The dynamics of autocratic coercion after the Cold War

Communist and Post-Communist Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 387-410

  Way, Lucan A ^a   Levitsky, Steven ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Armenia; Authoritarianism; Belarus; Coercion; Colored revolutions; Georgia; Regime change; Security services; States; Transitions; Ukraine

Indexed keywords

AUTHORITARIANISM; POLITICAL CHANGE; POLITICAL POWER; POST-COLD WAR; SECURITY THREAT; STATE ROLE;

ARMENIA; ASIA; BELARUS; EASTERN EUROPE; EURASIA; EUROPE; GEORGIA; NORTH AMERICA; UKRAINE; UNITED STATES; WEST ASIA;

EID: 33748557742     PISSN: 0967067X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.postcomstud.2006.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Beissinger M. Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions (2005), MS University of Wisconsin
2. Bellin E. The robustness of authoritarianism in the Middle East: exceptionalism in comparative perspective. Comparative Politics 36 2 (2004) 139-157
3. Binnendijk, A.L., 2006. Breaking the Stick: The Impact of Non-violent Strategies on Ukrainian Security Forces During the 2004 "Orange Revolution". A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy.
4. Borisov V., and Clarke S. Reform and revolution in the communist national park?. Capital & Class 53 Summer (1994) 9-13
5. Bremmer I., and Welt C. Armenia's new autocrats. Journal of Democracy 8.3 (1997) 77-91
6. Bujosevic, D., Radovanovic, I., 2003. The Fall of Milosevic: The October 5 Revolution. Palgrave.
7. Bunce, V., Wolchik, S., 2006. Favorable Conditions and Playing Favorites. Journal of Democracy, in press.
8. Chehabi H.E., and Linz J.J. A theory of sultanism 2: genesis and demise of sultanistic regimes. In: Chehabi H.E., and Linz J.J. (Eds). Sultanistic Regimes (1998), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
9. D'Anieri P. Leonid Kuchma and the personalization of the Ukrainian Presidency. Problems of Post-Communism 50 5 (2003) 58-65
10. Dahl R. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (1971), Yale University Press, New Haven
11. Dahl R. "Why Free Markets are Not Enough.". Journal of Democracy 3 3 (1992) 82-89
12. Danielian M. Elections in Armenia: a funeral for democracy. Uncaptive Minds 9 1-2 (1996-1997) 125-131
13. Danielyan, E., 24 June 2004. Armenia: A Dictator in the Making. Transitions on Line (www.tol.cz).
14. Darden, K. The Integrity of Corrupt States: Graft as an Informal State Institution. Politics and Society, in press.
15. Devdariani, J., 24 January 2002. Georgia: Stormy Year Breeds Uncertainty. Transitions on Line (http://www.tol.cz).
16. Devdariani, J., 9 April 2003. Georgia 2002: Security at Stake. Transitions on Line (http://www.tol.cz).
17. Dudley S. Chronicle of a coup. The Progressive 68 5 (2004) 23-28
18. Felker G. Malaysia in 1998: a cornered tiger bares its claws. Asian Survey 39 1 (1999) 43-54
19. Fish M.S. Democracy Derailed in Russia: The Failure of Open Politics (2005), Cambridge University Press, New York
20. Fuller L. How serious is Georgia's financial crisis?. Caucasus report 30 1 (1998) 35
21. Fuller L. Coup attempt in Georgia. Caucasus Report 1 (1998) 34
22. Fuller L. Armenian presidential campaign kicks off. RFE RL Caucasus Report 6 (2003) 4
23. Fuller L. Thousands protest Armenian election falsification. RFE RL Caucasus Report 7 (2003) 35
24. Fuller L. When is a coup attempt not a coup attempt. RFE RL Caucasus Report 6 (2003) 14
25. Fuller L. Shevardnadze resignation resolves constitutional deadlock. RFE RL Caucasus Report 6 41 (2003)
26. Geddes B. What do we know about democratization after twenty years?. Annual Review of Political Science 2 (1999) 115-144
27. Goldenberg S. Pride of Small Nations: The Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder (1994), Zed Books, London
28. Greene K. Defeating Dominance: Opposition Party Building and Democratization in Mexico. Manuscript (2006), Department of Government, University of Texas, Austin
29. Grigorian M. Armenian Political Upstart Arrested: an Inglorious Protest Meeting in Yerevan Could Mark the End of Arkady Vardanian's Brief Political Career. CRS 56 (2000) 3-Nov-00
30. Hakobyan, A., 13 April 2004. Armenia: Authorities Hit Back as Opposition Campaign Mounts. Transitions on Line (http://www.tol.cz).
31. Herron E.S., and Johnson P.E. "'It Doesn't Matter Who Votes, but Who Counts the Votes': Assessing Fraud in Ukraine's 2002 Parliamentary Elections." (2003), University of Kansas Manuscript
32. Hilley J. Malaysia: Mahathirism, Hegemony and the New Opposition (2001), Zed Books, London
33. Hofstadter R. The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of a Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780-1840 (1969), University of California Press, Berkeley
34. Howard M., and Roessler P.G. Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes. American Journal of Political Science 50 2 (2006)
35. Jones S.F. Adventurers or commanders? Civil military relations in Georgia since independence. In: Danopolous C., and Zirker D. (Eds). Civil-Military Relations in the Soviet and Yugoslav Successor States (1996), Westview 1996
36. Jones, S.F., 9 January 1999. Georgia: A Difficult Year. Transitions on Line (http://www.tol.cz).
37. Karapetian R. Armenian President Cracks Down: Dozens are Hurt or Arrested in the Centre of Yerevan as the Armenian Opposition Calls for the Resignation of President Kocharian. CRS 227 (2004) April 15
38. Kharitonov, M.A., 2003. Zvezdy I terny Vladimira Egrova. Minsk.
39. Kudrytski, A., Markusheuski, D., 25 October 2004. Referen-doom. Transitions on Line (http://www.tol.cz).
40. Kuzio T. Non-military security forces in Ukraine. Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13 4 (2000) 29-56
41. Kuzio, T. Directed Chaos and Non-Violence in Ukraine's Orange Revolution Swedish Military Academy Stockholm, in press.
42. Lenin V.I. In: Tucker R.C. (Ed). The State and Revolution in The Lenin Anthology (1975), Norton, New York
43. Levitsky S., and Way L.A. International linkage and democratization. Journal of Democracy 16 3 (2005) 20-34
44. Levitsky, S., Way, L.A., 2006a. Competitive Authoritarianism: The Origins and Evolution of Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Manuscript.
45. Levitsky S., and Way L.A. Leverage versus linkage: rethinking the international dimension of regime change. Comparative Politics 38 4 (2006)
46. Magdashian P. Armenia: The Teflon President: Opposition Parties Accuse Robert Kocharian of Untold Number of Wrongdoings - to no Avail. Caucasus Reporting Service 100 (2001) October 5
47. Mann M. The autonomous power of the state: its origins, mechanisms and results. In: Hall J.A. (Ed). States in History (1986), Basic Blackwell, London 109-136
48. McFaul, M., 2006. The Orange Revolution: External versus Internal Dimensions Presented at "Waves and Troughs of Post Communist Transitions: What Role for External vs. Domestic Variables?" Stanford University, April 28-29.
49. Minasian L. The Role of the Army in Armenia's Politics. CRS 5 (1999) November 4
50. Mitchell L. Georgia's rose revolution. Current History 103 675 (2004) 342-348
51. Mitiaev V.G. Vnutripoliticheskie protsessy v nezavisimoi Armenii. In: Kozhokina E.M. (Ed). Armeniia: Problemy Nezavisimogo Razvitiia (1998), RISI, Moscow 73-138
52. Mkrtchian, N., 1999. The Place and the Role of Parliamentary Elections in the Process of Establishment of Democratic Practices in Armenia. The Peculiarities of the 1999 Parliamentary Elections. .
53. Myagkov M., and Ordeshook P. The trail of votes in Russia's 1999 Duma and 2000 presidential elections. Communist and Post Communist Studies 34 (2001) 353-370
54. Myagkov M., Ordeshook P.C., and Shakin D. Frauds or fairy tales. Russia and Ukraine's electoral experience. Post-Soviet Affairs 21 2 (2005) 91-131
55. O'Donnell G. On the state, democratization, and some conceptual problems: a Latin American view with some postcommunist countries. World Development 21 8 (1993) 1355-1369 (August)
56. Petrosian S. Armenian Election Clash Looms: Government and Opposition are Set on a Collision Course Following the Disputed First Round of Armenia's Presidential Election. CRS 168 (2003) February 27
57. Raftopoulos B. Briefing: Zimbabwe's 2002 presidential election. African Affairs 101 (2002) 413-426
58. Riker W.H. Liberalism Against Populism (1982), Waveland, Prospect Heights, IL
59. Schafer, O., No date. Belarus, Respublíka Belarus'. .
60. Skocpol T. A critical review of Barrington Moore's social origins of dictatorship and democracy. Politics and Society 4 3 (1973) 1-34
61. Skocpol T. States and Social Revolutions (1979), Cambridge University Press, New York
62. Slater D. Iron cage in an iron fist: authoritarian institutions and the personalization of power in Malaysia. Comparative Politics 36 1 (2003) 81-101
63. Snyder R. Path out of sultanistic regimes: combining structural and voluntarist perspectives. In: Chehabi H.E., and Linz J.J. (Eds). Sultanistic Regimes (1998), Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
64. Thompson M.R. To shoot or not to shoot: posttotalitarianism in China and Eastern Europe. Comparative Politics 34 1 (2001) 63-83 (October)
65. Thompson M.R., and Kuntz P. Stolen elections: the case of the Serbian October. Journal of Democracy 15 4 (2004) 159-172
66. Tucker, J., 2005. Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and the 2nd Wave of Post-Communist Democratic Revolutions. Prepared for presentation at the First Annual Danilyw Research Seminar in Contemporary Ukrainian Studies, Ottawa, Canada, September 30-October 1.
67. de Waal T. Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War (2003), NYU press
68. Way L. Pluralism by default in Moldova. Journal of Democracy 13 4 (2002) 127-141
69. Way L. Authoritarian state building and the sources of political competition in the fourth wave: the cases of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine. World Politics 57 2 (2005) 231-261
70. Way L. Ukraine's Orange Revolution: Kuchma's failed authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 16 2 (2005) 131-145
71. Way L. Organization, Identity, and the Sources of Political Contestation and Autocratic Consolidation in Russia, 1992-2005. Manuscript (2006), University of Toronto
72. Welt, C., 11 January 2000. A Return to Eurasia. Transitions on Line (http://www.tol.cz).
73. Wheatley J. The Problems of Post-Soviet Regime Change: Dynamic and Static Elements of the Georgian Regime 1989-2001. PhD Dissertation (2003), European University Institute, Florence, Italy
74. Wheatley, J., 2005. Georgia from National Awakening to Rose Revolution: Delayed Transition in the Former Soviet Union. Ashgate.
75. Wilson A. Ukraine's Orange Revolution (2005), Yale University Press, New Haven