of the metabolic syndrome?

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 9, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 740-747

  Toomey, Sinead ^a   McMonagle, Jolene ^a   Roche, Helen M ^a,b  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b ST JAMES S HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA); Inflammation; Insulin resistance; Metabolic syndrome

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISOMER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; REVIEW;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CONSUMER PRODUCT SAFETY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN; ISOMERISM; LINOLEIC ACIDS, CONJUGATED; LIPID METABOLISM; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 33750357733     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 15353885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000247465.34037.05     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15:539-553.
2. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285: 2486-2497.
3. Phinney SD. Fatty acids, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:1151-1152.
4. Magliano DJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. How to best define the metabolic syndrome. Ann Med 2006; 38:34-41.
5. Moller DE. New drug targets for type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Nature 2001; 414:821-827.
6. Buttriss J, Nugent A. LIPGENE: an integrated approach to tackling the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64:345-347.
7. Fry J, Finley W. The prevalence and costs of obesity in the EU. Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64:359-362.
8. Phillips C, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jiminez E, et al. Genetic and nutrient determinants of the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Cardiol 2006; 21:185-193. This paper comprehensively reviews gene-nutrient interactions within the context of the metabolic syndrome, with particular focus on how genetic background interacts with dietary fatty acids.
9. Roche HM, Phillips C, Gibney MJ. The metabolic syndrome: the crossroads of diet and genetics. Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64:371-377. This paper explores the interactions between genetic background and dietary exposure or nutritional therapy, focusing on the role of dietary fatty acids within the context of nutrient regulation of gene expression and individual responsiveness to dietary therapy.
10. Riccardi G, Capaldo B, Vaccaro O. Functional foods in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8:630-635. This interesting review evaluates food properties able to influence specific physiological targets that may be helpful for the prevention and management of the metabolic syndrome.
11. Banni S. Conjugated linoleic acid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002; 13:261-266.
12. Pariza MW, Park Y, Cook ME. The biologically active isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. Prog Lipid Res 2001; 40:283-298.
13. Eulitz K, Yurawecz MP, Sehat N, et al. Preparation, separation, and confirmation of the eight geometrical cis/trans conjugated linoleic acid isomers 8,10-through 11, 13-18:2. Lipids 1999; 34:873-877.
14. Choi JS, Song J. Conjugated linoleic acid, obesity, and insulin resistance: waiting for the day of liberation from chronic disease. Nutrition 2005; 21:1170-1172.
15. Chin SF, Storkson JM, Liw W, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid (9,11- and 10,12-octadecadienoic acid) is produced in conventional but not germ-free rats fed linoleic acid. J Nutr 1994; 124:694-701.
16. Beppu F, Hosokawa M, Tanaka L, Miyashita K. Potent inhibitory effect of trans9, trans11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid on the growth of human colon cancer cells. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 17 In press.
17. Toomey S, Harhen B, Roche HM, et al. Profound resolution of early atherosclerosis with conjugated linoleic acid. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187: 40-49. This paper investigates the effect of a blend of CLA isomers on the regression of atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E knockout mouse model through the regulation of pro-inflammatory gene expression.
18. Arbones-Mainar JM, Navarro MA, Guzman MA, et al. Selective effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Atherosclerosis 2006, 10 March E-pub ahead of press. This interesting study demonstrates that CLA isomers differentially modulate the development of atherosclerosis, with c9,t11-CLA impeding and t10,c12-CLA promoting its development.
19. Bhattacharya A, Rahman MM, Sun D, et al. The combination of dietary conjugated linoleic acid and treadmill exercise lowers gain in body fat mass and enhances lean body mass in high fat-fed male Balb/C mice. J Nutr 2005; 135:1124-1130.
20. Brandebourg TD, Hu CY. Isomer-specific regulation of differentiating pig preadipocytes by conjugated linoleic acids. J Anim Sci 2005; 83:2096-2105.
21. Loscher CE, Draper E, Leavy O, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid suppresses NF-kappa B activation and IL-12 production in dendritic cells through ERK-mediated IL-10 induction. J Immunol 2005; 175:4990-4998. This paper examines the effect of CLA on pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, and its effect on NFκB activation.
22. Klein-Platat C, Drai J, Oujaa M, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition is associated with the metabolic syndrome and low-grade inflammation in overweight adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 82:1178-1184. This interesting study evaluates the effect of a high intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on the protection of obese subjects from the development of the metabolic syndrome.
23. Simon E, Macarulla MT, Churruca I, et al. trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid prevents adiposity but not insulin resistance induced by an atherogenic diet in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 17:126-131.
24. Kim HJ, Lee KT, Lee MK, et al. Diacylglycerol-enriched structured lipids containing CLA and capric acid alter body fat mass and lipid metabolism in rats. Ann Nutr Metab 2006; 50:219-228.
25. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, et al. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans. J Nutr 2005; 135:778-784. This paper examines the effect of long-term CLA supplementation in healthy humans.
26. Hargrave KM, Azain MJ, Miner JL. Dietary coconut oil increases conjugated linoleic acid-induced body fat loss in mice independent of essential fatty acid deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1737:52-60.
27. House RL, Cassidy JP, Eisen EJ, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid evokes delipidation through the regulation of genes controlling lipid metabolism in adipose and liver tissue. Obes Res Today 2005; 6:247-258. This comprehensive review examines the recent advances and insights into the effects of CLA on obesity and lipid metabolism, specifically focusing on changes in gene expression in the liver and adipose tissue.
28. Corino C, Di Giancarmillo A, Rossi R, Domeneghini C. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid affects morphofunctional and chemical aspects of subcutaneous adipose tissue in heavy pigs. J Nutr 2005; 135:1444-1450.
29. Kovacs EM, Mela DJ. Metabolically active functional food ingredients for weight control. Obes Rev 2006; 7:59-78.
30. Park Y, Albright KJ, Liu W, et al. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice. Lipids 1997; 32:853-858.
31. Wargent E, Sennitt MV, Stocker C, et al. Prolonged treatment of genetically obese mice with conjugated linoleic acid improves glucose tolerance and lowers plasma insulin concentration: possible involvement of PPAR activation. Lipids Health Dis 2005; 4:3.
32. Evans M, Lin X, Odle J, McIntosh M. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid increases fatty acid oxidation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. J Nutr 2002; 132:450-455.
33. Mensink RP. Metabolic and health effects of isomeric fatty acids. Curr Opin Lipidol 2005; 16:27-30.
34. Wahle KW, Heys SD, Rotondo D. Conjugated linoleic acids: are they beneficial or detrimental to health? Prog Lipid Res 2004; 43:553-587.
35. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:1118-1125.
36. Larsen TM, Toubro S, Gudmundsen O, Astrup A. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y does not prevent weight or body fat regain. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:606-612.
37. Malpuech-Brugere C, Verboeket-van de Venne WPHG, Mensink RP, et al. Effects of two conjugated linoleic acid isomers on body fat mass in overweight humans. Obes Res 2004; 12:591-598.
38. Park Y, Albright KJ, Pariza MW. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on long term feeding in Fischer 344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43: 1273-1279.
39. Tsuzuki T, Kawakami Y, Suzuki Y, et al. Intake of conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses lipid accumulation in liver and epididymal adipose tissue in rats. Lipids 2005; 40:1117-1123.
40. Ohashi A, Matsushita Y, Shibata H, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid deteriorates insulin resistance in obese/diabetic mice in association with decreased production of adiponectin and leptin. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2004; 50:416-421.
41. Shaw DI, Hall WL, Williams CM. Metabolic syndrome: what is it and what are the implications? Proc Nutr Soc 2005; 64:349-357.
42. Bray GA, Champagne CM. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: implications for dietetics practitioners. J Am Diet Assoc 2004; 104:86-89.
43. Moloney F, Yeow TP, Mullen A, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:887-895.
44. Riserus U, Arner P, Brismar K, Vessby B. Treatment with dietary trans10cis12 conjugated linoleic acid causes isomer-specific insulin resistance in obese men with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1516-1521.
45. Noone EJ, Roche HM, Nugent AP, Gibney MJ. The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. Br J Nutr 2002; 88:243-251.
46. Riserus U, Vessby B, Arnlov J, Basu S. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on insulin sensitivity, lipid peroxidation, and proinflammatory markers in obese men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:279-283.
47. Tricon S, Burdge GC, Kew S, et al. Effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on immune cell function in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:1626-1633.
48. Eyjolfson V, Spriet LL, Dyck DJ. Conjugated linoleic acid improves insulin sensitivity in young, sedentary humans. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:814-820.
49. Roche HM, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, et al. Isomer-dependent metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid: insights from molecular markers sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c and LXRalpha. Diabetes 2002; 51:2037-2044.
50. Tsuboyama-Kasaoka N, Takahashi M, Tanemura K, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation reduces adipose tissue by apoptosis and develops lipodystrophy in mice. Diabetes 2000; 49:1534-1542.
51. Chung S, Brown JM, Provo JN, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid promotes human adipocyte insulin resistance through NFkappaB-dependent cytokine production. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38445-38456. This interesting study examines the effect of CLA on the induction of proinflammatory cytokines in adipocytes, through the activation of NF-κB.
52. de Roos B, Rucklidge G, Reid M, et al. Divergent mechanisms of cis9, trans11-and trans10, cis12-conjugated linoleic acid affecting insulin resistance and inflammation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice: a proteomics approach. FASEB J 2005; 19:1746-1748. This comprehensive proteomics study examines the mechanisms whereby individual CLA isomers differentially affect pathways related to atherogenesis, such as insulin resistance and inflammation.
53. Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, et al. Influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on establishment and progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19:472S-477S.
54. Kritchevsky D, Tepper SA, Wright S, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid isomer effects in atherosclerosis: growth and regression of lesions. Lipids 2004; 39:611-616.
55. Navarro V, Zabala A, Macarulla MT, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on body fat accumulation and serum lipids in hamsters fed an atherogenic diet. J Physiol Biochem 2003; 59:193-199.
56. Munday JS, Thompson KG, James KA. Dietary conjugated linoleic acids promote fatty streak formation in the C57BL/6 mouse atherosclerosis model. Br J Nutr 1999; 81:251-255.
57. Valeille K, Ferezou J, Amsler G, et al. A cis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acidrich oil reduces the outcome of atherogenic process in hyperlipidemic hamster. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H652-H659.
58. Tricon S, Burdge GC, Kew S, et al. Opposing effects of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid on blood lipids in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:614-620.
59. Arbones-Mainar JM, Navarro MA, Acin S, et al. Trans-10, cis-12- and cis-9, trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid isomers selectively modify HDL-apolipoprotein composition in apolipoprotein E knockout mice. J Nutr 2006; 136:353-359. This study addresses the hypothesis that individual CLA isomers may exert different atherogenic properties.
60. Lee JH, et al. Antiatherogenic effects of structured lipid containing conjugated linoleic acid in C57BL/6J mice. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:7295-7301.
61. Nestel P, Fujii A, Allen T. The cis-9,trans-11 isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) lowers plasma triglyceride and raises HDL cholesterol concentrations but does not suppress aortic atherosclerosis in diabetic apoE-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187 In press.
62. Kloss R, Linscheid J, Johnson A, et al. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on blood lipids and adiposity of rats fed diets rich in saturated versus unsaturated fat. Pharmacol Res 2005; 51:503-507.
63. Mitchell PL, Langille MA, Currie DL, McLeod RS. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in the Syrian golden hamster. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005; 1734:269-276.
64. Ghanim H, Aljada A, Hofmeyer D, et al. Circulating mononuclear cells in the obese are in a proinflammatory state. Circulation 2004; 110:1564-1571.
65. Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:4-7.
66. Roche HM. Dietary lipids and gene expression. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32 (Pt 6):999-1002.
67. Plomgaard P, Bouzakri K, Krogh-Madsen R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces skeletal muscle insulin resistance in healthy human subjects via inhibition of Akt substrate 160 phosphorylation. Diabetes 2005; 54: 2939-2945.
68. Ohya M, Taniguchi A, Fukushima M, et al. Three measures of tumor necrosis factor alpha activity and insulin resistance in nonobese Japanese type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 2005; 54:1297-1301.
69. Smedman A, Basu S, Samar J, et al. Conjugated linoleic acid increased C-reactive protein in human subjects. Br J Nutr 2005; 94:791-795. This study investigates the effect of CLA on indicators of inflammation in human subjects.
70. Riserus U, Vessby B, Arner P, Zethelius B. Supplementation with trans10-cis12-conjugated linoleic acid induces hyperproinsulinaemia in obese men: close association with impaired insulin sensitivity. Diabetologia 2004; 47:1016-1019.
71. Gonzalez AS, Bellido Guerrero D, Buno Soto M, et al. Metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and the inflammation markers C-reactive protein and ferritin. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:802-809.
72. Riserus U, Smedman A, Basu S, Vessby B. Metabolic effects of conjugated linoleic acid in humans: the Swedish experience. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79 (6 Suppl):1146S-1148S.
73. Ramakers JD, Plat J, Sebedio JL, Mensink RP. Effects of the individual isomers cis-9,trans-11 vs. trans-10,cis-12 of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on inflammation parameters in moderately overweight subjects with LDL-phenotype B. Lipids 2005; 40:909-918. This study examines the immune-modulating effects of CLA isomers in a population with a high risk of coronary heart disease.
74. Blatter Garin MC, Kalix B, Morabio A, James RW. Small, dense lipoprotein particles and reduced paraoxonase-1 in patients with the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:2264-2269.
75. Nugent AP, Roche HM, Noone EJ, et al. The effects of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on immune function in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005; 59:742-750.
76. Cimini A, Cristiano L, Colafarina S, et al. PPARgamma-dependent effects of conjugated linoleic acid on the human glioblastoma cell line (ADF). Int J Cancer 2005; 117:923-933.
77. Zhao G, Etherton TD, Martin KR, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in THP-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:909-917.
78. Choi KC, Ryu OH, Lee KW, et al. Effect of PPAR-alpha and -gamma agonist on the expression of visfatin, adiponectin, and TNF-alpha in visceral fat of OLETF rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 336:747-753.
79. Silswal N, Singh AK, Aruna B, et al. Human resistin stimulates the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-12 in macrophages by NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:1092-1101.
80. Schleser S, Ringseis R, Eder K. Conjugated linoleic acids have no effect on TNFalpha-induced adhesion molecule expression, U937 monocyte adhesion, and chemokine release in human aortic endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:337-344.
81. Li G, Barnes D, Butz D, et al. 10t,12c-conjugated linoleic acid inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced cyclooxygenase expression in vitro and in vivo. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:2134-2142.
82. Luongo D, Bergamo P, Rossi M. Effects of conjugated linoleic acid on growth and cytokine expression in Jurkat T cells. Immunol Lett 2003; 90:195-201.
83. Bissonauth V, Chouinard Y, Marin J. et al. The effects of t10,c12 CLA isomer compared with c9,t11 CLA isomer on lipid metabolism and body composition in hamsters. J Nutr Biochem 2006; 17, 15 February E-pub ahead of press.
84. Kelly ML, Berry JR, Dwyer DA, et al. Dietary fatty acid sources affect conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in milk from lactating dairy cows. J Nutr 1998; 128:881-885.