메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 105, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 764-778

Supraspinal anesthesia: Behavioral and electroencephalographic effects of intracerebroventricularly infused pentobarbital, propofol, fentanyl, and midazolam

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FENTANYL; MIDAZOLAM; PENTOBARBITAL; PROPOFOL;

EID: 33749188604     PISSN: 00033022     EISSN: 15281175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200610000-00023     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (34)

References (88)
  • 3
    • 4344574333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular and neuronal substrates for general anaesthetics
    • Rudolph U, Antkowiak B: Molecular and neuronal substrates for general anaesthetics. Nat Rev Neurosci 2004; 5:709-20
    • (2004) Nat Rev Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 709-720
    • Rudolph, U.1    Antkowiak, B.2
  • 4
    • 13244288688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The anesthetic cascade: A theory of how anesthesia suppresses consciousness
    • John ER, Prichep LS: The anesthetic cascade: A theory of how anesthesia suppresses consciousness. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2005; 102:447-71
    • (2005) Anesthesiology , vol.102 , pp. 447-471
    • John, E.R.1    Prichep, L.S.2
  • 5
    • 0027136076 scopus 로고
    • Exaggerated anesthetic requirements in the preferentially anesthetized brain
    • Antognini JF, Schwartz K: Exaggerated anesthetic requirements in the preferentially anesthetized brain. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1993; 79:1244-9
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.79 , pp. 1244-1249
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Schwartz, K.2
  • 6
    • 0036204910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the immobilizing effect of thiopental in brain exceed that of halothane?
    • Antognini JF, Carstens E, Atherley R: Does the immobilizing effect of thiopental in brain exceed that of halothane? ANESTHESIOLOGY 2002; 96:980-6
    • (2002) Anesthesiology , vol.96 , pp. 980-986
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Carstens, E.2    Atherley, R.3
  • 7
    • 0042200522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal anaesthesia indirectly depresses cortical activity associated with electrical stimulation of the reticular formation
    • Antognini JF, Jinks SL, Atherley R, Clayton C, Carstens E: Spinal anaesthesia indirectly depresses cortical activity associated with electrical stimulation of the reticular formation. Br J Anaesth 2003; 91:233-8
    • (2003) Br J Anaesth , vol.91 , pp. 233-238
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Jinks, S.L.2    Atherley, R.3    Clayton, C.4    Carstens, E.5
  • 8
    • 0031036785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship among brain, spinal cord and anesthetic requirements
    • Antognini JF: The relationship among brain, spinal cord and anesthetic requirements. Med Hypotheses 1997; 48:83-7
    • (1997) Med Hypotheses , vol.48 , pp. 83-87
    • Antognini, J.F.1
  • 9
    • 0033551832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphine applied to the thalamic nucleus submedius produces a naloxone reversible antinociceptive effect in the rat
    • Dong YF, Tang JS, Yuan B, Jia H: Morphine applied to the thalamic nucleus submedius produces a naloxone reversible antinociceptive effect in the rat. Neurosci Lett 1999; 271:17-20
    • (1999) Neurosci Lett , vol.271 , pp. 17-20
    • Dong, Y.F.1    Tang, J.S.2    Yuan, B.3    Jia, H.4
  • 10
    • 0037377948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isoflurane action in spinal cord indirectly depresses cortical activity associated with electrical stimulation of the reticular formation
    • Antognini JF, Atherley R, Carstens E: Isoflurane action in spinal cord indirectly depresses cortical activity associated with electrical stimulation of the reticular formation. Anesth Analg 2003; 96:999-1003
    • (2003) Anesth Analg , vol.96 , pp. 999-1003
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Atherley, R.2    Carstens, E.3
  • 11
    • 0033768929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Propofol directly depresses lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious stimulation in goats
    • Antognini JF, Wang XW, Piercy M, Carstens E: Propofol directly depresses lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious stimulation in goats. Can J Anaesth 2000; 47:273-9
    • (2000) Can J Anaesth , vol.47 , pp. 273-279
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Wang, X.W.2    Piercy, M.3    Carstens, E.4
  • 12
    • 0034909165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thiopental directly depresses lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious mechanical stimulation in goats
    • Sudo M, Sudo S, Chen XG, Piercy M, Carstens E, Antognini JF: Thiopental directly depresses lumbar dorsal horn neuronal responses to noxious mechanical stimulation in goats. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 45:823-9
    • (2001) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand , vol.45 , pp. 823-829
    • Sudo, M.1    Sudo, S.2    Chen, X.G.3    Piercy, M.4    Carstens, E.5    Antognini, J.F.6
  • 13
    • 0033756646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isoflurane depresses electroencephalographic and medial thalamic responses to noxious stimulation via an indirect spinal action
    • Antognini JF, Carstens E, Sudo M, Sudo S: Isoflurane depresses electroencephalographic and medial thalamic responses to noxious stimulation via an indirect spinal action. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:1282-8
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 1282-1288
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Carstens, E.2    Sudo, M.3    Sudo, S.4
  • 14
    • 0028037510 scopus 로고
    • Does the brain influence somatic responses to noxious stimuli during isoflurane anesthesia?
    • Borges M, Antognini JF: Does the brain influence somatic responses to noxious stimuli during isoflurane anesthesia? ANESTHESIOLOGY 1994; 81:1511-5
    • (1994) Anesthesiology , vol.81 , pp. 1511-1515
    • Borges, M.1    Antognini, J.F.2
  • 15
  • 16
    • 0034808423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reversible analgesia, atonia, and loss of consciousness on bilateral intracerebral microinjection of pentobarbital
    • Devor M, Zalkind V: Reversible analgesia, atonia, and loss of consciousness on bilateral intracerebral microinjection of pentobarbital. Pain 2001; 94:101-12
    • (2001) Pain , vol.94 , pp. 101-112
    • Devor, M.1    Zalkind, V.2
  • 17
    • 0242332297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic reversal of isoflurane anesthesia in rats as measured by cross-approximate entropy of the electroencephalogram
    • Hudetz AG, Wood JD, Kampine JP: Cholinergic reversal of isoflurane anesthesia in rats as measured by cross-approximate entropy of the electroencephalogram. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2003; 99:1125-31
    • (2003) Anesthesiology , vol.99 , pp. 1125-1131
    • Hudetz, A.G.1    Wood, J.D.2    Kampine, J.P.3
  • 19
    • 0036085778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurophysics of consciousness
    • John ER: The neurophysics of consciousness. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2002; 39:1-28
    • (2002) Brain Res Brain Res Rev , vol.39 , pp. 1-28
    • John, E.R.1
  • 21
    • 2342517415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preserved reticular neuronal activity during selective delivery of supra-clinical isoflurane concentrations to brain in goats and its association with spontaneous movement
    • Antognini JF, Jinks SL, Carstens EE, Atherley RJ: Preserved reticular neuronal activity during selective delivery of supra-clinical isoflurane concentrations to brain in goats and its association with spontaneous movement. Neurosci Lett 2004; 361:94-7
    • (2004) Neurosci Lett , vol.361 , pp. 94-97
    • Antognini, J.F.1    Jinks, S.L.2    Carstens, E.E.3    Atherley, R.J.4
  • 22
    • 0033653470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spinal and supraspinal midazolam potentiates antinociceptive effects of isoflurane
    • Taira Y, Nakakimura K, Matsumoto M, Sakabe T: Spinal and supraspinal midazolam potentiates antinociceptive effects of isoflurane. Br J Anaesth 2000; 85:881-6
    • (2000) Br J Anaesth , vol.85 , pp. 881-886
    • Taira, Y.1    Nakakimura, K.2    Matsumoto, M.3    Sakabe, T.4
  • 23
    • 0037023101 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible involvement of mu1-opioid receptors in the fentanyl- or morphine-induced antinociception at supraspinal and spinal sites
    • Narita M, Imai S, Itou Y, Yajima Y, Suzuki T: Possible involvement of mu1-opioid receptors in the fentanyl- or morphine-induced antinociception at supraspinal and spinal sites. Life Sci 2002; 70:2341-54
    • (2002) Life Sci , vol.70 , pp. 2341-2354
    • Narita, M.1    Imai, S.2    Itou, Y.3    Yajima, Y.4    Suzuki, T.5
  • 24
    • 10344266478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABAA receptor partially mediated propofol-induced hyperalgesia at superspinal level and analgesia at spinal cord level in rats
    • Wang QY, Cao JL, Zeng YM, Dai TJ: GABAA receptor partially mediated propofol-induced hyperalgesia at superspinal level and analgesia at spinal cord level in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2004; 25:1619-25
    • (2004) Acta Pharmacol Sin , vol.25 , pp. 1619-1625
    • Wang, Q.Y.1    Cao, J.L.2    Zeng, Y.M.3    Dai, T.J.4
  • 25
    • 0027454185 scopus 로고
    • Pentobarbital administered intracerebroventricularly antagonizes morphine-induced antinociception in mice
    • Wang FS, Fujimoto JM: Pentobarbital administered intracerebroventricularly antagonizes morphine-induced antinociception in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 265:1361-8
    • (1993) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.265 , pp. 1361-1368
    • Wang, F.S.1    Fujimoto, J.M.2
  • 27
    • 12944335010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An information integration theory of consciousness
    • Tononi G: An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neurosci 2004; 5:42-64
    • (2004) BMC Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 42-64
    • Tononi, G.1
  • 28
    • 4644280204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders
    • Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND: Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurol 2004; 3:537-46
    • (2004) Lancet Neurol , vol.3 , pp. 537-546
    • Laureys, S.1    Owen, A.M.2    Schiff, N.D.3
  • 29
    • 0027467413 scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic potency (MAC) is independent of forebrain structures in the rat
    • Rampil IJ, Mason P, Singh H: Anesthetic potency (MAC) is independent of forebrain structures in the rat. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1993; 78:707-12
    • (1993) Anesthesiology , vol.78 , pp. 707-712
    • Rampil, I.J.1    Mason, P.2    Singh, H.3
  • 30
    • 1442309702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest
    • Booth CM, Boone RH, Tomlinson G, Detsky AS: Is this patient dead, vegetative, or severely neurologically impaired? Assessing outcome for comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. JAMA 2004; 291:870-9
    • (2004) JAMA , vol.291 , pp. 870-879
    • Booth, C.M.1    Boone, R.H.2    Tomlinson, G.3    Detsky, A.S.4
  • 31
    • 0032842402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anesthetic profile of dexmedetomidine identified by stimulus-response and continuous measurements in rats
    • Bol CJ, Vogelaar JP, Mandema JW: Anesthetic profile of dexmedetomidine identified by stimulus-response and continuous measurements in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999; 291:153-60
    • (1999) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.291 , pp. 153-160
    • Bol, C.J.1    Vogelaar, J.P.2    Mandema, J.W.3
  • 32
    • 0033932010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of pharmacodynamic interactions between dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the rat
    • Bol CJ, Vogelaar JP, Tang JP, Mandema JW: Quantification of pharmacodynamic interactions between dexmedetomidine and midazolam in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 294:347-55
    • (2000) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.294 , pp. 347-355
    • Bol, C.J.1    Vogelaar, J.P.2    Tang, J.P.3    Mandema, J.W.4
  • 33
    • 0026048844 scopus 로고
    • Propofol and convulsions: The evidence mounts
    • Collier C, Kelly K: Propofol and convulsions: The evidence mounts. Anaesth Intensive Care 1991; 19:573-5
    • (1991) Anaesth Intensive Care , vol.19 , pp. 573-575
    • Collier, C.1    Kelly, K.2
  • 34
    • 21444440758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Delayed onset refractory dystonic movements following propofol anesthesia
    • Saravanakumar K, Venkatesh P, Bromley P: Delayed onset refractory dystonic movements following propofol anesthesia. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:597-601
    • (2005) Paediatr Anaesth , vol.15 , pp. 597-601
    • Saravanakumar, K.1    Venkatesh, P.2    Bromley, P.3
  • 35
    • 0036240201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dystonic reaction to propofol attenuated by benztropine (Cogentin)
    • Schramm BM, Orser BA: Dystonic reaction to propofol attenuated by benztropine (Cogentin). Anesth Analg 2002; 94:1237-40
    • (2002) Anesth Analg , vol.94 , pp. 1237-1240
    • Schramm, B.M.1    Orser, B.A.2
  • 36
    • 0026485317 scopus 로고
    • Alfentanil-induced hypermetabolism, seizure, and histopathology in rat brain
    • Kofke WA, Garman RH, Tom WC, Rose ME, Hawkins RA: Alfentanil-induced hypermetabolism, seizure, and histopathology in rat brain. Anesth Analg 1992; 75:953-64
    • (1992) Anesth Analg , vol.75 , pp. 953-964
    • Kofke, W.A.1    Garman, R.H.2    Tom, W.C.3    Rose, M.E.4    Hawkins, R.A.5
  • 37
    • 0023132377 scopus 로고
    • Convulsant action of morphine, [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin and naloxone in the rat amygdala: Electroencephalographic, morphological and behavioural sequelae
    • Ikonomidou-Turski C, Cavalheiro EA, Turski WA, Bortolotto ZA, Turski L: Convulsant action of morphine, [D-Ala2,D-Leu5]-enkephalin and naloxone in the rat amygdala: electroencephalographic, morphological and behavioural sequelae. Neuroscience 1987; 20:671-86
    • (1987) Neuroscience , vol.20 , pp. 671-686
    • Ikonomidou-Turski, C.1    Cavalheiro, E.A.2    Turski, W.A.3    Bortolotto, Z.A.4    Turski, L.5
  • 39
    • 0033708712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenytoin, midazolam, and naloxone protect against fentanyl-induced brain damage in rats
    • Sinz EH, Kofke WA, Garman RH: Phenytoin, midazolam, and naloxone protect against fentanyl-induced brain damage in rats. Anesth Analg 2000; 91:1443-9
    • (2000) Anesth Analg , vol.91 , pp. 1443-1449
    • Sinz, E.H.1    Kofke, W.A.2    Garman, R.H.3
  • 40
    • 0020384361 scopus 로고
    • The epileptogenic spectrum of opiate agonists
    • Snead OC III, Bearden LJ: The epileptogenic spectrum of opiate agonists. Neuropharmacology 1982; 21:1137-44
    • (1982) Neuropharmacology , vol.21 , pp. 1137-1144
    • Snead III, O.C.1    Bearden, L.J.2
  • 41
    • 0020550864 scopus 로고
    • Differential epileptogenic potentials of selective mu and delta opiate receptor agonists
    • Haffmans J, Dzoljic MR: Differential epileptogenic potentials of selective mu and delta opiate receptor agonists. J Neural Transm 1983; 57:1-11
    • (1983) J Neural Transm , vol.57 , pp. 1-11
    • Haffmans, J.1    Dzoljic, M.R.2
  • 42
    • 0018388545 scopus 로고
    • Opioid peptides may excite hippocampal pyramidal neurons by inhibiting adjacent inhibitory interneurons
    • Zieglgansberger W, French ED, Siggins GR, Bloom FE: Opioid peptides may excite hippocampal pyramidal neurons by inhibiting adjacent inhibitory interneurons. Science 1979; 205:415-7
    • (1979) Science , vol.205 , pp. 415-417
    • Zieglgansberger, W.1    French, E.D.2    Siggins, G.R.3    Bloom, F.E.4
  • 43
    • 0025239908 scopus 로고
    • Mu opioid receptor activation reduces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells of rat and guinea pig
    • Caudle RM, Chavkin C: Mu opioid receptor activation reduces inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells of rat and guinea pig. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1990; 252:1361-9
    • (1990) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.252 , pp. 1361-1369
    • Caudle, R.M.1    Chavkin, C.2
  • 44
    • 0023709637 scopus 로고
    • Effects of mu opioid receptor activation in rat hippocampal slice
    • Segal M: Effects of mu opioid receptor activation in rat hippocampal slice. NIDA Res Monogr 1988; 82:133-45
    • (1988) NIDA Res Monogr , vol.82 , pp. 133-145
    • Segal, M.1
  • 45
    • 0022589861 scopus 로고
    • Gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus: A light and electron microscopic study with anti-GABA antibodies
    • Gamrani H, Onteniente B, Seguela P, Geffard M, Calas A: Gamma-aminobutyric acid-immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus: A light and electron microscopic study with anti-GABA antibodies. Brain Res 1986; 364:30-8
    • (1986) Brain Res , vol.364 , pp. 30-38
    • Gamrani, H.1    Onteniente, B.2    Seguela, P.3    Geffard, M.4    Calas, A.5
  • 46
    • 0024614008 scopus 로고
    • Opioids induce convulsions and wet dog shakes in rats: Mediation by hippocampal mu, but not delta or kappa opioid receptors
    • Lee PH, Obie J, Hong JS: Opioids induce convulsions and wet dog shakes in rats: mediation by hippocampal mu, but not delta or kappa opioid receptors. J Neurosci 1989; 9:692-7
    • (1989) J Neurosci , vol.9 , pp. 692-697
    • Lee, P.H.1    Obie, J.2    Hong, J.S.3
  • 47
    • 0021066754 scopus 로고
    • Catatonic or hypotonic immobility induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of mu or kappa opioid receptor agonists as well as enkephalins or inhibitors of their degradation
    • Chaillet P, Marcais-Collado H, Costentin J: Catatonic or hypotonic immobility induced in mice by intracerebroventricular injection of mu or kappa opioid receptor agonists as well as enkephalins or inhibitors of their degradation. Life Sci 1983; 33:2105-11
    • (1983) Life Sci , vol.33 , pp. 2105-2111
    • Chaillet, P.1    Marcais-Collado, H.2    Costentin, J.3
  • 48
    • 0021215268 scopus 로고
    • Roles of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in spinal and supraspinal mediation of gastrointestinal transit effects and hot-plate analgesia in the mouse
    • Porreca F, Mosberg HI, Hurst R, Hruby VJ, Burks TF: Roles of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptors in spinal and supraspinal mediation of gastrointestinal transit effects and hot-plate analgesia in the mouse. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984; 230:341-8
    • (1984) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.230 , pp. 341-348
    • Porreca, F.1    Mosberg, H.I.2    Hurst, R.3    Hruby, V.J.4    Burks, T.F.5
  • 49
    • 0022501341 scopus 로고
    • Action at the mu receptor is sufficient to explain the supraspinal analgesic effect of opiates
    • Fang FG, Fields HL, Lee NM: Action at the mu receptor is sufficient to explain the supraspinal analgesic effect of opiates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986; 238:1039-44
    • (1986) J Pharmacol Exp Ther , vol.238 , pp. 1039-1044
    • Fang, F.G.1    Fields, H.L.2    Lee, N.M.3
  • 50
    • 0025888940 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of supraspinal mu- and delta-opioid receptors to antinociception in the rat
    • Miaskowski C, Taiwo YO, Levine JD: Contribution of supraspinal mu- and delta-opioid receptors to antinociception in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 205:247-52
    • (1991) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.205 , pp. 247-252
    • Miaskowski, C.1    Taiwo, Y.O.2    Levine, J.D.3
  • 51
    • 0023189963 scopus 로고
    • Use of mu and delta opioid peptides of various selectivity gives further evidence of specific involvement of mu opioid receptors in supraspinal analgesia (tail-flick test)
    • Dauge V, Petit F, Rossignol P, Roques BP: Use of mu and delta opioid peptides of various selectivity gives further evidence of specific involvement of mu opioid receptors in supraspinal analgesia (tail-flick test). Eur J Pharmacol 1987; 141:171-8
    • (1987) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.141 , pp. 171-178
    • Dauge, V.1    Petit, F.2    Rossignol, P.3    Roques, B.P.4
  • 52
    • 0021288912 scopus 로고
    • Endogenous pain control systems: Brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry
    • Basbaum AI, Fields HL: Endogenous pain control systems: brainstem spinal pathways and endorphin circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 1984; 7:309-38
    • (1984) Annu Rev Neurosci , vol.7 , pp. 309-338
    • Basbaum, A.I.1    Fields, H.L.2
  • 54
    • 0035937051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morphine applied to the ventrolateral orbital cortex produces a naloxone-reversible antinociception in the rat
    • Huang X, Tang JS, Yuan B, Jia H: Morphine applied to the ventrolateral orbital cortex produces a naloxone-reversible antinociception in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2001; 299:189-92
    • (2001) Neurosci Lett , vol.299 , pp. 189-192
    • Huang, X.1    Tang, J.S.2    Yuan, B.3    Jia, H.4
  • 55
    • 23044471767 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Movement suppression during anesthesia: Neural projections from the mesopontine tegmentum to areas involved in motor control
    • Sukhotinsky I, Hopkins DA, Lu J, Saper CB, Devor M: Movement suppression during anesthesia: neural projections from the mesopontine tegmentum to areas involved in motor control. J Comp Neurol 2005; 489:425-48
    • (2005) J Comp Neurol , vol.489 , pp. 425-448
    • Sukhotinsky, I.1    Hopkins, D.A.2    Lu, J.3    Saper, C.B.4    Devor, M.5
  • 56
    • 0345304244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cholinergic mechanisms mediating anesthetic induced altered states of consciousness
    • Backman SB, Fiset P, Plourde G: Cholinergic mechanisms mediating anesthetic induced altered states of consciousness. Prog Brain Res 2004; 145:197-206
    • (2004) Prog Brain Res , vol.145 , pp. 197-206
    • Backman, S.B.1    Fiset, P.2    Plourde, G.3
  • 57
  • 58
    • 0034056999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous anesthetics differentially modulate ligand-gated ion channels
    • Flood P, Krasowski MD: Intravenous anesthetics differentially modulate ligand-gated ion channels. ANESTHESIOLOGY 2000; 92:1418-25
    • (2000) Anesthesiology , vol.92 , pp. 1418-1425
    • Flood, P.1    Krasowski, M.D.2
  • 59
    • 0026637048 scopus 로고
    • A new class of alkaloids from a dendrobatid poison frog: A structure for alkaloid 251F
    • Spande TF, Garraffo HM, Yeh HJ, Pu QL, Pannell LK, Daly JW: A new class of alkaloids from a dendrobatid poison frog: A structure for alkaloid 251F. J Nat Prod 1992; 55:707-22
    • (1992) J Nat Prod , vol.55 , pp. 707-722
    • Spande, T.F.1    Garraffo, H.M.2    Yeh, H.J.3    Pu, Q.L.4    Pannell, L.K.5    Daly, J.W.6
  • 60
    • 0024241037 scopus 로고
    • Analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of midazolam: Dependence on route of administration
    • Niv D, Davidovich S, Geller E, Urca G: Analgesic and hyperalgesic effects of midazolam: Dependence on route of administration. Anesth Analg 1988; 67:1169-73
    • (1988) Anesth Analg , vol.67 , pp. 1169-1173
    • Niv, D.1    Davidovich, S.2    Geller, E.3    Urca, G.4
  • 61
    • 0032898426 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Midazolam-induced hyperalgesia in rats: Modulation via GABA(A) receptors at supraspinal level
    • Tatsuo MA, Salgado JV, Yokoro CM, Duarte ID, Francischi JN: Midazolam-induced hyperalgesia in rats: Modulation via GABA(A) receptors at supraspinal level. Eur J Pharmacol 1999; 370:9-15
    • (1999) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.370 , pp. 9-15
    • Tatsuo, M.A.1    Salgado, J.V.2    Yokoro, C.M.3    Duarte, I.D.4    Francischi, J.N.5
  • 62
    • 0028935569 scopus 로고
    • The spinal potentiating effect and the supraspinal inhibitory effect of midazolam on opioid-induced analgesia in rats
    • Luger TJ, Hayashi T, Weiss CG, Hill HF: The spinal potentiating effect and the supraspinal inhibitory effect of midazolam on opioid-induced analgesia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1995; 275:153-62
    • (1995) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.275 , pp. 153-162
    • Luger, T.J.1    Hayashi, T.2    Weiss, C.G.3    Hill, H.F.4
  • 63
    • 0034804206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The synergistic interaction between midazolam and clonidine in spinally-mediated analgesia in two different pain models of rats
    • Nishiyama T, Hanaoka K: The synergistic interaction between midazolam and clonidine in spinally-mediated analgesia in two different pain models of rats. Anesth Analg 2001; 93:1025-31
    • (2001) Anesth Analg , vol.93 , pp. 1025-1031
    • Nishiyama, T.1    Hanaoka, K.2
  • 64
    • 0025124957 scopus 로고
    • On the mechanism by which midazolam causes spinally mediated analgesia
    • Edwards M, Serrao JM, Gent JP, Goodchild CS: On the mechanism by which midazolam causes spinally mediated analgesia. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1990; 73:273-7
    • (1990) Anesthesiology , vol.73 , pp. 273-277
    • Edwards, M.1    Serrao, J.M.2    Gent, J.P.3    Goodchild, C.S.4
  • 65
    • 0030454013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antinociception by intrathecal midazolam involves endogenous neurotransmitters acting at spinal cord delta opioid receptors
    • Goodchild CS, Guo Z, Musgreave A, Gent JP: Antinociception by intrathecal midazolam involves endogenous neurotransmitters acting at spinal cord delta opioid receptors. Br J Anaesth 1996; 77:758-63
    • (1996) Br J Anaesth , vol.77 , pp. 758-763
    • Goodchild, C.S.1    Guo, Z.2    Musgreave, A.3    Gent, J.P.4
  • 66
    • 0027438059 scopus 로고
    • Dynorphin A(1-17) mediates midazolam antagonism of morphine antinociception in mice
    • Rady JJ, Fujimoto JM: Dynorphin A(1-17) mediates midazolam antagonism of morphine antinociception in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1993; 46:331-9
    • (1993) Pharmacol Biochem Behav , vol.46 , pp. 331-339
    • Rady, J.J.1    Fujimoto, J.M.2
  • 67
    • 0020039069 scopus 로고
    • Modification of the antinociceptive effect of morphine by centrally administered diazepam and midazolam
    • Mantegazza P, Parenti M, Tammiso R, Vita P, Zambotti F, Zonta N: Modification of the antinociceptive effect of morphine by centrally administered diazepam and midazolam. Br J Pharmacol 1982; 75:569-72
    • (1982) Br J Pharmacol , vol.75 , pp. 569-572
    • Mantegazza, P.1    Parenti, M.2    Tammiso, R.3    Vita, P.4    Zambotti, F.5    Zonta, N.6
  • 68
    • 0025866718 scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of intrathecal midazolam on morphine-induced antinociception in the rat: Role of spinal opioid receptors
    • Rattan AK, McDonald JS, Tejwani GA: Differential effects of intrathecal midazolam on morphine-induced antinociception in the rat: Role of spinal opioid receptors. Anesth Analg 1991; 73:124-31
    • (1991) Anesth Analg , vol.73 , pp. 124-131
    • Rattan, A.K.1    McDonald, J.S.2    Tejwani, G.A.3
  • 70
    • 0242509072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABA(A) receptor activation modulates corneal unit activity in rostral and caudal portions of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis
    • Hirata H, Okamoto K, Bereiter DA: GABA(A) receptor activation modulates corneal unit activity in rostral and caudal portions of trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. J Neurophysiol 2003; 90:2837-49
    • (2003) J Neurophysiol , vol.90 , pp. 2837-2849
    • Hirata, H.1    Okamoto, K.2    Bereiter, D.A.3
  • 74
    • 1342344806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of GABAA receptor function and dissection of the pharmacology of benzodiazepines and general anesthetics through mouse genetics
    • Rudolph U, Mohler H: Analysis of GABAA receptor function and dissection of the pharmacology of benzodiazepines and general anesthetics through mouse genetics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2004; 44:475-98
    • (2004) Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol , vol.44 , pp. 475-498
    • Rudolph, U.1    Mohler, H.2
  • 75
    • 0034736184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GABA(A) receptors: Immunocytochemical distribution of 13 subunits in the adult rat brain
    • Pirker S, Schwarzer C, Wieselthaler A, Sieghart W, Sperk G: GABA(A) receptors: Immunocytochemical distribution of 13 subunits in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 2000; 101:815-50
    • (2000) Neuroscience , vol.101 , pp. 815-850
    • Pirker, S.1    Schwarzer, C.2    Wieselthaler, A.3    Sieghart, W.4    Sperk, G.5
  • 76
    • 0034268955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a unified theory of narcosis: Brain imaging evidence for a thalamocortical switch as the neurophysiologic basis of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness
    • Alkire MT, Haier RJ, Fallon JH: Toward a unified theory of narcosis: Brain imaging evidence for a thalamocortical switch as the neurophysiologic basis of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. Conscious Cogn 2000; 9:370-86
    • (2000) Conscious Cogn , vol.9 , pp. 370-386
    • Alkire, M.T.1    Haier, R.J.2    Fallon, J.H.3
  • 77
    • 1542673246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The corticothalamic system in sleep
    • Steriade M: The corticothalamic system in sleep. Front Biosci 2003; 8:d878-99
    • (2003) Front Biosci , vol.8
    • Steriade, M.1
  • 78
    • 0014844110 scopus 로고
    • The effect of anaesthesia on units in the thalamic reticular formation
    • +
    • Angel A, Knox GV: The effect of anaesthesia on units in the thalamic reticular formation. J Physiol 1970; 210:167P+
    • (1970) J Physiol , vol.210
    • Angel, A.1    Knox, G.V.2
  • 79
    • 0032903741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fentanyl and morphine, but not remifentanil, inhibit acetylcholine release in pontine regions modulating arousal
    • Mortazavi S, Thompson J, Baghdoyan HA, Lydic R: Fentanyl and morphine, but not remifentanil, inhibit acetylcholine release in pontine regions modulating arousal. ANESTHESIOLOGY 1999; 90:1070-7
    • (1999) Anesthesiology , vol.90 , pp. 1070-1077
    • Mortazavi, S.1    Thompson, J.2    Baghdoyan, H.A.3    Lydic, R.4
  • 82
    • 0035105170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biphasic EEG changes in relation to loss of consciousness during induction with thiopental, propofol, etomidate, midazolam or sevoflurane
    • Kuizenga K, Wierda JM, Kalkman CJ: Biphasic EEG changes in relation to loss of consciousness during induction with thiopental, propofol, etomidate, midazolam or sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth 2001; 86:354-60
    • (2001) Br J Anaesth , vol.86 , pp. 354-360
    • Kuizenga, K.1    Wierda, J.M.2    Kalkman, C.J.3
  • 83
    • 0031006962 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the EEG effects of midazolam, thiopental, and propofol: The role of underlying oscillatory systems
    • Feshchenko VA, Veselis RA, Reinsel RA: Comparison of the EEG effects of midazolam, thiopental, and propofol: The role of underlying oscillatory systems. Neuropsychobiology 1997; 35:211-20
    • (1997) Neuropsychobiology , vol.35 , pp. 211-220
    • Feshchenko, V.A.1    Veselis, R.A.2    Reinsel, R.A.3
  • 84
    • 0031018117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of spectral edge, delta power, and bispectral index as EEG measures of alfentanil, propofol, and midazolam drug effect
    • Billard V, Gambus PL, Chamoun N, Stanski DR, Shafer SL: A comparison of spectral edge, delta power, and bispectral index as EEG measures of alfentanil, propofol, and midazolam drug effect. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997; 61:45-58
    • (1997) Clin Pharmacol Ther , vol.61 , pp. 45-58
    • Billard, V.1    Gambus, P.L.2    Chamoun, N.3    Stanski, D.R.4    Shafer, S.L.5
  • 86
    • 0033406029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anaesthetic/amnesic agents disrupt beta frequency oscillations associated with potentiation of excitatory synaptic potentials in the rat hippocampal slice
    • Faulkner HJ, Traub RD, Whittington MA: Anaesthetic/amnesic agents disrupt beta frequency oscillations associated with potentiation of excitatory synaptic potentials in the rat hippocampal slice. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:1813-25
    • (1999) Br J Pharmacol , vol.128 , pp. 1813-1825
    • Faulkner, H.J.1    Traub, R.D.2    Whittington, M.A.3
  • 87
    • 0031709871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of synchronous gamma oscillations in the rat hippocampal slice: A common mechanism of anaesthetic drug action
    • Faulkner HJ, Traub RD, Whittington MA: Disruption of synchronous gamma oscillations in the rat hippocampal slice: A common mechanism of anaesthetic drug action. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 125:483-92
    • (1998) Br J Pharmacol , vol.125 , pp. 483-492
    • Faulkner, H.J.1    Traub, R.D.2    Whittington, M.A.3
  • 88
    • 0031014639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional brain activity changes associated with fentanyl analgesia elucidated by positron emission tomography
    • Adler LJ, Gyulai FE, Diehl DJ, Mintun MA, Winter PM, Firestone LL: Regional brain activity changes associated with fentanyl analgesia elucidated by positron emission tomography. Anesth Analg 1997; 84:120-6
    • (1997) Anesth Analg , vol.84 , pp. 120-126
    • Adler, L.J.1    Gyulai, F.E.2    Diehl, D.J.3    Mintun, M.A.4    Winter, P.M.5    Firestone, L.L.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.