Heart Failure in Older Adults

Medical Clinics of North America

Volumn 90, Issue 5, 2006, Pages 863-885

  Rich, Michael W ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; BUMETANIDE; CARVEDILOL; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; EPLERENONE; FUROSEMIDE; HYDRALAZINE; ISOSORBIDE DINITRATE; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; METOLAZONE; METOPROLOL; SPIRONOLACTONE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT;

AGED; ARTIFICIAL HEART PACEMAKER; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; COUGHING; DEFIBRILLATOR; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EXERCISE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GYNECOMASTIA; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART BLOCK; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOTENSION; KIDNEY DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VISUAL DISORDER;

AGED; CAUSE OF DEATH; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DISABILITY EVALUATION; HEART FAILURE, CONGESTIVE; HEMODYNAMIC PROCESSES; HUMANS; PATIENT CARE TEAM; QUALITY OF LIFE; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 33748500415     PISSN: 00257125     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2006.05.012     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Thom T., Haase N., Rosamond W., et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2006 update. A report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 113 (2006) 85-151
2. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Fact Book, 2005. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/about/05factbk.pdf. Accessed March 28, 2006.
3. Rich M.W. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology of congestive heart failure in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 45 (1997) 968-974
4. Kannel W.B., and Belanger A.J. Epidemiology of heart failure. Am Heart J 121 (1991) 951-957
5. DeFrances C.J., Hall M.J., and Podgornik M.N. 2003 National Hospital Discharge Survey. Advance data from vital and health statistics; no. 359 (2005), National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville (MD)
6. Popovic J.R. 1999 National Hospital Discharge Survey: annual summary with detailed diagnosis and procedure data. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 13 151 (2001) 1-206
7. Hobbs F.D.R., Kenkre J.E., Roalfe A.K., et al. Impact of heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction on quality of life. A cross-sectional study comparing common chronic cardiac and medical disorders and a representative adult population. Eur Heart J 23 (2002) 1867-1876
8. O'Connell J.B. The economic burden of heart failure. Clin Cardiol 23 Suppl III (2000) III-6-10
9. Lakatta E.G., and Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part I: aging arteries: a "set up" for vascular disease. Circulation 107 (2003) 139-146
10. Lakatta E.G., and Levy D. Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: Part II: the aging heart in health: links to heart disease. Circulation 107 (2003) 346-354
11. Vasan R.S., Larson M.G., Benjamin E.J., et al. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction: prevalence and mortality in a population-based cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 33 (1999) 1948-1955
12. Kitzman D.W., Gardin J.M., Gottdiener J.S., et al. Importance of heart failure with preserved systolic function in patients ≥65 years of age. CHS Research Group. Cardiovascular Health Study. Am J Cardiol 87 (2001) 413-419
13. Gaasch W.H., Levine H.J., Quinones M.A., et al. Left ventricular compliance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Am J Cardiol 38 (1976) 645-653
14. Wong W.F., Gold S., Fukuyama O., et al. Diastolic dysfunction in elderly patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 63 (1989) 1526-1528
15. Tresch D.D. Clinical manifestations, diagnostic assessment, and etiology of heart failure in elderly patients. Clin Geriatr Med 16 (2000) 445-456
16. Rockwood K. Acute confusion in elderly medical patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 37 (1989) 150-154
17. Maisel A.S., Krishnaswamy P., Nowak R.M., et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 161-167
18. Krishnaswamy P., Lubien E., Clopton P., et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Am J Med 111 (2001) 274-279
19. Lubien E., DeMaria A., Krishnaswamy P., et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: comparison with Doppler velocity recordings. Circulation 105 (2002) 595-601
20. Kazanegra R., Cheng V., Garcia A., et al. A rapid test for B-type natriuretic peptide correlates with falling wedge pressures in patients treated for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Card Fail 7 (2001) 21-29
21. Anand I.S., Fisher L.D., Chiang Y.T., et al. Changes in brain natriuretic peptide and norepinephrine over time and mortality and morbidity in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Circulation 107 (2003) 1278-1283
22. de Lemos J.A., McGuire D.K., and Drazner M.H. B-type natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular disease. Lancet 362 (2003) 316-322
23. Redfield M.M., Rodeheffer R.J., Jacobsen S.J., et al. Plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: impact of age and gender. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 976-982
24. Hunt S.A., and for the ACC/ AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. ACC/AHA 2005 guideline update for the diagnosis and management of chronic heart failure in the adult. J Am Coll Cardiol 46 6 (2005) e1-e82
25. Gottdiener J.S., Arnold A.M., Aurigemma G.P., et al. Predictors of congestive heart failure in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1628-1637
26. Levy D., Larson M.G., Vasan R.S., et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA 275 (1996) 1557-1562
27. Ghali J.K., Kadakia S., Cooper R., et al. Precipitating factors leading to decompensation of heart failure: traits among urban blacks. Arch Intern Med 148 (1988) 2013-2016
28. Vinson J.M., Rich M.W., Shah A.S., et al. Early readmission of elderly patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 38 (1990) 1290-1295
29. Rich M.W., Freedland K.E., Shah A.S., et al. Iatrogenic congestive heart failure in older adults: clinical course and prognosis. J Am Geriatr Soc 44 (1996) 638-643
30. Rich M.W. Heart failure in the oldest patients: the impact of comorbid conditions. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 14 (2005) 134-141
31. Braunstein J.B., Anderson G.F., Gerstenblith G., et al. Noncardiac comorbidity increases preventable hospitalizations and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 42 (2003) 1226-1233
32. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., et al. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289 (2003) 2560-2572
33. Slaughter M.S., and Ward H.B. Surgical management of heart failure. Clin Geriatr Med 16 (2000) 567-592
34. Geholt A., Mullany C.J., Ilstrup D., et al. Aortic valve replacement in patients aged eighty years and older: early and long-term results. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111 (1996) 1026-1036
35. Bolling S.F., Deeb G.M., and Bach D.S. Mitral valve reconstruction in elderly, ischemic patients. Chest 109 (1996) 35-40
36. Marzo K., Prigent F.M., and Steingart R.M. Interventional therapy in heart failure management. Clin Geriatr Med 16 (2000) 549-566
37. Wyse D.G., Waldo A.L., DiMarco J.P., et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1825-1833
38. Van Gelder I.C., Hagens V.E., Bosker H.A., et al. A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 347 (2002) 1834-1840
39. Page J., and Henry D. Consumption of NSAIDs and the development of congestive heart failure in elderly patients. An underrecognized public health problem. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 777-784
40. Garg R., Yusuf S., and for the Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor Trials. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA 273 (1995) 1450-1456
41. Flather M.D., Yusuf S., Køber L., et al. Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet 355 (2000) 1575-1581
42. Pitt B., Segal R., Martinez F.A., et al. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349 (1997) 747-752
43. Pitt B., Poole-Wilson P.A., Segal R., et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomized trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355 (2000) 1582-1587
44. Dickstein K., Kjekshus J., and for the OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomized trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360 (2002) 752-760
45. Maggioni A.P., Anand I., Gottlieb S.O., et al. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 1414-1421
46. Granger C.B., McMurray J.J.V., Yusuf S., et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 362 (2003) 772-776
47. Cohn J.N., Tognoni G., and the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345 (2001) 1667-1675
48. McMurray J.J.V., Ostergren J., Swedberg K., et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 362 (2003) 767-771
49. Cohn J.N., Archibald D.G., Ziesche S., et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 314 (1986) 1547-1552
50. Cohn J.N., Johnson G., Ziesche S., et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325 (1991) 303-310
51. Taylor A.L., Ziesche S., Yancy C., et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med 351 20 (2004) 2049-2057
52. Packer M., Bristow M.R., Cohn J.N., et al. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 334 (1996) 1349-1355
53. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS II): a randomized trial. Lancet 353 (1999) 9-13
54. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 353 (1999) 2001-2007
55. Packer M., Coats A.J.S., Fowler M.B., et al. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 344 (2001) 1651-1658
56. Poole-Wilson P.A., Swedberg K., Cleland J.G.F., et al. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 362 (2003) 7-13
57. The Digitalis Investigation Group. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 525-533
58. Rich M.W., McSherry F., Williford W.O., et al., for the Digitalis Investigation Group. Effect of age on mortality, hospitalizations, and response to digoxin in patients with heart failure: The DIG Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38 (2001) 806-813
59. Rathore S.S., Curtis J.P., Wang Y., et al. Association of serum digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA 289 (2003) 871-878
60. Slatton M.L., Irani W.N., Hall S.A., et al. Does digoxin provide additional hemodynamic and autonomic rhythm?. J Am Coll Cardiol 29 (1997) 1206-1213
61. Pitt B., Zannad F., Remme W.J., et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 341 (1999) 709-717
62. Pitt B., Perez A., and for the Randomized Aldactone Study Investigators. Spironolactone in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 133-134
63. Pitt B., Remme W., Zannad F., et al. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 348 (2003) 1309-1321
64. Wrenger E., Muller R., Moesenthin M., et al. Interaction of spironolactone with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers: analysis of 44 cases. BMJ 327 (2003) 147-149
65. Yusuf S., Sleight P., Pogue J., et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 145-153
66. Yusuf S., Pfeffer M.A., Swedberg K., et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved left-ventricular ejection fraction: the CHARM-Preserved trial. Lancet 362 (2003) 777-781
67. Flather M.D., Shibata M.C., Coats A.J., et al. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J 26 3 (2005) 215-225
68. Setaro J.F., Zaret B.L., Schulman D.S., et al. Usefulness of verapamil for congestive heart failure associated with abnormal left ventricular diastolic filling and normal left ventricular systolic performance. Am J Cardiol 66 (1990) 981-986
69. Adan V., and Crown L.A. Diagnosis and treatment of sick sinus syndrome. Am Fam Phys 67 (2003) 1725-1732
70. Kerwin W.F., Botvinick E.H., O'Connell J.W., et al. Ventricular contraction abnormalities in dilated cardiomyopathy: effect of biventricular pacing to correct interventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol 35 (2000) 1221-1227
71. Bakker P., Meijburg H., de Bries J., et al. Biventricular pacing in end-stage heart failure improves functional capacity and left ventricular function. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 4 (2000) 395-404
72. Abraham W.T., Fisher W.G., Smith A.L., et al., for the MIRACLE Study Group. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 1845-1853
73. Linde C., Leclercq C., Rex S., et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the Multisite STimulation in Cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 40 (2002) 111-118
74. Bradley D.J., Bradley E.A., Braughman K.L., et al. Cardiac resynchronization and death from progressive heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 289 (2003) 730-740
75. Young J.B., Abraham W.T., Smith A.L., et al. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD Trial. JAMA 289 (2003) 2685-2694
76. Cleland J.G., Daubert J.C., Erdmann E., et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 352 15 (2005) 1539-1549
77. Moss A.J., Zareba W., Hall W.J., et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346 (2002) 877-883
78. Moss A.J., Hall W.J., Cannom D.S., et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 335 (1996) 1933-1940
79. Ezekowitz J.A., Armstrong P.W., and McAlister F.A. Implantable cardioverter defibrillators in primary and secondary prevention: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 138 (2003) 445-452
80. Bardy G.H., Lee K.L., Mark D.B., et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 352 3 (2005) 225-237
81. Sheldon R., Connolly S., Krahn A., et al. Gardner M. Identification of patients most likely to benefit from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy: the Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Circulation 101 (2000) 1660-1664
82. Camm A.J., and Nisam S. The utilization of the implantable defibrillator-a European enigma. Eur Heart J 21 (2000) 1998-2004
83. Exner D.V., Klein G.J., and Prystowsky E.N. Primary prevention of sudden death with implantable defibrillator therapy in patients with cardiac disease: can we afford to do it? (can we afford not to?). Circulation 104 (2001) 1564-1570
84. Weiss J.P., Saynina O., McDonald K.M., et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias among Medicare beneficiaries. Am J Med 112 (2002) 519-527
85. Krumholz H.M., Butler J., Miller J., et al. Prognostic importance of emotional support for elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure. Circulation 97 (1998) 958-964
86. McAlister F.A., Stewart S., Ferrua S., et al. Multidisciplinary strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for admission. A systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 44 (2004) 810-819
87. Phillips C.O., Wright S.M., Kern D.E., et al. Comprehensive discharge planning with postdischarge support for older patients with congestive heart failure. A meta-analysis. JAMA 291 (2004) 1358-1367
88. Rich M.W., and Nease R.F. Cost-effectiveness analysis in clinical practice: the case of heart failure. Arch Intern Med 159 (1999) 1690-1700
89. Pina I.L., Apstein C.S., Balady G.J., et al. Exercise and heart failure: a statement from the American Heart Association Committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention. Circulation 107 (2003) 1210-1225
90. McKelvie R.S., Teo K.K., Roberts R., et al. Effects of exercise training in patients with heart failure: the Exercise Rehabilitation Trial (EXERT). Am Heart J 144 (2002) 23-30
91. Hambrecht R., Gielen S., Linke A., et al. Effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and peripheral resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized trial. JAMA 283 (2000) 3095-3101
92. Belardinelli R., Georgiou D., Cianci G., et al. Randomized controlled trial of long-term moderate exercise training in chronic heart failure: effects on functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcome. Circulation 99 (1999) 1173-1182
93. Keteyian S.J., Levine A.B., Brawner C.A., et al. Exercise training in patients with heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 124 (1996) 1051-1057
94. Hare D.L., Ryan T.M., Selig S.E., et al. Resistance exercise training increases muscle strength, endurance, and blood flow in patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol 83 (1999) 1674-1677
95. Croft J.B., Giles W.H., Pollard R.A., et al. Heart failure survival among older adults in the United States: a poor prognosis for an emerging epidemic in the Medicare population. Arch Intern Med 159 (1999) 505-510
96. MacIntyre K., Capewell S., Stewart S., et al. Evidence of improving prognosis in heart failure. Trends in case fatality in 66,547 patients hospitalized between 1986 and 1995. Circulation 102 (2000) 1126-1131
97. Stewart S., MacIntyre K., Hole D.J., et al. More "malignant" than cancer? Five-year survival following a first admission for heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 3 (2001) 315-322
98. Krumholz H.M., Chen Y.T., Vaccarino V., et al. Correlates and impact on outcomes of worsening renal function in patients ≥65 years of age with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 85 (2000) 1110-1113
99. Krumholz H.M., Phillips R.S., Hamel M.B., et al. Resuscitation preferences among patients with severe congestive heart failure: results from the SUPPORT project. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. Circulation 98 (1998) 648-655
100. Levenson J.W., McCarthy E.P., Lynn J., et al. The last six months of life for patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Geriatr Soc 48 (2000) S101-S109
101. Baker R., Hyg M.S., Wu A.W., et al. Family satisfaction with end-of-life care in seriously ill hospitalized adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 48 (2000) S61-S69
102. Amery A., Birkenhager W., Brixko P., et al. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly Trial. Lancet I (1985) 1349-1354
103. Coope J., and Warrender T.S. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. BMJ 293 (1986) 1145-1151
104. Dahlof B., Lindholm L.H., Hannson L., et al. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet 338 (1991) 1281-1285
105. The Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP) Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of SHEP. JAMA 265 (1991) 3255-3264
106. Staessen J.A., Fagard R., Thijs L., et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet 350 (1997) 757-764
107. Gong L., Zhang W., Zhu Y., et al. Shanghai Trial of Nifedipine in the Elderly (STONE). J Hypertens 14 (1996) 1237-1245
108. Kjekshus J., Pedersen T.R., Olsson A.G., et al. The effects of simvastatin on the incidence of heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. J Card Fail 3 (1997) 249-254