Stolen elections: The case of the Serbian october

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 159-172

  Thompson, Mark R ^a,b   Kuntz, Philipp ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PASSAU   (Germany)

^c DALARNA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 7744226698     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.2004.0074     Document Type: Review

References (29)

1. th Revolution (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); and Damjan de Krnjević-Mišković, "Serbia's Prudent Revolution, " Journal of Democracy 12 (July 2001): 96-110.
2. th Revolution (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); and Damjan de Krnjević-Mišković, "Serbia's Prudent Revolution, " Journal of Democracy 12 (July 2001): 96-110.
3. Andreas Schedler, "Elections Without Democracy: The Menu of Manipulation," Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 49.
4. Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, "Elections Without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism," Journal of Democracy 13 (April 2002): 51-65.
5. Andreas Schedler, "The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections," International Political Science Review 23 (January 2002): 103-122.
6. See, for example, Fabrice E. Lehoucq, "Can Parties Police Themselves? Electoral Governance and Democratization," International Political Science Review 23 (January 2002): 29-46.
7. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), 174-78.
8. Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), 99, 153.
9. In this section, we borrow heavily from the literature on social movements. This theoretical debt cannot be adequately expressed in a single footnote. In short, we draw upon Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds., Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
10. In this section, we borrow heavily from the literature on social movements. This theoretical debt cannot be adequately expressed in a single footnote. In short, we draw upon Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta, eds., Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
11. See, for example, John Simpson, "The Last Domino Falls," BBC News Online, 6 October 2000; and Robert Kaplan, "Yugoslavia's Fate, and Europe's," New York Times, 6 October 2000.
12. See, for example, John Simpson, "The Last Domino Falls," BBC News Online, 6 October 2000; and Robert Kaplan, "Yugoslavia's Fate, and Europe's," New York Times, 6 October 2000.
13. Marina Ottaway, Democracy Challenged: The Rise of Semi-Authoritarianism (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003), 137-60.
14. Mladen Lazić, "Introduction: The Emergence of a Democratic Order in Serbia," in Mladen Lazić, ed., Protest in Belgrade: Winter of Discontent (Budapest: Central European University Press, 1997), 19.
15. Mladen Lazić, "Introduction: The Emergence of a Democratic Order in Serbia," 20; M. Babovic, "Potential for an Active Society," in Mladen Lazić, ed., Protest in Belgrade, 43; Robert Thomas, The Politics of Serbia in the 1990s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 293; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Milošević: Portrait of a Tyrant (New York: Free Press, 1999), 234; and Louis Sell, Slobodan Milošević and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), 260.
16. Mladen Lazić, "Introduction: The Emergence of a Democratic Order in Serbia," 20; M. Babovic, "Potential for an Active Society," in Mladen Lazić, ed., Protest in Belgrade, 43; Robert Thomas, The Politics of Serbia in the 1990s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 293; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Milošević: Portrait of a Tyrant (New York: Free Press, 1999), 234; and Louis Sell, Slobodan Milošević and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), 260.
17. Mladen Lazić, "Introduction: The Emergence of a Democratic Order in Serbia," 20; M. Babovic, "Potential for an Active Society," in Mladen Lazić, ed., Protest in Belgrade, 43; Robert Thomas, The Politics of Serbia in the 1990s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 293; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Milošević: Portrait of a Tyrant (New York: Free Press, 1999), 234; and Louis Sell, Slobodan Milošević and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), 260.
18. Mladen Lazić, "Introduction: The Emergence of a Democratic Order in Serbia," 20; M. Babovic, "Potential for an Active Society," in Mladen Lazić, ed., Protest in Belgrade, 43; Robert Thomas, The Politics of Serbia in the 1990s (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), 293; Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Milošević: Portrait of a Tyrant (New York: Free Press, 1999), 234; and Louis Sell, Slobodan Milošević and the Destruction of Yugoslavia (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), 260.
19. Jackie Rowland, "Big Turnout for Belgrade Rally," BBC News Online, 25 September 1999.
20. Matthew Collin, This Is Serbia Calling: Rock 'n Roll Radio and Belgrade's Underground Resistance (London: Serpent's Tail, 2001), 199-200.
21. Sarah Birch, "The 2000 Elections in Yugoslavia: The 'Bulldozer Revolution,'" Electoral Studies 21 (September 2002): 502-3; and Milos Nikolić, The Tragedy of Yugoslavia: The Rise, the Reign and the Fall of Slobodan Milošević (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2002), 132-34. Foreign aid also contributed to the opposition's success. For a balanced assessment regarding the scope and impact of external assistance, see Thomas Carothers, "Ousting Foreign Strongmen: Lessons from Serbia," in Policy Brief 1, No. 5. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C., 2001.
22. Sarah Birch, "The 2000 Elections in Yugoslavia: The 'Bulldozer Revolution,'" Electoral Studies 21 (September 2002): 502-3; and Milos Nikolić, The Tragedy of Yugoslavia: The Rise, the Reign and the Fall of Slobodan Milošević (Baden-Baden: Nomos, 2002), 132-34. Foreign aid also contributed to the opposition's success. For a balanced assessment regarding the scope and impact of external assistance, see Thomas Carothers, "Ousting Foreign Strongmen: Lessons from Serbia," in Policy Brief 1, No. 5. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Washington, D.C., 2001.
23. See, among others, Damjan de Krnjević-Mišković, "Serbia's Prudent Revolution," 103-4; Lenard J. Cohen, Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milošević (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001), 408-13; and "Yugoslavia's Presidential Election: The Serbian People's Moment of Truth," International Crisis Group Balkans Report No. 102, 19 September 2000, 1-5.
24. See, among others, Damjan de Krnjević-Mišković, "Serbia's Prudent Revolution," 103-4; Lenard J. Cohen, Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milošević (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001), 408-13; and "Yugoslavia's Presidential Election: The Serbian People's Moment of Truth," International Crisis Group Balkans Report No. 102, 19 September 2000, 1-5.
25. See, among others, Damjan de Krnjević-Mišković, "Serbia's Prudent Revolution," 103-4; Lenard J. Cohen, Serpent in the Bosom: The Rise and Fall of Slobodan Milošević (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 2001), 408-13; and "Yugoslavia's Presidential Election: The Serbian People's Moment of Truth," International Crisis Group Balkans Report No. 102, 19 September 2000, 1-5.
26. See, for example, the surveys carried out by the Centar za Proucavanje Alternativa (Belgrade), available at www.cpa-cps.org.yu/cpa-cps/cps, and those produced for the National Democratic Institute (Washington, D.C.), available at www.ndi.org.
27. Lenard J. Cohen, Serpent in the Bosom, 424.
28. See Mark R. Thompson, The Anti-Marcos Struggle: Personalistic Rule and Democratic Transition in the Philippines (New Haven: Yale University Press 1995), ch. 8.
29. Charles H. Fairbanks, Jr., "Georgia's Rose Revolution," Journal of Democracy 15 (April 2004): 114.