Modulation of cyclic nucleotides and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in pancreatic islet β-cells and intestinal L-cells as targets for treating diabetes mellitus

Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2006, Pages 898-905

  Furman, Brian ^a   Pyne, Nigel ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cyclic 3 5 AMP; GIP; GLP 7; Insulin secretion phosphodiesterasses

Indexed keywords

6 (5,6 DIMETHOXYBENZO[B]THIEN 2 YL) 4,5 DIHYDRO 5 METHYL 3(2H) PYRIDAZINONE; 8 (4 CHLOROPHENYLTHIO) 2' O METHYLADENOSINE 3',5' CYCLIC AMP; ADENYLATE CYCLASE; ANTIPORTER; ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDE; BUCLADESINE; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITOR; CYCLIC AMP DERIVATIVE; CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE; CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASE; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; EXENDIN 4; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1; GLUCOSE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; INCRETIN; INSULIN; ISOBUTYLMETHYLXANTHINE; LIRAGLUTIDE; METFORMIN; MILRINONE; N [2 (4 BROMOCINNAMYLAMINO)ETHYL] 5 ISOQUINOLINESULFONAMIDE; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PERTUSSIS TOXIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; SITAGLIPTIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VILDAGLIPTIN;

CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEGRADATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TARGETING; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HORMONE RESPONSE; HUMAN; INSULIN RELEASE; INTESTINE CELL; L CELL; MODULATION; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW;

2',3'-CYCLIC-NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASES; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD26; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; GASTRIC INHIBITORY POLYPEPTIDE; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE 1; HUMANS; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; INTESTINES; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS; PROTEASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 33750314863     PISSN: 14724472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Porte D Jr, Kahn SE: β-Cell dysfunction and failure in type 2 diabetes: Potential mechanisms. Diabetes (2001) 50(Suppl 1):S160-S163.
2. Grill V, Cerasi E: Activation by glucose of adenyl cyclase in pancreatic islets of the rat. FEBS Lett (1973) 33(3):311-314.
3. Sharp GW: The adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP system in islets of Langerhans and its role in the control of insulin release. Diabetologia (1979) 16(5):287-296.
4. Persaud SJ, Jones PM, Howell SL: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion is not dependent on activation of protein kinase A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1990) 173(3):833-839.
5. Lester LB, Langenberg LK, Scott JD: Anchoring of protein kinase A facilitates hormone-mediated insulin secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1997) 94(26):14942-14947.
6. Holz GG, Habener JF: Signal transduction crosstalk in the endocrine system: Pancreatic β-cells and the glucose competence concept. Biochem Sci (1992) 17(10):388-393.
7. Howell SL, Jones PM, Persaud SJ: Regulation of insulin secretion: The role of second messengers. Diabetologia (1994) 37(Suppl 2):S30-S35.
8. Wolfe MM, Zhao KB, Glazier KD, Jarboe LA, Tseng CC: Regulation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide release by protein in the rat. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol (2000) 279(3):G561-G566.
9. MacIntosh CG, Horowitz M, Verhagen MA, Smout AJ, Wishart J, Morris H, Goble E, Morley JE, Chapman IM: Effect of small intestinal nutrient infusion on appetite, gastrointestinal hormone release, and gastric myoelectrical activity in young and older men. Am J Gastroenterol (2001) 96(4):997-1007.
10. Feinle C, Chapman IM, Wishart J, Horowitz M: Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to duodenal fat and glucose infusions in lean and obese men. Peptides (2002) 23(8):1491-1495.
11. Brubaker PL, Anini Y: Direct and indirect mechanisms regulating secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-2. Can J Physiol Pharmacol (2003) 81(11):1005-1012.
12. Thorens B: Expression cloning of the pancreatic β-cell receptor for the gluco-incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1992) 89(18):8641-8645.
13. Usdin TB, Mezey E, Button DC, Brownstein MJ, Bonner TI: Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor, a member of the secretin-vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor family, is widely distributed in peripheral organs and the brain. Endocrinology (1993) 133(6):2861-2870.
14. Preitner F, Ibberson M, Franklin I, Binnert C, Pende M, Gjinovci A, Hansotia T, Drucker DJ, Wollheim C, Burcelin R, Thorens B: Glucoincretins control insulin secretion at multiple levels as revealed in mice lacking GLP-1 and GIP receptors. J Clin Invest (2004) 113(4):635-645.
15. Kimple ME, Nixon AB, Kelly P, Bailey CL, Young KH, Fields TA, Casey PJ: A role for Gz in pancreatic Islet β-cell biology. J Biol Chem (2005) 280(36):31708-31713.
16. Leech CA, Castonguay MA, Habener JF: Expression of adenylyl cyclase subtypes in pancreatic β-cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1999) 264(3):703-706.
17. Guenifi A, Portela-Gomes GM, Grimelius L, Efendic S, Abdel-Halim SM: Adenylyl cyclase isoform expression in non-diabetic and diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat pancreas. Evidence for distinct overexpression of type-8 adenylyl cyclase in diabetic GK rat islets. Histochem Cell Biol (2000) 113(2):81-89.
18. Delmeire D, Flamez D, Hinke SA, Cali JJ, Pipeleers D, Schuit F: Type VIII adenylyl cyclase in rat β cells: Coincidence signal detector/ generator for glucose and GLP-1. Diabetologia (2003) 46(10):1383-1393.
19. Pyne NJ, Furman BL: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in pancreatic islets. Diabetologia (2003) 46(9):1179-1189.
20. Furman B, Pyne N, Flatt P, O'Harte F: Targeting β-cell cyclic 3′5′ adenosine monophosphate for the development of novel drugs for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. A review. J Pharm Pharmacol (2004) 56(11):1477-1492.
21. Elrick LJ, Docherty K: Phosphorylation-dependent nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1. Diabetes (2001) 500(10):2244-2252.
22. Wang X, Zhou J, Doyle ME, Egan JM: Glucagon-like peptide-1 causes pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 protein translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of pancreatic β-cells by a cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A-dependent mechanism. Endocrinology (2001) 142(5):1820-1827.
23. Jonas JC, Laybutt DR, Steil GM, Trivedi N, Pertusa JG, Van de Casteele M, Weir GC, Henquin JC: High glucose stimulates early response gene c-Myc expression in rat pancreatic β cells. J Biol Chem (2001) 276(38):35375-35381.
24. Susini S, Roche E, Prentki M, Schlegel W: Glucose and glucoincretin peptides synergize to induce c-fos, c-jun, junB, zif-268, and nur-77 gene expression in pancreatic β (INS-1) cells. FASEB J (1998) 12(12):1173-1182.
25. Benes C, Roisin MP, Van Tan H, Creuzet C, Miyazaki J, Fagard R: Rapid activation and nuclear translocation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in response to physiological concentration of glucose in the MIN6 pancreatic β cell line. J Biol Chem (1998) 273(25):15507-15513.
26. Benes C, Poitout V, Marie J-C, Martin-Perez J, Roisin MP, Fagard R: Mode of regulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases in the pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 and their implication in the regulation of insulin gene transcription. Biochem J (1999) 340(1):219-225.
27. Ehses JA, Pelech SL, Pederson RA, McIntosh CHS: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide activates the Raf-Mek1/2-ERK1/2 module via a cyclic AMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase/Rap1-mediated pathway. J Biol Chem (2002) 277(40):37088-37097.
28. Andersen HU, Mauricio D, Karlsen E, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Nielsen JH, Nerup J: Interleukin-1 β-induced nitric oxide production from rat isolated islets is modulated by D-glucose and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl xanthine. Eur J Endocrinol (1996) 134(2):251-259.
29. Loweth AC, Wiliams GT, Scarpello JH, Morgan NG: Heterotrimeric G-proteins are implicated in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic β-cells. Exp Cell Res (1996) 229(1):69-76.
30. Ahmad M, Flatt PR, Furman BL, Pyne NJ: The role of cyclic GMP-inhibited cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase (PDE3) in regulating clonal BRIN-BD11 insulin secreting cell survival. Cell Signal (2000) 12(8):541-548.
31. Kopperud R, Krakstad C, Selheim F, Doskeland SO: cAMP effector mechanisms. Novel twists for an 'old' signaling system. FEBS Lett (2003) 546(1):121-126.
32. Renstrom E, Eliasson L, Rorsman P: Protein kinase A-dependent and -independent stimulation of exocytosis by cAMP in mouse pancreatic B-cells. J Physiol (1997) 502(1):105-118.
33. Seino S, Shibasaki T: PKA-dependent and PKA-independent pathways for cAMP-regulated exocytosis. Physiol Rev (2005) 56(4):1303-1342.
34. Holz GG: Epac: A new cAMP-binding protein in support of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor-mediated signal transduction in the pancreatic β-cell. Diabetes (2004) 53(1):5-13.
35. Kashima Y, Miki T, Shibasaki T, Ozaki N, Miyazaki M, Yano H, Seino S: Critical role of cAMP-GEFII - Rim2 complex in incretin-potentiated insulin secretion. J Biol Chem (2001) 276(49):46046-46053.
36. Liu G, Jacobo SM, Hilliard N, Hockerman GH: Differential modulation of Cav1.2 and Cav1.3-mediated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by cAMP in INS-1 cells: Distinct roles for exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2 (Epac2) and protein kinase A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (2006) 318(1):152-160.
37. Drucker DJ, Philippe J, Mojsov S, Chick WL, Habener JF: Glucagon-like peptide I stimulates insulin gene expression and increases cyclic AMP levels in a rat islet cell line. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (1987) 84(10):3434-3438.
38. Nakazaki M, Crane A, Hu M, Seghers V, Ullrich S, Aguilar-Bryan L, Bryan J: cAMP-activated protein kinase-independent potentiation of insulin secretion by cAMP is impaired in SUR1 null islets. Diabetes (2002) 61(12):3440-3449.
39. Brubaker PL, Schloos J, Drucker DJ: Regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 synthesis and secretion in the GLUTag enteroendocrine cell line. Endocrinology (1998) 139(10):4108-4114.
40. Reimann F, Gribble FM: Glucose-sensing in glucagon-like peptide-1-secreting cells. Diabetes (2002) 51(9):2757-2763.
41. Gribble FM, Williams L, Simpson AK, Reimann F: A novel glucose-sensing mechanism contributing to glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the GLUTag cell line. Diabetes (2003) 52(5):1147-1154.
42. Reimann F, Maziarz M, Flock G, Habib AM, Drucker DJ, Gribble FM: Characterization and functional role of voltage gated cation conductances in the glucagon-like peptide-1 secreting GLUTag cell line. J Physiol (2005) 563(1):161-175.
43. Ni Z, Anini Y, Fang X, Mills G, Brubaker PL, Jin T: Transcriptional activation of the proglucagon gene by lithium and β-catenin in intestinal endocrine L cells. J Biol Chem (2003) 278(2):1380-1387.
44. Lotfi S, Li Z, Sun J, Zuo Y, Lam PL, Kang U, Rahimi M, Islam D, Wang P, Gaisano HY, Jin T: Role of the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine 5′-monophosphate (Epac) pathway in regulating proglucagon gene expression in intestinal endocrine L cells. Endocrinology (2006) 147(8):3727-3736.
45. Ong WK, Gribble FM, Reimann F, Pyne NJ, Furman BL: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases in the glucagon-like peptide secreting GLUTag cell line. Diabetic Med (2006) 23(Suppl 2):31-32.
46. Spiegel AM, Weinstein LS, Shenker A: Abnormalities in G protein-coupled signal transduction pathways in human disease. J Clin Invest (1993) 92(3):1119-1125.
47. Weinstein LS, Yu S, Warner DR, Liu J: Endocrine manifestations of stimulatory G protein α-subunit mutations and the role of genomic imprinting. Endocr Rev (2001) 22(5):675-705.
48. McPhee I, Gibson LC, Kewney J, Darroch C, Stevens PA, Spinks D, Cooreman A, MacKenzie SJ: Cyclic nucleotide signalling: A molecular approach to drug discovery for Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Soc Trans (2005) 33(6):1330-1332.
49. Zmuda-Trzebiatowska E, Oknianska A, Manganiello V, Degerman E: Role of PDE3B in insulin-induced glucose uptake, GLUT-4 translocation and lipogenesis in primary rat adipocytes. Cell Signal (2006) 18(3):382-390.
50. Gutniak M, Ørskov C, Holst JJ, Ahren B, Efendic S: Antidiabetogenic effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36)amide in normal subjects and patients with diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med (1992) 326(20):1316-1322.
51. Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Salmen S, Goetze O, Hoist JJ, Schmidt WE, Nauck MA: Normalization of glucose concentrations and deceleration of gastric emptying after solid meals during intravenous glucagon-like peptide 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2003) 88(6):2719-2725.
52. Meneilly GS, Greig N, Tildesley H, Habener JF, Egan JM, Elahi D: Effects of 3 months of continuous subcutaneous administration of glucagon-like peptide 1 in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care (2003) 26(10):2835-2841.
53. 8-substituted GLP-1 analogues. Biol Chem (2004) 386(2):169-177.
54. Rolin B, Larsen MO, Gotfredsen CF, Deacon CF, Carr RD, Wilken M, Knudsen LB: The long-acting GLP-1 derivative NN2211 ameliorates glycemia and increases β-cell mass in diabetic mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2002) 283(4):E745-E752.
55. Chang AM, Jakobsen G, Sturis J, Smith MJ, Bloem CJ, An B, Galecki A, Halter JB: The GLP-1 derivative NN2211 restores β-cell sensitivity to glucose in type 2 diabetic patients after a single dose. Diabetes (2003) 52(7):1786-1791.
56. Holz GG, Chepurny OG: Glucagon-like peptide-1 synthetic analogs: New therapeutic agents for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Chem (2003) 10(22):2471-2483.
57. Egan JM, Clocquet AR, Elahi D: The insulinotropic effect of acute exendin-4 administered to humans: Comparison of nondiabetic state to type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab (2002) 87(3):1282-1290.
58. Egan JM, Meneilly GS, Elahi D: Effects of 1-mo bolus subcutaneous administration of exendin-4 in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (2003) 284(6):E1072-E1079.
59. Pederson RA, White HA, Schlenzig D, Pauly RP, McIntosh CH, Demuth HU: Improved glucose tolerance in Zucker fatty rats by oral administration of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor isoleucine thiazolidide. Diabetes (1998) 47(8):1253-1258.
60. Balkan B, Kwasnik L, Miserendino R, Hoist JJ, Li X: Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV with NVP-DPP728 increases plasma GLP-1 (7-36 amide) concentrations and improves oral glucose tolerance in obese Zucker rats. Diabetologia (1999) 42(11):1324-1331.
61. Burkey B, Li X, Bolognese L, Russell M, Wang PR, Villhauer EB, Hughes TE: Combination treatment of a DPP-IV inhibitor NVP-LAF237 with pioglitazone completely normalized glucose tolerance in adult obese Zucker rats. Diabetes (2002) 51(S2):A1383.
62. Pauly RP, Demuth HU, Rosche F, Schmidt J, White HA, Lynn F, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA: Improved glucose tolerance in rats treated with the dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26) inhibitor Ilethiazolidide. Metabolism (1999) 48(3):385-389.
63. Ahren B, Holst JJ, Martensson H, Balkan B: Improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion by inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in mice. Eur J Pharmacol (2000) 404(1-2):239-245.
64. Deacon CF, Danielsen P, Klarskov L, Olesen M, Hoist JJ: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition reduces the degradation and clearance of GIP and potentiates its insulinotropic and antihyperglycemic effects in anesthetized pigs. Diabetes (2001) 50(7):1588-1597.
65. Deacon CF, Wamberg S, Bie P, Hughes TE, Holst JJ: Preservation of active incretin hormones by inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV suppresses meal-induced incretin secretion in dogs. J Endocrinol (2002) 172(2):355-362.
66. Sudre B, Broqua P, Mite RB, Ashworth D, Evans DM, Haigh R, Junien JL, Aubert ML: Chronic inhibition of circulating dipeptidyl peptidase IV by FE 999011 delays the occurrence of diabetes in male Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Diabetes (2002) 51(5):1461-1469.
67. Pospisilik JA, Stafford SG, Demuth HU, Brownsey R, Parkhouse W, Finegood DT, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA: Long-term treatment with the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor P32/98 causes sustained improvements in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia, and β-cell glucose responsiveness in VDF (fa/fa) Zucker rats. Diabetes (2002) 61(4):943-950.
68. Pospisilik JA, Stafford SG, Demuth HU, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA: Long-term treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor improves hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity in the VDF Zucker rat: A euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp study. Diabetes (2002) 51(9):2677-2683.
69. Pospisilik JA, Martin J, Doty T, Ehses JA, Pamir N, Lynn FC, Piteau S, Demuth HU, McIntosh CH, Pederson RA: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor treatment stimulates β-cell survival and islet neogenesis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes (2003) 52(3):741-750.
70. Ahren B, Pacini G, Foley JE, Schweizer A: Improved meal-related β-cell function and insulin sensitivity by the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes over 1 year. Diabetes Care (2005) 28(8):1936-1940.
71. Mentlein R: Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26) - role in the inactivation of regulatory peptides. Regul Pept (1999) 85(1):9-24.
72. Kikkawa F, Kajiyama H, Shibata K, Ino K, Nomura S, Mizutani S: Dipeptidyl peptidase IV in tumor progression. Biochim Biophys Acta (2005) 1751(1):45-51.
73. Wesley UV, McGroarty M, Homoyouni A: Dipeptidyl peptidase inhibits malignant phenotype of prostate cancer cells by blocking basic fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway. Cancer Res (2005) 65(4):1325-1334.
74. Chang HC, Abdel-Ghany M, Zhang S, Pauli BU: Is the Fischer 344/CRJ rat a protein-knock-out model for dipeptidyl peptidase IV-mediated lung metastasis of breast cancer? Clin Exp Metastasis (1999) 17(7):609-615.
75. Reinhardt RR, Chin E, Zhou J, Taira M, Murata T, Manganiello VC, Bondy CA: Distinctive anatomical patterns of gene expression for cGMP-inhibited cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. J Clin Invest (1995) 95(4):1528-1538.
76. El-Metwally M, Shafiee-Nick R, Pyne NJ, Furman BL: The effect of selective phosphodiesterase inhibitors on plasma insulin concentrations and insulin secretion in vitro in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol (1997) 324(2-3):227-232.
77. Parker JC, VanVolkenburg MA, Nardone NA: Modulation of insulin secretion and glycemia by selective inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase III. Biochem Biophys Res Commun (1997) 236(3):665-669.
78. Ding B, Abe J, Wei H, Xu H, Che W, Aizawa T, Liu W, Molina CA, Sadoshima J, Blaxall BC, Berk BC, Yan C: A positive feedback loop of phosphodiesterase 3 (PDE3) and inducible cAMP early repressor (ICER) leads to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (2005) 102(41):14771-14776.
79. Edmondson SD, Mastracchio A, He J, Chung CC, Forrest MJ, Hofsess S, MacIntyre E, Metzger J, O'Connor N, Patel K, Tong X et al: Benzyl vinylogous amide substituted aryldihydropyridazinones and aryldimethylpyrazolones as potent and selective PDE3B inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett (2003) 13(22):3983-3987.
80. Liang L, Beshay E, Prud'homme GJ: The phosphodiesterase inhibitors pentoxifylline and rolipram prevent diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetes (1998) 47(4):570-575.
81. Down G, Siederer S, Lim S, Daley-Yates P: Clinical pharmacology of cilomilast. Clin Pharmacokinet (2006) 45(3):217-233.
82. Beshay E, Prud'homme GJ: Inhibitors of phosphodiesterase isoforms III or IV suppress islet-cell nitric oxide production. Lab Invest (2001) 81(8):1109-1117.
83. O'Grady SM, Jiang X, Maniak PJ, Birmachu W, Scribner LR, Bulbulian B, Gullikson GW: Cyclic AMP-dependent CI secretion is regulated by multiple phosphodiesterase subtypes in human colonic epithelial cells. J Membr Biol (2002) 185(2):137-144.
84. Timmer W, Leclerc V, Neuhauser M, Hatzelmann A, Bethke T, Wurst W: The new phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor roflumilast is efficacious in exercise-induced asthma and leads to suppression of LPS-stimulated TNF-α ex vivo. J Clin Pharmacol (2002) 42(3):297-303.
85. Fernandez-Mejia C, Vega-Allende J, Rojas-Ochoa A, Rodriguez-Dorantes M, Romero-Navarro G, Matschinsky FM, Wang J, German MS: Cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate increases pancreatic glucokinase activity and gene expression. Endocrinology (2001) 142(4):1448-1452.
86. + channel activity by GLP-1 in rat pancreatic β-cells. Pflugers Arch (2000) 440(4):566-572.
87. Kang G, Chepurny OG, Malester B, Rindler MJ, Rehmann H, Bos JL, Schwede F, Coetzee WA, Holz GG: cAMP sensor Epac as a determinant of ATP-sensitive potassium channel activity in human pancreatic β cells and rat INS-1 cells. J Physiol (2006) 573(3):595-609.
88. Ammala C, Ashcroft FM, Rorsman P: Calcium-independent potentiation of insulin release by cyclic AMP in single β-cells. Nature (1993) 363(6427):356-358.
89. 2+ channels in rat islet β-cells. Pflugers Arch (1998) 435(4):578-580.
90. + currents in β-cells: A possible glucose-dependent insulinotropic mechanism. Diabetes (2002) 51(Suppl 3):S443-S447.
91. 2+ release in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. J Physiol (2001) 536(2):375-385.
92. Islam MS, Leibiger I, Leibiger B, Rossi D, Sorrentino V, Ekstrom TJ, Westerblad H, Andrade FH, Berggren PO: In situ activation of the type 2 ryanodine receptor in pancreatic β cells requires cAMP-dependent phosphorylation. Proc Natl Aced Sci USA (1998) 95(11):6145-6150.
93. 2+ signaling system stimulated by the insulinotropic hormone glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-37). J Biol Chem (1999) 274(20):14147-14156.
94. 2+ release and exocytosis in pancreatic β-cells. J Biol Chem (2003) 278(10):8279-8285.
95. Yaney GC, Civelek VN, Richard AM, Dillon JS, Deeney JT, Hamilton JA, Korchak HM, Tornheim K, Corkey BE, Boyd AE: Glucagon-like peptide 1 stimulates lipolysis in clonal pancreatic β-cells (HIT). Diabetes (2001) 50(1):56-62.
96. Hamdähl L, Jing XJ, Ivarsson R, Degerman E, Ahren B, Manganiello VC, Renstrom E, Hoist LS: Important role of phosphodiesterase 3B for the stimulatory action of cAMP on pancreatic β-cell exocytosis and release of insulin. J Biol Chem (2002) 277(40):37446-37455.