A unified hypothesis for the genesis of cerebral malaria: sequestration, inflammation and hemostasis leading to microcirculatory dysfunction

Trends in Parasitology

Volumn 22, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 503-508

  van der Heyde, Henri C ^a   Nolan, John ^a   Combes, Valéry ^b   Gramaglia, Irene ^a   Grau, Georges E ^b  

^a LA JOLLA BIOENGINEERING INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b University of Sydney   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CYTOKINE; PARASITE ANTIGEN;

ARTICLE; BLOOD CLOTTING; BRAIN CAPILLARY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; BRAIN MALARIA; BRAIN MICROCIRCULATION; BRAIN NECROSIS; CAPILLARY DENSITY; CELL TYPE; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ERYTHROCYTE; HEMOSTASIS; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFLAMMATION; MALARIA FALCIPARUM; MEROZOITE; PARTICLE SIZE; PATHOGENESIS; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PROGNOSIS; SEPSIS; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULES; CEREBROVASCULAR CIRCULATION; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; ERYTHROCYTES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; MALARIA, CEREBRAL; MALARIA, FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM;

EID: 33749266350     PISSN: 14714922     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.09.002     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Snow R.W., et al. The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature 434 (2005) 214-217
2. Newton C.R., and Krishna S. Severe falciparum malaria in children: current understanding of pathophysiology and supportive treatment. Pharmacol. Ther. 79 (1998) 1-53
3. Planche T. Malaria and fluids - balancing acts. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 562-567
4. Maitland K., and Newton C.R. Acidosis of severe falciparum malaria: heading for a shock?. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 11-16
5. Marchiafava E., and Bignami A. Sulle Febbri Estivo Aumnali (1894), E. Loescher
6. Miller L.H., et al. The pathogenic basis of malaria. Nature 415 (2002) 673-679
7. Idro R., et al. Pathogenesis, clinical features, and neurological outcome of cerebral malaria. Lancet Neurol. 4 (2005) 827-840
8. White N.J., and Ho M. The pathophysiology of malaria. Adv. Parasitol. 31 (1992) 83-173
9. Marsh K., et al. Indicators of life-threatening malaria in African children. New Engl. J. Med. 332 (1995) 1399-1404
10. Dondorp A.M., et al. Abnormal blood flow and red blood cell deformability in severe malaria. Parasitol. Today 16 (2000) 228-232
11. Kerger H., et al. Systemic and subcutaneous microvascular Po2 dissociation during 4-h hemorrhagic shock in conscious hamsters. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (1996) H827-H836
12. Glenister F.K., et al. Contribution of parasite proteins to altered mechanical properties of malaria-infected red blood cells. Blood 99 (2002) 1060-1063
13. Rivers E.P. Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shock: converting science to reality. Chest 129 (2006) 217-218
14. Ellis C.G., et al. The microcirculation as a functional system. Crit. Care 9 Suppl. 4 (2005) S3-S8
15. Eling W.M., and Kremsner P.G. Cytokines in malaria, pathology and protection. Biotherapy 7 (1994) 211-221
16. Clark I.A., and Cowden W.B. The pathophysiology of falciparum malaria. Pharmacol. Ther. 99 (2003) 221-260
17. Clark I.A., et al. Tissue distribution of migration inhibitory factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase in falciparum malaria and sepsis in African children. Malar. J. 2 (2003) 6. http://www.malariajournal.com 10.1186/1475-2875-2-6
18. Taylor T.E., et al. Differentiating the pathologies of cerebral malaria by postmortem parasite counts. Nat. Med. 10 (2004) 143-145
19. Adams S., et al. Breaking down the blood-brain barrier: signaling a path to cerebral malaria?. Trends Parasitol. 18 (2002) 360-366
20. Mazier D., et al. Cerebral malaria and immunogenetics. Parasite Immunol. 22 (2000) 613-623
21. Ho M., et al. Visualization of Plasmodium falciparum-endothelium interactions in human microvasculature: mimicry of leukocyte recruitment. J. Exp. Med. 192 (2000) 1205-1211
22. Maegraith B. Pathological Processes in Malaria and Blackwater Fever (1948), Blackwell
23. Nebl T., et al. Stimulation of innate immune responses by malarial glycosylphosphatidylinositol via pattern recognition receptors. Parasitology 130 Suppl. (2005) S45-S62
24. Bauer P.R., et al. Regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression in an experimental model of cerebral malaria. Microcirculation 9 (2002) 463-470
25. Schofield L., and Grau G.E. Immunological processes in malaria pathogenesis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (2005) 722-735
26. Combes V., et al. Cerebral malaria: Which parasite? Which Model?. Drug Discov. Today: Disease Models 2 (2005) 141-147
27. Van Hensbroek M.B., et al. The effect of a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor on survival from childhood cerebral malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 174 (1996) 1091-1097
28. Prasad, K. and Garner, P. (2000) Steroids for treating cerebral malaria. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 3, CD000972 DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000972 (http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev)
29. Sobolewski P., et al. Nitric oxide bioavailability in malaria. Trends Parasitol. 21 (2005) 415-422
30. Beare N.A., et al. Prognostic significance and course of retinopathy in children with severe malaria. Arch. Ophthalmol. 122 (2004) 1141-1147
31. Srichaikul T., et al. Platelet dysfunction in malaria. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 19 (1988) 225-233
32. Rojanasthien S., et al. Hematological and coagulation studies in malaria. J. Med. Assoc. Thai. 75 Suppl. 1 (1992) 190-194
33. Punyagupta S., et al. Acute pulmonary insufficiency in falciparum malaria: summary of 12 cases with evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 23 (1974) 551-559
34. Srichaikul T., et al. Complement changes and disseminated intravascular coagulation in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet 1 (1975) 770-772
35. Horstmann R.D., and Dietrich M. Haemostatic alterations in malaria correlate to parasitaemia. Blut. 51 (1985) 329-335
36. Essien E.M. The circulating platelet in acute malaria infection. Br. J. Haematol. 72 (1989) 589-590
37. Essien E.M., and Ebhota M.I. Platelet secretory activities in acute malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) infection. Acta Haematol. 70 (1983) 183-188
38. Amano H., et al. Fibrin-degradation products in falciparum malaria. Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. [A] 250 (1981) 242-247
39. Schenone M., et al. The blood coagulation cascade. Curr. Opin. Hematol. 11 (2004) 272-277
40. al Yaman F., et al. Human cerebral malaria: lack of significant association between erythrocyte rosetting and disease severity. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89 (1995) 55-58
41. Carlson J. Erythrocyte rosetting in Plasmodium falciparum malaria - with special reference to the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. Scand. J. Infect. Dis. Suppl. 86 (1993) 1-79
42. Pain A., et al. A non-sense mutation in Cd36 gene is associated with protection from severe malaria. Lancet 357 (2001) 1502-1503
43. Pain A., et al. Platelet-mediated clumping of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes is a common adhesive phenotype and is associated with severe malaria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98 (2001) 1805-1810
44. Weyrich A.S., and Zimmerman G.A. Platelets: signaling cells in the immune continuum. Trends Immunol. 25 (2004) 489-495
45. Horstmann R.D., et al. Malaria-induced thrombocytopenia. Blut. 42 (1981) 157-164
46. Chinowsky M.S. Cerebral falciparum malaria mimicking thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. South. Med. J. 84 (1991) 374-378
47. Grau G.E., et al. Platelet accumulation in brain microvessels in fatal pediatric cerebral malaria. J. Infect. Dis. 187 (2003) 461-466
48. Huber J., et al. Oxidized membrane vesicles and blebs from apoptotic cells contain biologically active oxidized phospholipids that induce monocyte-endothelial interactions. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 22 (2002) 101-107
49. Combes V., et al. Circulating endothelial microparticles in Malawian children with severe falciparum malaria complicated with coma. JAMA. 291 (2004) 2542-2544
50. Combes V., et al. ABCA1 gene deletion protects against cerebral malaria: potential pathogenic role of microparticles in neuropathology. Am. J. Pathol. 166 (2005) 295-302
51. Gramaglia I., et al. Cell- rather than antibody mediated-immunity leads to the development of profound thrombocytopenia during experimental Plasmodium berghei malaria. J. Immunol. 175 (2005) 7699-7707
52. van der Heyde H.C., et al. Platelet depletion by anti-CD41 (αIIb) mAb injection early but not late in the course of disease protects against Plasmodium berghei pathogenesis by altering the levels of pathogenic cytokines. Blood 105 (2005) 1956-1963