Genetic factors involved in the development of Helicobacter pylori-related gastric cancer

Cancer Science

Volumn 97, Issue 11, 2006, Pages 1129-1138

  Hamajima, Nobuyuki ^a   Naito, Mariko ^a   Kondo, Takaaki ^b   Goto, Yasuyuki ^a  

^a NAGOYA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^b NAGOYA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENINE; CAGA PROTEIN; CYTOSINE; GUANINE; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 2; OXIDOREDUCTASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE SHP 2; SODIUM CHLORIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; TYROSINE;

CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RISK; CARCINOGENESIS; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CIGARETTE SMOKING; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; GENETIC TRAIT; GENOTYPE; HELICOBACTER INFECTION; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYPOTHESIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INHIBITION KINETICS; INNATE IMMUNITY; INTRON; LIFESTYLE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SALT INTAKE; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; STOMACH ACID SECRETION; STOMACH CANCER; STOMACH DISEASE; T LYMPHOCYTE; VEGETABLE;

GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HELICOBACTER INFECTIONS; HELICOBACTER PYLORI; HUMANS; POLYMORPHISM, GENETIC; RISK FACTORS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33748928467     PISSN: 13479032     EISSN: 13497006     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2006.00290.x     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Montecucco C, Rappuoli R. Living dangerously: How Helicobacter pylori survives in the human stomach. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001; 2: 457-66.
2. Labenz J, Borsch G. Evidence for the essential role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric ulcer disease. Gut 1994; 35: 19-22.
3. Infection with Helicobacter pylori. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 61. Schistosomes, liver flukes, and Helicobacter pylori. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1994: 177-241.
4. Hamajima N, Goto Y, Nishio K et al. Helicobacter pylori eradication as a preventive tool against gastric cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2004; 5: 246-52.
5. Correa P. New strategies for the prevention of gastric cancer: Helicobacter pylori and genetic susceptibility. J Surg Oncol 2005; 90: 134-8.
6. Go MF. What are the host factors that place an individual at risk for Helicobacter pylori-associated disease? Gastroenterology 1997; 113: S15-20.
7. Banatvala N, Mayo K, Megraud F, Jennings R, Deeks JJ, Feldman RA. The cohort effect and Helicobacter pylori. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 219-21.
8. Goodman KJ, Correa P. The transmission of Helicobacter pylori. A critical review of the evidence. Int J Epidemiol 1995; 24: 875-87.
9. Cave DR. How is Helicobacter pylori transmitted? Gastroenterology 1997; 113: S9-14.
10. Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: Epidemiology and routes of transmission. Epidemiol Rev 2000; 22: 283-97.
11. Tsugane S, Tei Y, Takahashi T, Watanabe T, Sugano K. Salty food intake and risk of Helicobacter pylori infection. Jpn J Cancer Res 1994; 85: 474-8.
12. Fontham ETH, Ruiz B, Perez A, Hunter F, Correa P. Determinations of Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1094-101.
13. Murray LJ, McCrum EE, Evans AE, Bamford KB. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection among 4742 randomly selected subjects from Northern Ireland. Int J Epidemiol 1997; 26: 880-7.
14. Woodward M, Morrison C, McColl K. An investigation into factors associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53: 175-82.
15. Hamajima N, Inoue M, Tajima K et al. Lifestyle and anti- Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G antibody among outpatients. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88: 1038-43.
16. Namekata T, Miki K, Kimmey M et al. Chronic atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection among Japanese Americans in Seattle. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 820-30.
17. Malaty HM, Engstrand L, Pedersen NL, Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori infection: Genetic and environmental influence. A study of twins. Ann Intern Med 1994; 129: 982-6.
18. Shimoyama T, Fukuda S, Tanaka M, Mikami T, Munakata A, Crabtree JE. CagA seropositivity associated with development of gastric cancer in a Japanese population. J Clin Pathol 1998; 51: 225-8.
19. Kikuchi S, Crabtree JE, Forman D, Kurosawa M. Association between infections with CagA-positive or -negative strains of Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer in young adults. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 3455-9.
20. Hatakeyama M, Higashi H. Helicobacter pylori CagA: A new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 835-43.
21. Knuefermann P, Nemoto S, Baumgarten G et al. Cardiac inflammation and innate immunity in septic shock. Is there a role for Toll-like receptors? Chest 2002; 121: 1329-36.
22. Viala J, Chaput C, Boneca IG et al. Nod1 responds to peptidoglycan delivered by the Helicobacter pylori cag pathogenicity island. Nature Immun 2004; 5: 1166-74.
23. Strober W, Murray PJ, Kitani A, Watanabe T. Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nature Rev 2006; 6: 9-20.
24. Karin M, Cao Y, Greten FR, Li Z-W. NF-κB in cancer: From innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat Rev 2002; 2: 301-10.
25. May MJ, Ghosh S. Rel/NF-κB and IRB proteins: An overview. Semin Cancer Biol 1997; 8: 63-73.
26. Haddad JJ. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB blockade attenuates but does not abrogate LPS-mediated interleukin (IL)-1β biosynthesis in alveolar epithelial cells. Biochem Biophysic Res Commun 2002; 293: 252-7.
27. Rutault K, Hazzalin CA, Mahadevan LC. Combinations of ERK and p38 MAPK inhibitors ablate tumor necrosis factors-α (TNF-α) mRNA induction. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 6666-74.
28. Maeda S, Yoshida H, Ogura K et al. H. pylori activates NFκB-inducing kinase, TRAF2, and TRAF6 in gastric cancer cells. Gastroenterology 2000; 119: 97-108.
29. Beales IL, Calam J. Interleukin 1 beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibit acid secretion in cultured rabbit parietal cells by multiple pathways. Gut 1998; 42: 227-34.
30. Kuipers EJ, Lundell L, Klinkenberg-Knol EC et al. Atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with reflux esophagitis treated with omeprazole or fundoplication. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1018-22.
31. El-Omar EM. The importance of interleukin 1β in Helicobacter pylori associated disease. Gut 2001; 48: 743-7.
32. Kim JS, Jung HC, Kim JM, Song IS, Kim CY. Helicobacter pylori water-soluble surface proteins activate human neutrophils and up-regulate expression of CXC chemokines. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 83-92.
33. Moore KW, de Waal Malefyt R, Coffman RL, O'Garra A. Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19: 683-765.
34. Ameixa C, Friedland JS. Down-regulation of interleukin-8 secretion from Mycobacterium tuberculosis -infected monocytes by interleukin-4 and -10 but not by interleukin-13. Infect Immun 2001; 69: 2470-6.
35. Fox JG, Beck P, Dangler CA et al. Concurrent enteric helminth infection modulates inflammation and gastric immune responses and reduces helicobacter-induced gastric atrophy. Nat Med 2000; 6: 536-42.
36. Foster CB, Lehrnbecher T, Mol F et al. Host defense molecule polymorphisms influence the risk for immune-mediated complications in chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 2146-55.
37. Takemura T, Granger DN, Evans DJ et al. Extract of Helicobacter pylori induces neutrophils to injure endothelial cells and contains antielastase activity. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 21-9.
38. Bussiere F, Chaturvedi R, Cheng Y et al. Spermine causes loss of innate immune response to Helicobacter pylori by inhibition of inducible nitric-oxide synthase translation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 2409-12.
39. Asher G, Bercovich Z, Tsvetkov P, Shaul Y, Kahana C. 20S proteasomal degradation of ornithine decarboxylase is regulated by NQO1. Mol Cell 2005; 17: 645-55.
40. Boren T, Falk P, Roth KA, Larson G, Normark S. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science 1993; 262: 1892-5.
41. Ilver D, Arnqvist A, Ögren J et al. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science 1998; 279: 373-7.
42. Hamajima N. Persistent Helicobacter pylori infection and genetic polymorphisms of the host. Nagoya J Med Sci 2003; 66: 103-17.
43. Ikehara Y, Nishihara S, Yasutomi H et al. Polymorphisms of two fucosyltransferase genes (Lewis and Secretor genes) involving type I Lewis antigens are associated with the presence of anti- Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10: 971-7.
44. Hamajima N, Shibata A, Ikehara Y et al. Lack of consistency in the association of Helicobacter pylori seropositivity with Se and Le polymorphisms among Japanese. Gastric Cancer 2002; 5: 194-200.
45. Hamajima N, Matsuo K, Saito T et al. Interleukin 1 polymorphisms, lifestyle factors, and Helicobacter pylori infection. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 383-9.
46. Katsuda N, Hamajima N, Matsuo K et al. Association between the interleukin 1B (C-31T) polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection in health checkup examinees. Jpn J Public Health 2001; 49: 604-12. (In Japanese.)
47. Hamajima N, Ito H, Matsuo K, Tajima K, Tominaga S. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity, the interleukin 1B polymorphism, and smoking among first-visit outpatients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2002; 3: 23-8.
48. Uno M, Hamajima N, Ito LS et al. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and IL-1B C-31T polymorphism among Japanese Brazilians. Int J Mol Med 2002; 10: 321-6.
49. Kato S, Onda M, Yamada S, Matsuda N, Tokunaga A, Matsukura N. Association of the interleukin-1β genetic polymorphism and gastric cancer risk in Japanese. J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 696-9.
50. Kim N, Cho S-I, Yim J-Y et al. The effects of genetic polymorphisms of IL-1 and TNF-A on Helicobacter pylori -induced gastroduodenal diseases in Korea. Helicobacter 2006; 11: 105-12.
51. Togawa S, Joh T, Itoh M et al. Interleukin-2 gene polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric atrophy from Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 172-8.
52. Hamajima N, Katsuda N, Matsuo K et al. High anti- Helicobacter pylori antibody seropositivity associated with the combination of IL-8-251TT and IL-10-819TT: Genotype. Helicobacter 2003; 8: 105-10.
53. Hamajima N, Matsuo K, Suzuki T et al. Low expression myeloperoxidase negatively associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92: 488-93.
54. Katsuda N, Hamajima N, Tamakoshi A et al. Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and the Myeloperoxidase G-463A polymorphism in combination with interleukin-1B in Japanese Health Checkup Examinees. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2003; 33: 192-7.
55. Goto Y, Hamajima N, Honda H et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T polymorphism observed for outpatients and health checkup examinees. Gastric Cancer 2005; 8: 12-17.
56. Liao S-Y, Zeng Z-R, Leung WK et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism, Helicobacter pylori infection and non-cardia gatric carcinoma in Chinese. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 289-94.
57. Goto Y, Ando T, Yamamoto K et al. Association between serum pepsinogens and polymorphism of PTPN11 encoding SHP-2 among Helicobacter pylori seropositive Japanese. Int J Cancer 2006; 118: 203-8.
58. Kunstmann E, Hardt C, Elitok E et al. The nonfunctional allele TCRBV6S1B is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 6493-5.
59. Hamajima N, Shibata A, Katsuda N et al. The highest Helicobacter pylori seropositive rate among those with TNF-A-857TT and -1031TT: Genotypes. Gastric Cancer 2003; 6: 230-6.
60. Atsuta Y, Ito LS, Oba-Shinjo SM et al. Associations of TNF-A-1031TT and -857TT: Genotypes with Helicobacter pylori seropositivity and gastric atrophy among Japanese Brazilians. Int J Clin Oncol 2006; 11: 140-5.
61. Kunstmann E, Epplen C, Elitok E et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor region. Electrophoresis, 1999; 20: 1756-61.
62. Zambon C-F, Basso D, Navaglia F et al. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori infection: interactions influence outcome. Cytokine 2005; 29: 141-52.
63. El-Omar EM, Carrington M, Chow W-H et al. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 2000; 404: 398-402. Erratum in: Nature 2001; 412: 99.
64. Machado JC, Pharoah P, Sousa S et al. Interleukin 1B and interleukin 1RN polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 823-9.
65. Chang Y-W, Jang J-Y, Kim N-H et al. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) polymorphisms and gastric mucosal levels of IL-1β cytokine in Korean patients with gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2005; 114: 465-71.
66. Lu W, Pan K, Zhang L, Lin D, Miao X, You W. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1RN, IL-8, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor α and risk of gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26: 631-6.
67. Palli D, Saieva C, Luzzi I et al. Interleukin-1 gene polymorphisms and gastric cancer risk in a high-risk Italian population. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 1941-8.
68. Xuan J, Deguchi R, Watanabe S et al. Relationship between IL-1β gene polymorphism and gastric mucosal IL-1β levels in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 796-801.
69. Hwang I-R, Kodama T, Kikuchi S et al. Effect of interleukin 1 polymorphisms on gastric mucosal interleukin 1β production in Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1793-803.
70. Vilaichone R-K, Mahachai V, Tumwasorn S, Wu JY, Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. Gastric mucosal cytokine levels in relation to host interleukin-1 polymorphisms and Helicobacter pylori cagA genotype. Scand J Gastroenterol 2005; 40: 530-9.
71. Hullkonen J, Laippata P, Hurme M. A rare allele combination of the interleukin-1 gene complex is associated with high interleukin-1β plasma levels in healthy individuals. Eur Cytokine Netw 2000; 11: 251-5.
72. Rad R, Dossumbekova Neu B et al. Cytokine gene polymorphisms influence mucosal cytokine expression, gastric inflammation, and host specific colonization during Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 2004; 53: 1082-9.
73. Dinarello CA. Biological basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood 1996; 87: 2095-147.
74. Kamizono S, Hiromatsu Y, Seki N et al. A polymorphism of the 5′ flanking region of tumour necrosis factor α gene is associated with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy in Japanese. Clin Endocrinol 2000; 52: 759-64.
75. Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Hizawa N, Kawakami Y. The gene polymorphism of tumor necrosis factor-β, but not that of tumor necrosis factor-α, is associated with the prognosis of sarcoidosis. Chest 2001; 119: 753-61.
76. Higuchi T, Seki N, Kamizono S et al. Polymorphism of the 5′-flanking region of the human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene in Japanese. Tissue Antigens 1998; 51: 605-12.
77. D'Alfonso S, Richiardi PM. A polymorphic variation in a putative regulation box of the TNFα promoter region. Immunogenet 1994; 39: 150-5.
78. Ross D, Kepa JK, Winski SL, Beall HD, Anwar A, Siegel D. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1): Chemoprotection, bioactivation, gene regulation and genetic polymorphisms. Chem Biol Interact 2000; 129: 77-97.
79. Siegel D, McGuinness SM, Winski SL, Ross D. Genotype-phenotype relationships in studies of a polymorphism in NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1. Pharmacogenetics 1999; 9: 113-21.
80. Suzuki T, Matsuo K, Ito H et al. Smoking increases the treatment failure for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Am J Med 2006; 119: 217-24.
81. Tsugane S, Kabuto M, Imai H et al. Helicobacter pylori, dietary factors, and atrophic gastritis in five Japanese populations with different gastric cancer mortality. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 297-305.
82. Fontham ETH, Ruiz B, Perez A, Hunter F, Correa P. Determinants of Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 1094-101.
83. Kuippers EJ, Uyterlinde AM, Pena AS et al. Long-term sequelae of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Lancet 1995; 345: 1525-8.
84. Ozasa K, Kurata JH, Higashi A et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and atrophic gastritis. A nested case-control study in a rural town in Japan. Dig Dis Sci 1999; 44: 253-6.
85. Kuwahara Y, Kono S, Eguchi H, Hamada H, Shinchi K, Imanishi K. Relationship between serologically diagnosed chronic atrophic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori, and environmental factors in Japanese men. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 476-81.
86. Namekata T, Miki K, Kimmey M et al. Chronic atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection among Japanese Americans in Seattle. Am J Epidemiol 2000; 151: 820-30.
87. Shibata K, Moriyama M, Fukushima T, Une H, Miyazaki M, Yamaguchi N. Relation of Helicobacter pylori infection and lifestyle to the risk of chronic atrophic gastritis: A cross-sectional study in Japan. J Epidemiol 2002; 12: 105-11.
88. Samloff IM, Varis K, Ihamaki T, Siurala M, Rotter JI. Relationships among serum pepsinogen I, serum pepsinogen II, and gastric mucosal histology. A study in relatives of patients with pernicious anemia. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 204-9.
89. Chen VW, Abu-Elyazeed RR, Zavala DE et al. Risk factors of gastric precancerous lesions in a high-risk Colombian population. I. Salt. Nutr Cancer 1990; 13: 59-65.
90. Montani A, Sasazuki S, Inoue M, Higuchi K, Arakawa T, Tsugane S. Food/ nutrient intake and risk of atrophic gastritis among the Helicobacter pylori-infected population of northeastern Japan. Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 372-7.
91. Ito LS, Oba-Shinjo SM, Marie SKN et al. Lifestyle factors associated with atrophic gastritis among Helicobacter pylori-seropositive Japanese-Brazilians in Sao Paulo. Int J Clin Oncol 2003; 8: 362-8.
92. Sasazuki S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y et al. The effect of 5-year vitamin C supplementation on serum pepsinogen level and Helicobacter pylori infection. Cancer Sci 2003; 94: 378-82.
93. Hatakeyama M, Higashi H. Helicobacter pylori CagA: A new paradigm for bacterial carcinogenesis. Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 835-43.
94. Tsutsumi R, Higashi H, Higuchi M, Okada M, Hatakeyama M. Attenuation of Helicobacter pylori CagA. SHP-2 signaling by interaction between CagA and C-terminal Src kinase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 3664-70.
95. Azuma T. Helicobacter pylori CagA protein variation associated with gastric cancer in Asia. J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 97-103.
96. Bamford KB, Fan X, Crowe SE et al. Lymphocytes in the human gastric mucosa during Helicobacter pylori have a T helper cell 1 phenotype. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 482-92.
97. + T cells home to and accumulate in the human Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosa. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 5612-19.
98. Taylor JM, Ziman ME, Huff JL, Moroski NM, Vajdy M, Solnick JV. Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide promotes a Th1 type immune response in immunized mice. Vaccine 2006; 24: 4987-94.
99. Mentink-Kane MM, Wynn TA. Opposing roles for IL-13 and IL-13 receptor α2 in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2004; 202: 191-202.
100. Uno M, Ito LS, Oba-Shinjo SM et al. Possible association of interleukin 1B C-31T polymorphism among Helicobacter pylori seropositive Japanese Brazilians with susceptibility to atrophic gastritis. Int J Mol Med 2004; 14: 421-6.
101. Togawa S, Joh T, Itoh M et al. Interleukin-2 gene polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric atrophy form Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2005; 10: 172-8.
102. Hellmig S, Mascheretti S, Folsch U, Schreiber S. Functional promoter polymorphism in RANTES gene does not influence the clinical course of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 2005; 20: 405-8.
103. Williams TM, Eisenberg L, Burlein JE et al. Two regions within the human IL-2 gene promoter are important for inducible IL-2 expression. J Immunol 1988; 141: 662-6.
104. Hoffmann SC, Stanley EM, Darrin Cox E et al. Association of cytokine polymorphic inheritance and in vitro cytokine production in anti-CD3/ CD28-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Transplantation 2001; 72: 1444-50.
105. Hoffmann SC, Stanley EM, Darrin Cox E et al. Ethnicity greatly influences cytokine gene polymorphism distribution. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 560-7.
106. Howard TD, Whittaker PA, Zaiman AL et al. Identification and association of polymorphisms in the interleukin-13 gene with asthma and atopy in a Dutch population. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25: 377-84.
107. Van der Pouw Kraan TC, van Veen A, Boeije LC et al. An IL-13 promoter polymorphism associated with increased risk of allergic asthma. Genes Immun 1999; 1: 61-5.
108. You W-C, Hong J-Y, Zhang L et al. Genetic polymorphisms of CYP2E1, GSTT1, GSTP1, GSTM1, ALDH2, and ODC and the risk of advanced precancerous gastric lesions in a Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 451-8.
109. Rad R, Prinz C, Neu B et al. Synergistic effect of Helicobacter pylori virulence factors and interleukin-1 polymorphisms for the development of severe histological changes in the gastric mucosa. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 272-81.
110. Crew KD, Neugut AI. Epidemiology of gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 354-62.
111. Inoue M, Tsugane S. Epidemiology of gastric cancer in Japan. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 419-24.
112. Inoue M, Tajima K, Kobayashi S et al. Protective factor against progression from atrophic gastritis to gastric cancer - data from a cohort study in Japan. Int J Cancer 1996; 66: 309-14.
113. Shikata K, Kiyohara Y, Kubo M et al. A prospective study of dietary salt intake and gastric cancer incidence in a defined Japanese population: The Hisayama study. Int J Cancer 2006; 119: 196-201.
114. Fujino Y, Mizoue T, Tokui N et al. Cigarette smoking and mortality due to stomach cancer: Findings from the JACC study. J Epidemiol 2005; 15: S113-19.
115. Gonzalez CA, Pera G, Agudo A et al. Smoking and the risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Int J Cancer 2003; 107: 629-34.
116. Wu M-S, Wu C-Y, Chen C-J et al. Interleukin-10 genotypes associate with the risk of gastric carcinoma in Taiwanese Chinese. Int J Cancer 2003; 104: 617-23.
117. Kneller RW, You WC, Chang YS et al. Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for progression of precancerous stomach lesions. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 1261-6.
118. You WC, Zhang L, Gail MH et al. Gastric dysplasia and gastric cancer: Helicobacter pylori, serum vitamin C, and other risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1607-12.
119. Kato I, Vivas J, Plummer M et al. Environmental factors in Heliocobacter pylori-related gastric precancerous lesions in Venezuela. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 468-76.
120. Nakamura M, Haruma K, Kamada T et al. Cigarette smoking promotes atrophic gastritis in Helicobacter pylori -positive subjects. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 675-81.
121. Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M, Tretyakova N, Hecht SS, Hainaut P. Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancer. Oncogene 2002; 21: 7435-51.
122. Gonzalez CA, Sala N, Capella G. Genetic susceptibility and gastric cancer risk. Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 249-60.
123. Ebert MP, Lendeckel U, Westphal S et al. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism in linked to early gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 2987-9.
124. Geddert H, Kiel S, Zotz RB et al. Polymorphism of p16 INK4A and cyclic D1 in adenocarcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131: 803-8.
125. Li H, Chen X-L, Li H-Q. Polymorphism of CYPIA1 and GSTM1 genes associated with susceptibility of gastric cancer in Shandong province of China. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5757-62.
126. Tsukino H, Kuroda Y, Qio D, Nakao H, Imai H, Katoh T. Effects of cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2A6 gene deletion and CYP2E1 genotypes on gastric adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 425-8.
127. Sugimoto M, Furuta T, Shirai N et al. Poor metabolizer genotype status of CYP2C19 is a risk factor for developing gastric cancer in Japanese patients with Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 1033-40.
128. Gao C, Takezaki T, Wu J et al. Interaction between cytochrome-450 2E1 polymorphisms and environmental factors with risk of esophageal and stomach cancers in Chinese. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002; 11: 29-34.
129. Wu M-S, Huang S-P, Chang Y-T et al. Associaition of the -160 C > A promoter polymorphism of E-cadherin gene with gastric carcinoma risk. Cancer 2002; 94: 1443-8.
130. Goto Y, Ando T, Goto H, Hamajima N. No association between EGF gene polymorphism and gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 2454-6.
131. Lai KC, Chen WC, Tsai FJ, Chou MC, Jeng LB. Glutathione S-transferase M1 gene null genotype and gastric cancer risk in Taiwan. Hepatogastroenterology 2005; 52: 1916-19.
132. Lee Y-A, Ki C-S, Kim H-J et al. Novel interleukin 1β polymorphism increases the risk of gastric cancer in Korean population. J Gastroenterol 2004; 39: 429-33.
133. Savage SA, Abnet CC, Haque K et al. Polymorphisms in interleukin-2, -6, and -10 are not associated with gastric cardia or esophageal cancer in a high-risk Chinese population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1547-9.
134. Lai K-C, Chen W-C, Jeng L-B, Li S-Y, Chou M-C, Tsai F-J. Association of genetic polymorphisms of MK, IL-4, p16, p21, p53 genes and human gastric cancer in Taiwan. Eur J Surg Oncol 2005; 31: 1135-40.
135. Lacasana-Navarro M, Galvan-Portillo M, Chen J, Lopez-Cervantes M, Lopez-Carrillo L. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C.>.T polymorphism and gastric cancer susceptibility in Mexico. Eur J Cancer 2006; 42: 528-33.
136. Kim JK, Kim S, Han HJ et al. Polymorphisms of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and risk of stomach cancer in a Korean population. Anticancer Res 2005; 25: 2249-52.
137. Hamajima N, Matsuo K, Iwata H et al. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) C609T polymorphism and the risk of eight cancers in Japan. Int J Clin Oncol 2002; 7: 103-8.
138. Duarte MC, Colombo J, Rossit ARB et al. Polymorphisms of DNA repair genes XRCC1 and XRCC2, interaction with environmental exposure and risk of chronic gastritis and gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 6593-600.
139. Taguchi A, Ohmiya N, Shirai K et al. Interleukin-8 promoter polymorphism increases the risk of atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer in Japan. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14: 2487-93.
140. Hiyama T, Tanaka S, Kitadai Y et al. p53 codon 73 polymorphism in gastric cancer susceptibility in patients with Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis. Int J Cancer 2002; 100: 304-8.
141. Chung WC, Lee KM, Lee BI et al. p53 genetic polymorphism of gastric cancer in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 2006; 21: 28-32.