People with Mental Retardation and Psychopathology: Stress, Affect Regulation and Attachment: A Review

International Review of Research in Mental Retardation

Volumn 32, Issue , 2006, Pages 229-260

  Schuengel, Carlo ^a   Janssen, Cees G C ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33750178952     PISSN: 00747750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7750(06)32008-3     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with reactive attachment disorder of infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 44 (2005) 1206-1219
2. Ainsworth M.D.S., Blehar M.C., Waters E., and Wall S. Patterns of attachment, A psychological study of the strange situation (1978), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
3. Ainsworth M.D.S., and Wittig B.A. Attachment and exploratory behavior of one year olds in a strange situation. In: Foss B.M. (Ed). "Determinants of infant behavior" (1969), Methuen, London 113-136
4. Atkinson L., Chisholm V.C., Scott B., Goldberg S., Vaughn B.E., Blackwell, et al. Maternal sensitivity, child functional level, and attachment in Down syndrome. In: Vondra J.I., and Barnett D. (Eds). "Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development" 64 (1999) 45-663 (3, Serial No. 258)
5. Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., Van IJzendoorn M.H., and Juffer F. Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin 129 (2003) 195-215
6. Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., Van IJzendoorn M.H., and Juffer F. Disorganized infant attachment and preventive interventions: A review and meta-analysis. Infant Mental Health Journal 26 (2005) 191-216
7. Barnett D., Clements M., Kaplan-Estrin M., and Fialka J. Building new dreams-supporting parents' adaptation to their child with special needs. Infants and Young Children 16 (2003) 184-200
8. Barnett D., Clements M., Kaplan-Estrin M., McCaskill J.W., Hill Hunt K., Butler C., et al. Maternal resolution of child diagnosis: Stability and relations with child attachment across the toddler to preschooler transition. Journal of Family Psychology 20 (2006) 100-107
9. Baumeister R.F., Smart L., and Boden J.M. Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self esteem. Psychological Review 103 (1996) 5-33
10. Baxter C., Cummins R.A., and Polak S. A longitudinal study of parental stress and support: From diagnosis of disability to leaving school. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education 42 (1995) 125-136
11. Benson G., Abbeduto L., Short K., Nuccio J.B., and Maas F. Development of a theory of mind in individuals with mental-retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation 98 3 (1993) 427-433
12. Bihm E.M., Poindexter A.R., and Warren E.R. Aggression and psychopathology in persons with severe or profound mental retardation. Research in Developmental Disabilities 19 (1998) 423-438
13. Boris N.W., Hinshaw-Fuselier S.S., Smyke A.T., Scheeringa M.S., Heller S.S., and Zeanah C.H. Comparing criteria for attachment disorders: Establishing reliability and validity in high-risk samples. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 43 (2004) 568-577
14. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. Volume 1: Attachment (1984), Penguin Books, London, United Kingdom (first published in 1969)
15. Bradley S.J. Affect regulation and the development of psychopathology (2000), Psychology Press, London
16. Carter C.S. Neuroendocrine perspectives on social attachment and love. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 (1998) 779-818
17. Cassidy J., Marvin R.S., The Working Group of the John D. and Catherine, and T. MacArthur Foundation on the Transition from Infancy to Early Childhood. Attachment organization in three- and four-year-olds: Coding guidelines (1992), University of Virginia Unpublished manuscript
18. Chaney R.H. Psychological stress in people with profound mental retardation. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 40 4 (1996) 305-310
19. Cicchetti D., and Serafica F.C. Interplay among behavioral systems: Illustrations from the study of attachment, affiliation, and wariness in young-children with Down's syndrome. Developmental Psychology 17 (1981) 36-49
20. Clark D., and Wilson G.N. Behavioral assessment of children with Down syndrome using the reiss psychopathology scale. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 118A 3 (2003) 210-216
21. Clegg J.A., and Lansdallwelfare R. Attachment and learning-disability-a theoretical review informing 3 clinical interventions. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 39 4 (1995) 295-305
22. Clegg J., and Sheard C. Challenging behavior and insecure attachment. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 (2002) 503-506
23. Cummings E.M., Davies P.T., and Campbell S.B. Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications (2000), Guilford Press, New York
24. Dagnan D., and Sandhu S. Social comparison, self-esteem and depression in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 43 (1999) 372-379
25. Deb S., and Bright C. Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. 2: The rate of behavior disorders among a community-based population aged between 16 and 64 years. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45 (2001) 506-514
26. De Kloet E.R., Sibug R.M., Helmerhorst F.M., and Schmidt M. Stress, genes and the mechanism of programming the brain for later life. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 29 (2005) 271-281
27. Denollet J., Sys S.U., Stroobant N., Rombouts H., Gillebert T.C., and Brutsaert D.L. Personality as independent predictor of long term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. The Lancet 347 (1996) 417-421
28. De Schipper J.C., Stolk J., and Schuengel C. Professional caretakers as attachment figures in day care centers for children with intellectual disabilities and behavior problems. Research in Developmental Disabilities 27 (2006) 203-216
29. De Wolff M.S., and Van IJzendoorn M.H. Sensitivity and attachment: A meta analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development 68 (1997) 571-591
30. Došen A. Psychische en gedragsstoornissen bij zwakzinnigen (1990), Boom, Meppel
31. Došen A. Applying the developmental perspective in the psychiatric assessment and diagnosis of persons with intellectual disability: Part II-diagnosis. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 49 (2005) 9-15
32. Došen A. Psychische stoornissen, gedragsproblemen en verstandelijke handicap: Een integratieve benadering bij kinderen en volwassenen (2005), Van Gorcum, Assen
33. Dozier M., and Kobak R.R. Psychophysiology in attachment interviews: Converging evidence for deactivating strategies. Child Development 63 (1992) 1473-1480
34. Dozier M., Stovall K.C., Albus K.E., and Bates B. Attachment for infants in foster care: The role of caregiver state of mind. Child Development 72 (2001) 1467-1477
35. Dykens E.M. Annotation: Psychopathology in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psycholology and Psychiatry 41 4 (2000) 407-417
36. Elias C. The development of perceived competence in children with mild intellectual disabilities (2005), Utrecht University, The Netherlands Doctoral thesis
37. Emde R.N., and Brown C. Adaptation after birth of a Down's syndrome infant. Journal of American Academy of Child Psychiatry 17 (1978) 299-323
38. Emerson E. Challenging behavior. Analysis and intervention in people with severe intellectual disabilities (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
39. Fraley R.C. Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Meta-analysis and dynamic modeling of developmental mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review 6 (2002) 123-151
40. Ganiban J., Barnett D., and Cicchetti D. Negative reactivity and attachment: Down syndrome's contribution to the attachment-temperament debate. Development and Psychopathology 12 (2000) 1-21
41. Gillberg C., Persson E., Grufman M., and Themner U. Psychiatric disorders in mildly and severely mentally retarded urban children and adolescents: Epidemiological aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 149 (1986) 68-74
42. Goldberg S., Benoit D., Blokland K., and Madigan S. Atypical maternal behaviour, maternal representations and infant disorganized attachment. Development and Psychopathology 15 (2003) 239-257
43. Groomes D.A.G., and Leahy M.J. The relationships among the stress appraisal process, coping disposition, and level of acceptance to disability. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin 46 (2002) 15-24
44. Gross J.J. Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive and social consequences. Psychophysiology 39 (2002) 281-291
45. Gross J.J., and Levenson R.W. Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106 2 (1997) 95-103
46. Hartley S.L., and Maclean E. Perceptions of stress and coping strategies among adults with mild mental retardation: Insight into psychological distress. American Journal on Mental Retardation 4 (2005) 285-297
47. Hertsgaard L., Gunnar M., Erickson M.F., and Nachmias M. Adrenocortical responses to the strange situation in infants with disorganized disoriented attachment relationships. Child Development 66 (1995) 1100-1106
48. Hulme C., and Mackenzie S. Learning memory and severe learning difficulties (1992), Erlbaum, London
49. Janssen C.G.C., Schuengel C., and Stolk J. Understanding challenging behavior in people with severe and profound intellectual disability: A stress-attachment model. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 46 6 (2002) 445-453
50. Janssen C.G.C., Schuengel C., and Stolk J. Perspectives on quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities: The interpretation of discrepancies between clients and caregivers. Quality of Life Research 14 (2005) 57-69
51. Janssen M.J., Riksen-Walraven J.M., and Van Dijk J.P.M. Contact: Effects of an intervention program to foster harmonious interactions between deaf-blind children and their educators. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness 97 (2003) 215-229
52. Jarama S.L., and Belgrave F.Z. A model of mental health adjustment among African-Americans with disabilities. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 21 3 (2002) 323-343
53. Jarrold C., Baddeley A.D., Hewes A.K., Leeke T., and Phillips C. What links verbal short-term memory performance and vocabulary level? Evidence of changing relationships among individuals with learning disability. Journal of Memory and Language 50 (2004) 134-148
54. Juffer F., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., and Van IJzendoorn M.H. The importance of parenting in the development of disorganized attachment: Evidence from a preventive intervention study in adoptive families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 46 (2005) 263-274
55. Kobak R.R., Ferenz-Gillies R., Everhart E., and Seabrook L. Maternal attachment strategies and emotion regulation with adolescent offspring. Affective processes in adolescence [Special issue]. Journal of Research on Adolescence 4 (1994) 553-566
56. Lovallo W.R. Stress and health. Biological and psychological interactions (1997), Sage Publications, London
57. Lunsky Y., and Benson B.A. Association between perceived social support and strain, and positive and negative outcome for adults with mild intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 45 (2001) 106-114
58. Lyons-Ruth K., Bronfman E., and Parsons E. Maternal frightened, frightening, or atypical behavior and disorganized infant attachment patterns. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 64 (1999) 67-96
59. Mahler C., and Hasselhorn M. Gedaechtnis defizite bei Lernbehinderten Kindern: Entwicklungsverzoegerung oder strukturdifferenz?. Zeitschrift fuer Entwicklungspsychologie und paedagogische Psychologie 22 (1990) 345-366
60. Main M., and Cassidy J. Categories of response to reunion with the parent at age 6: Predictable from infant attachment classifications and stable over a 1-month period. Developmental Psychology 24 (1988) 415-426
61. Main M., and Solomon J. Discovery of a new, insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In: Yogman M., and Brazelton T.B. (Eds). "Affective development in infancy" (1986), Ablex, Norwood, NJ 95-124
62. Main M., and Solomon J. Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth strange situation. In: Greenberg M.T., Cicchetti D., and Cummings E.M. (Eds). "Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention". 1st ed. (1990), The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 121-160
63. Marvin R.S., and Pianta R.C. Mothers' reactions to their child's diagnosis: Relations with security of attachment. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 25 (1996) 436-445
64. Maughan B., Collishaw S., and Pickles A. Mild mental retardation: Psychosocial functioning in adulthood. Psychological Medicine 29 (1999) 351-366
65. McBrien J.A. Assessment and diagnosis of depression in people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 47 (2003) 1-13
66. McConachie H. Mothers and fathers interaction with their young mentally-handicapped children. International Journal of Behavioral Development 12 (1989) 239-255
67. Moffatt C.W., Hanleymaxwell C., and Donnellan A.M. Discrimination of emotion, affective perspective-taking and empathy in individuals with mental-retardation. Education and training in mental retardation and developmental disabilities 30 1 (1995) 76-85
68. Moran G., Pederson D.R., Petite P., and Krupka A. Maternal sensitivity and infant-mother attachment in a developmentally delayed sample. Infant Behavior and Development 15 (1992) 427-442
69. Moss E., Bureau J.F., Cyr C., Mongeau C., and St. Laurent D. Correlates of attachment at age 3: Construct validity of the preschool attachment classification system. Developmental Psychology 40 (2004) 323-334
70. Muris P., and Maas A. Strengths and difficulties as correlates of attachment style in institutionalized and non-institutionalized children with below-average intellectual abilities. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 34 4 (2004) 317-328
71. Nachmias M., Gunnar M., Mangelsdorf S., and Parritz R.H. Behavioral inhibition and stress reactivity: The moderating role of attachment security. Child Development 67 (1996) 508-522
72. Numminen H., Service E., Ahonen T., Korhonen T., Tolvanen A., Patja K., et al. Working memory structure and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 44 (2000) 579-590
73. Oates J., Moore D.G., Goodwin J., Hobson R.P., and George R. Attachment and intersubjectivity in infants with Down syndrome. Poster presented at the International Conference of Infant Studies (ICIS) (2000) Brighton, UK
74. O'Connor T.G., and Zeanah C.H. Attachment disorders: Assessment strategies and treatment approaches. Attachment and Human Development 5 (2003) 223-244
75. Panksepp J. The neuro-evolutionary cusp between emotions and cognitions: Implications for understanding consciousness and the emergence of a unified mind science. Evolution and Cognition 7 (2001) 141
76. Pelchat D., Bisson J., Bois C., and Saucier J.F. The effects of early relational antecedents and other factors on the parental sensitivity of mothers and fathers. Infant and Child Development 12 (2003) 27-51
77. Pipp-Siegel S., Siegel C., and Dean J. Neurological aspects of the disorganized/disoriented attachment classification system: Differentiating quality of the attachment relationship from neurological impairment. In: Vondra J.I., and Barnett D. (Eds). "Atypical attachment in infancy and early childhood among children at developmental risk". Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 64 (2001) 25-44
78. Porges S.W. Social engagement and attachment: A phylogenetic perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1008 (2003) 31-47
79. Rauh H., and Calvet C. Does secure attachment promote development in children with Down syndrome?. Kindheit und Entwicklung 13 (2004) 217-225
80. Robertson J., Emerson E., Gregory N., Hatton C., Kessissoglou S., Hallam A., et al. Social networks of people with mental retardation in residential settings. Mental Retardation 39 3 (2001) 201-214
81. Rothbart M.K. Longitudinal home observation of infant temperament. Developmental Psychology 22 (1986) 356-365
82. Rutgers A.H., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., Van IJzendoorn M.H., and Berckelaer-Onnes I.A. Autism and attachment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 (2004) 1123-1134
83. Rutter M., O'Connor T.G., and English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) Study Team. Are there biological programming effects for psychological development? Findings from a study of Romanian adoptees. Developmental Psychology 40 (2004) 81-94
84. Schore A.N. Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 22 1-2 (2001) 7-66
85. Schore A.N. The effects of early relational trauma on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Mental Health Journal 22 1-2 (2001) 201-269
86. Schuengel C., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., and Van IJzendoorn M.H. Frightening maternal behavior linking unresolved loss and disorganized infant attachment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (1999) 54-63
87. Schuengel C., and Van IJzendoorn M.H. Attachment in mental health institutions: A critical review of assumptions, clinical implications, and research strategies. Attachment and Human Development 3 3 (2001) 304-323
88. Schuengel, C., Voorman, J., Stolk, J., Dallmeijer, A., Vermeer, A., & Becher, J. (in press). Self-worth, perceived competence, and behavior problems in children with cerebral palsy. Disability and Rehabilitation.
89. Solomon J., George C., and De Jong A. Children classified as controlling at age six: Evidence of disorganized representational strategies and aggression at home and at school. Development and Psychopathology 7 (1995) 447-463
90. Spangler G., and Grossmann K.E. Biobehavioral organization in securely and insecurely attached infants. Child Development 64 (1993) 1439-1450
91. Spangler G., and Schieche M. Biobehavioral organization in one-year-olds: Quality of mother-infant attachment and immunological and adrenocortisol regulation. Psychologische Beitrage 36 (1994) 30-35
92. Spangler G., and Schieche M. Emotional and adrenocortical responses of infants to the strange situation: The differential function of emotional expression. International Journal of Behavioral Development 22 (1998) 681-706
93. Sterkenburg P.S. Testing a stress-attachment model of severe challenging behavior (CB) in a blind child with a severe intellectual disability (ID) and a history of affective neglect. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 48 (2004) 314
94. Sterkenburg P.S., Janssen C.G.C., and Schuengel C. Developing a therapeutic relationship with a blind child with a severe intellectual disability and persistent challenging behaviour (2005 unpublished manuscript), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
95. Stevenson-Hinde J., and Shouldice A. Maternal interactions and self-reports related to attachment classifications at 4.5 years. Child Development 66 (1995) 583-596
96. Stolk J., and Kars H. Parents' experiences of meaning. In: Stolk J., Boer Th.A., and Seldenrijk R. (Eds). "Meaningful care. A multidisciplinary approach to the meaning of care for people with mental retardation" (2000), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht 11-36
97. Suomi S.J. Mother-infant attachment, peer relationships, and the development of social networks in rhesus monkeys. Human Development 48 (2005) 67-79
98. Thompson R.A., Cicchetti D., Lamb M.E., and Malkin C. Emotional responses of Down syndrome and normal infants in the strange situation: The organization of affective behavior in infants. Developmental Psychology 21 (1985) 828-841
99. Uchino B.N., Cacioppo J.T., and Kiecolt-Glaser J.K. The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin 119 (1996) 488-531
100. Van Bakel H.J.A., and Riksen-Walraven J.M. Stress reactivity in 15-month-old infants: Links with infant temperament, cognitive competence, and attachment security. Developmental Psychobiology 44 (2004) 157-167
101. Van der Molen, M. J., Van Luit, J. E. H., Jongmans, M. J., & Van der Molen, M. W. (in press). Verbal working memory in children with mild intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research.
102. Van IJzendoorn M.H., and Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J. Attachment disorders and disorganized attachment: Similar and different. Attachment and Human Development 5 (2003) 313-320
103. Van IJzendoorn M.H., and De Wolff M.S. In search of the absent father: Meta analyses of infant father attachment: A rejoinder to our discussants. Child Development 68 (1997) 604-609
104. Van IJzendoorn M.H., and Kroonenberg P.M. Cross-cultural consistency of coding the strange situation. Infant Behavior and Development 13 (1990) 469-485
105. Van IJzendoorn M.H., Schuengel C., and Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J. Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology 11 (1999) 225-249
106. Van IJzendoorn M.H., Vereijken C.M.J.L., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., and Riksen-Walraven J.M. Assessing attachment security with the attachment Q sort: Meta-analytic evidence for the validity of the observer AQS. Child Development 75 (2004) 1188-1213
107. Van Nieuwenhuijzen M., Orobio de Castro B., Wijnroks L., Vermeer A., and Matthys W.C.H.J. Social information processing in children with mild intellectual disabilities: Validity of hypothetical measures, and relations between SIP and aggression. Paper presented at the meeting of the European Society for Development Psychology, Milan, Italy (2003)
108. Vaughn B.E., Goldberg S., Atkinson L., and Marcovitch S. Quality of toddler-mother attachment in children with Down syndrome: Limits to interpretation of strange situation behavior. Child Development 65 (1994) 95-108
109. Vaughn B.E., and Waters E. Attachment behavior in the home and in the laboratory: Q-sort observations and strange situation classifications of one-year-olds. Child Development 61 (1990) 1965-1973
110. Von Tetzchner S. Early intervention and prevention of challenging behavior in children with learning disabilities. Perspectives in Education 22 2 (2004) 85-100
111. Waters E., and Deane K.E. Defining and assessing individual differences in attachment relationships: Q-Methodology and the organization of behavior in infancy and early childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 50 (1985) 41-65
112. Wenz-Gross M., and Siperstein G.N. Students with learning problems at risk in middle school: Stress, social support, and adjustment. Exceptional Children 65 1 (1998) 91-100
113. Willemsen-Swinkels S.H.N., Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., Buitelaar J.K., Van IJzendoorn M.H., and van Engeland H. Insecure and disorganised attachment in children with a pervasive developmental disorder: Relationship with social interaction and heart rate. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 41 (2000) 759-767
114. Zeanah C.H., Scheeringa M., Boris N.W., Heller S.S., Smyke A.T., and Trapani J. Reactive attachment disorder in maltreated toddlers. Child Abuse and Neglect 28 (2004) 877-888
115. Zeanah C.H., Smyke A.T., Koga S.F., and Carlson E. Attachment in institutionalized and community children in Romania. Child Development 76 (2005) 1015-1028
116. Zimmermann P., Maier M.A., Winter M., and Grossmann K.E. Attachment and adolescents' emotion regulation during a joint problem-solving task with a friend. International Journal of Behavioral Development 25 (2001) 331-343