Towards respecification of communicative competence: Condition of L2 instruction or its objective?

Applied Linguistics

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 349-376

  Lee, Yo An ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33747891941     PISSN: 01426001     EISSN: 1477450X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/applin/aml011     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Allen, J. P. Q. 1992. 'Instructional processes and the development of communicative competence.' IRAL 30/1: 1-20.
2. Allwright, D. and K. Bailey. 1991. Focus an the Language Classroom: An introduction to classroom research for language teachers. New York: Cambridge University Press.
3. Atkinson, P. and S. Delamont. 1990. 'Procedural display and the authenticity of classroom activity: A response to Bloome, Puro, and Theodorou.' Curriculum Inquiry 20/1: 63-9.
4. Atkinson, J. and J. Heritage. 1984. Transcript notation.' In J. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds), Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. New York: Cambridge, pp. ix-xvi.
5. Bachman, L. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Block, D. 1996. 'Not so fast: Some thoughts on theory culling, relativism, accepted findings and the heart and soul of SLA.' Applied Linguistics 17/1: 63-83.
7. Brooks, F. 1992.'Communicative competence and the conversation course: A social interaction perspective.' Linguistics and Education 4/2: 219-46.
8. Bryant, J. 2001. 'Language in social contexts: Communicative competence in the preschool years' in J. Gleason (ed.): The Development of Language. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 213-53.
9. Canale, M. 1983. 'On some dimensions of language proficiency' in J. Oller (ed.): Issues in Language Testing Research. Rowley: Newbury House, pp. 333-42.
10. Canale, M. and M. Swain. 1980. 'Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing.' Applied Linguistics 1/1: 1-47.
11. Carlsen, W. 1991. 'Questioning in classrooms: A sociolinguistic perspective.' Review of Educational Research 61/2: 157-78.
12. Cazden, C. 1988. Classroom Discourse: The language of teaching and learning. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
13. Cazden, C. 1996. 'Communicative competence: 1966-1996.' ED 399764 Paper presented at the American Association of Applied Linguistics. Chicago, IL.
14. Celce-Murcia, M., Z. Dornyei, and S. Thurrell. 1995. 'Communicative competence: A pedagogically motivated model with content specifications.' Issues in Applied Linguistics 6: 5-35.
15. Chalhoub-Deville, M. 1997. Theoretical models, assessment frameworks and test construction.' Language Testing 14/1: 3-22.
16. Cheng, W. and M. Warren. 1999. 'Inexplicitness: What is it and should we be teaching it?' Applied Linguistics 20/3: 293-315.
17. Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Boston: MIT Press.
18. Cook-Gumperz, J. and J. Gumperz. 1982. 'Communicative competence in educational perspective.' in L. Wilkinson, (ed.). Communicating in the Classroom, New York: Academic Press, pp. 13-24.
19. Corder, S. 1981. Error Analysis and Interlanguage. New York: Oxford University Press.
20. Cullen, R. 1998. Teacher talk and the classroom context.' ELT Journal 52/3: 179-87.
21. Cummins, J. 1983. 'Language proficiency and academic achievement.' in J. Oller (ed.): Issues in Language Testing Research. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 108-29.
22. Davis, A. 1989. 'Communicative competence as language use.' Applied Linguistics 10/2: 157-70.
23. Day, R., N. A. Chenoweth, A. Chun, and S. Luppescu. 1984. 'Corrective feedback in native-nonnative discourse,' Language Learning 34/2: 19-45.
24. Doughty, C. and M. Long. 2003. 'The scope of inquiry and goals of SLA.' in C. Doughty and M. Long (eds): The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. Malden, MA: Blackwell, pp. 3-15.
25. Drew, P. 1997. '"Open" class repair initiators in response to sequential sources of troubles in conversation.' Journal of Pragmatics 28/1:69-101.
26. Drew, P. and J. Heritage. 1992 (eds). Talk on Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27. Eills, R. 1994. The Study of Second Language Acquisition. New York: Oxford University Press.
28. Erickson, F. 1986. 'Qualitative methods in research on teaching.' in M. C. Wittrock (ed.): Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York: Macmillan, pp. 119-61.
29. Firth, A. and J. Wagner. 1997. 'On discourse, communication and (some) fundamental concepts in second language acquisition research.' Modern Language Journal 81/3: 285-300.
30. Foster-Cohen, S. 1990. The Communicative Competence of Young Children: A modular approach. New York: Longman.
31. French, P. and M. Maclure. 1981. Teachers' questions, pupils' answers: An investigation of questions and answers in the infant classroom.' First Language 2/1: 31-45.
32. Fulcher, G. 1998. 'Widdowson's model of communicative competence and the testing of reading: An exploratory study.' System 26/3: 281-302.
33. Garfinkel, H. 1967. Studies in Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
34. Gass, S. 1997. Input, Interaction and the Second Language Learner. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
35. Gass, S. 1998. 'Apples and oranges: Or, why apples are not orange and don't need to be - A response to Firth and Wagner.' Modern Language Journal 82/1:83-90.
36. Gass, S. 2004. 'Conversation analysis and input-interaction.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 596-602.
37. Gass, S. and L. Selinker. 2001. Second Language Acquisition: An introductory course. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
38. Green, J. and C. Dixon. 2002. 'Exploring differences in perspectives on microanalysis of classroom discourse: Contributions and concerns.' Applied Linguistics 23/3: 393-406.
39. Green, J., M. Franquiz, and C. Dixon. 1997. The myth of the objective transcript: Transcribing as a situated act.' TESOL Quarterly 31/1: 172-6.
40. Gregg, K. 1993. Taking explanation seriously; or let a couple of flowers bloom.' Applied Linguistics 14/3: 276-94.
41. Gumperz, J. 2001. 'Interactional sociolinguistics: A personal perspective.' in D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen, and H. Hamilton, (eds): The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, pp. 214-28.
42. Hall, J. 1995a. ' "Aw, man, where you goin'?": Classroom interaction and the development of L2 interactional competence.' Issues in Applied Linguistics 6/2: 37-62.
43. Hall, J. 1995b. '(Ke)creating our worlds with words: A sociohistorical perspective of face-to-face interaction.' Applied Linguistics 16/2: 206-32.
44. Hall, J. 1998. 'Differential teacher attention to student utterances: The construction of different opportunities for learning in the IRF.' Linguistics and Education 9/3: 287-311.
45. Hall, J. 2004. 'Language learning as an interactional achievement.' Modern Language Journal 88/4:607-12.
46. Harley, B., J. Cummins, M. Swain, and P. Allen. 1990. The nature of language proficiency.' in B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, and M. Swain (eds): The Development of Second Language Proficiency. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 7-25.
47. He, A. 2004. 'CA for SLA: Arguments from the Chinese language classroom.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 568-82.
48. He, A. and R. Young. 1998. 'Language proficiency interviews: A discourse approach.' in R. Young and W. He (eds): Talking and Testing: Discourse approaches to the assessment of oral proficiency. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 1-24.
49. Heap, J. 1982. 'Understanding classroom events: A critique of Durkin, with an alternative.' Journal of Reading Behavior 45/4: 391-411.
50. Heritage, J. 1984a. Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
51. Heritage, J. 1984b. 'A change-of-state token and aspects of its sequential placement.' in M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds): Structures of Social Action: Studies in conversation analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 299-345.
52. Hoekje, B. and K. Linnell. 1994. ' "Authenticity" in language testing: Evaluating spoken language tests for international teaching assistants.' TESOL Quarterly 28: 103-26.
53. Hymes, D. 1971. 'Competence and performance in linguistic theory.' in R. Huxley and B. Ingram, (eds): Language Acquisition: Models and methods. London: Academic Press, pp. 3-28.
54. Hymes, D. 1973. Toward linguistic competence.' Texas Working Papers in Sociolinguistics 16: Department of Anthropology. Austin: University of Texas.
55. Hymes, D. 1974. 'Ways of speaking,' in R. Bauman and J. Sherzer (eds): Explorations In The Ethnography of Speaking. London: Cambridge University Press, pp. 433-51.
56. Hymes, D. 1992. 'The concept of communicative competence revisited.' in M. Putz. (ed.): Thirty Years of Linguistic Evolution. Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company, pp. 31-57.
57. Jacoby, S. and E. Ochs. 1995. 'Co-construction: An introduction.' Research on Language and Social Interaction 28/3: 171-83.
58. James, C. 1998. Errors in Language Learning and Use. New York: Longman.
59. Jefferson, G. 1984. 'Notes on a systematic deployment of the acknowledgement tokens "Yeah" and "Mm hm".' Papers in Linguistics 17: 197-206.
60. Jefferson, G. 1985. 'An exercise in the transcription and analysis of laughter.' in T. van Dijk (ed.): Handbook of Discourse Analysis: Discourse and dialogue. London: Academic Press, pp. 25-34.
61. Kasper, G. 1997. '"A" stands for acquisition: A response to Firth and Wagner,' Modern Language Journal 81/3: 307-12.
62. Kasper, G. 2004. 'Participant orientations in German conversation-for- learning.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 551-67.
63. Kasper, G. and K. R. Rose. 2002. Pragmatic Development in a Second Language. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
64. Kramsch, C. 1986. 'From language proficiency to interactional competence.' Modern Language Journal 70/4: 366-72.
65. Lantolf, J. 1996. 'SLA theory building: "Letting all the flowers bloom!"' Language Learning 46/4: 713-749.
66. Lapadat, J. and A. Lindsay. 1999. Transcription in research and practice: From standardization and technique to interpretive positionings.' Qualitative Inquiry 5/1: 64-86.
67. Larsen-Freeman, D. 2004. CA for SLA? It all depends...' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 603-7.
68. Lerner, G. 1996. 'Finding "face" in the preference structures of talk-in-interaction.' Social Psychology Quarterly 59/4: 303-21.
69. Liddicoat, A. 1997. 'Interaction, social structure, and second language use: A response to Firth and Wagner.' Modern Language Journal 81/3: 312-17.
70. Long, M. 1993. 'Assessment strategies for second language acquisition theories.' Applied Linguistics 14/3: 225-49.
71. Long, M. 1996. The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition.' in W. C. Ritchie (ed.): Handbook of Second Language Acquisition. New York: Academic Press, pp. 413-68.
72. Long, M. 1997. 'Construct validity in SLA research: A response to Firth and Wagner.' Modern Language Journal 81/3: 318-23.
73. Long, M. and P. Robinson. 1998. 'Focus on form: Theory, research and practice.' in C. Doughty and J. Williams (eds): Focus on Form in Classroom Language Acquisition. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 15-41.
74. Long, M. and C. Sato. 1983. 'Classroom foreigner talk discourse: Forms and functions of teachers' questions.' in H. Seliger and M. Long (eds): Classroom Oriented Research in Second Language Acquisition. Rowley, MA: Newbury House, pp. 268-85.
75. Lynch, M. 1993. Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action. New York: Cambridge.
76. Lynch, M. 2002. 'From naturally occurring data to naturally organized ordinary activities: Comment on Speer.' Discourse Studies 4/4: 531-7.
77. Lynch, M. and D. Macbeth. 1998. 'Demonstrating physics lessons.' in J. Greeno and S. Goldman, (eds): Thinking Practices in Mathematics and Science Learning, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 269-97.
78. Lyster, R. 1998. 'Negotiation of form, recasts, and explicit correction in relation to error types and learner repair.' Language Learning 48/2: 183-218.
79. Macbeth, D. 2003. 'Hugh Mehan's "Learning Lessons" reconsidered: On the differences between the naturalistic and critical analysis of classroom discourse.' American Educational Research Journal 40/1: 239-80.
80. Markee, N. 2000. Conversation Analysis. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
81. Markee, N. and G. Kasper. 2004. 'Classroom talks: An introduction.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 491-500.
82. McNamara, T. 1996. Measuring Second Language Performance. London: Longman.
83. McNamara, T. 1997. ' "Interaction" in second language performance assessment: Whose performance?' Applied Linguistics 18/4: 446-66.
84. Mehan, H. 1979. Learning Lesson. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
85. Mehan, H. 1980. The competent student.' Anthropology and Education Quarterly 11/3: 131-52.
86. Mishler, E. G. 1991. 'Representing discourse: The rhetoric of transcription.' Journal of Narrative and Life History 1: 255-80.
87. Mitchell, C. 1984. 'Case studies.' in R. F. Ellen (ed.): Ethnographic Research: A guide to general conduct. New York: Academic Press, pp. 237-41.
88. Moerman, M. and H. Sacks. 1971/1988. 'On understanding in the analysis of natural conversation.' in M. Moerman (ed.): Talking Culture: Ethnography and conversation analysis. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 180-86.
89. Mondada, L. and S. Pekarek Doehler. 2004. 'Second language acquisition as situated practice: Task accomplishment in the French second language classroom.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 501-18.
90. Mori, J. 2004. 'Negotiating sequential boundaries and learning opportunities: A case from a Japanese language classroom.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 536-50.
91. Munby, J. 1978. Communicative Syllabus Design. New York: Cambridge University Press.
92. Nicholas, H., P. Lightbown, and N. Spada. 2001. 'Recasts as feedback to language learners.' Language Learning 51/4: 719-58.
93. Nunn, R. 1999. The purpose of language teachers' questions.' International Review of Applied Linguistics 37/1: 23-34.
94. Ochs, E. 1979. Transcription as theory.' in E. Ochs and B. B. Schieffelin (eds.): Developmental Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, pp.43-72.
95. Pica, T. 1987. 'Second language acquisition, social interaction and the classroom.' Applied Linguistics 8/1:3-21.
96. Pomerantz, A. 1984, 'Pursuing a response' in J. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds): Structures of Social Action: Studies in conversation analysis, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 152-63.
97. Richards, J. and T. S. Rogers. 1986. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: A description and analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
98. Riggenbach, H. 1991. Toward an understanding of fluency: A microanalysis of nonnative speaking conversations.' Discourse Processes 14/4: 423-41.
99. Sacks, H. 1984. 'Notes on methodology.' in J. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds): Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21-7.
100. Sacks, H. 1992. Lectures on Conversation. Cambridge: Blackwell.
101. Sacks, H., E. Schegloff, and G. Jefferson. 1974. 'A simplest systematics for the organization of turn-taking for conversation.' Language 50/4: 693-735.
102. Sato, K. and R. Kleinsasser. 1999. 'Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): Practical understandings.' Modem Language Journal 83/4: 494-517.
103. Savignon, S. 1983. Communicative Competence: Theory and classroom practice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
104. Savignon, S. 1997. Communicative Competence: Theory and classroom practice. New York: McGraw-Hill.
105. Saville-Troike, M. 1996. The ethnography of communication.' in S. L. McKay and N. H. Hornberger (eds): Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 353-82.
106. Schachter, J. 1982. 'On negative input.' Paper presented at the Language Universals and Second Language Acquisition. Los Angeles, CA.
107. Schachter, J. 1990. 'Communicative competence revisited.' in B. Harley, P. Allen, J. Cummins, and M. Swain (eds): The Development of Second Language Proficiency. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 39-49.
108. Schegloff, E. 1981. 'Discourse as an interactional achievement: Some uses of "Uh huh" and other things that come between sentences.' in D. Tannen (ed.). Georgetown University Roundtable on Language Linguistics: Analyzing discourse - Text and talk. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, pp. 71-93.
109. Schegloff, E. 1986. "The routine as achievement.' Human Studies 9/2-3: 110-51.
110. Schegloff, E. 1988. 'Presequences and indirection: Applying speech act theory to ordinary conversation.' Journal of Pragmatics 12/1: 55-62.
111. Schegloff, E. 1989. 'Reflections on language, development, and the interactional character of talk-in-interaction.' in M. Bornstein and J. Bruner (eds): Interaction in Human Development. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associate, pp. 139-53.
112. Schegloff, E. 1991. 'Conversation analysis and socially shared cognition' in B. Resnick, J. M. Levine, and S. D. Teasley (eds): Perspectives on Socially Shared Cognition. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, pp. 150-71.
113. Schegloff, E. 1992. 'Repair after next turn: The last structurally provided defense of intersubjectivity in conversation.' American Journal of Sociology 97/5: 1295-345.
114. Schegloff, E., G. Jefferson, and H. Sacks. 1977. "The preference for self-correction in the organization of repair in conversation.' Language 53/2: 363-82.
115. Schegloff, E., I. Koshlk, S. Jacoby, and D. Olsher. 2002. 'Conversation analysis and applied linguistics.' Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 22: 3-31.
116. Schiffrin, D. 1996. 'Interactional sociolinguistics.' in S. McKay and N. Hornberger (eds): Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 307-28.
117. Searle, J. 1975. 'Indirect speech acts' in P. Cole and J. Morgan, (eds): Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press, pp. 59-82.
118. Seedhouse, P. 2004. The Interactional Architecture of the Language Classroom: A conversation analysis perspective. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
119. Sharrock, W. and B. Anderson. 1982. Talking and teaching: Reflective comments on in-classroom activities.' in. G. Payne and E. Cuff (eds): Doing Teaching: The practical management of classrooms. London: Batsford Academic and Educational, pp. 170-83.
120. Shehadeh, A. 1999. 'Non-native speakers' production of modified comprehensible output and second language learning.' Language Learning 49/4: 627-75.
121. Sinclair, J. and R. Coulthard. 1975. Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English used by teachers and pupils. London: Oxford University Press.
122. Singh, R., J. Lele, and G. Martohardjono. 1988. 'Communication in a multilingual society: Some missed opportunities.' Language in Society 17/1: 43-59.
123. Skehan, P. 1995. 'Analysabilily, accessibility, and ability for use.' in G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds): Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 91-106.
124. Spolsky, B. 1989. 'Communicative competence, language proficiency, and beyond.' Applied Linguistics 10/2: 138-55.
125. Stern, H. 1983. Fundamental Concepts of Language Teaching. New York: Oxford University Press.
126. Taylor, D. 1988. The meaning and use of the term 'competence' in linguistics and applied linguistics.' Applied Linguistics 9/2: 148-68.
127. Tyler, A. 1995. 'The construction of cross-cultural miscommunication: Conflicts in. perception, negotiation, and enactment of participant role and status.' Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17/2: 129-52.
128. van Lier, L. 1994. 'Forks and hope: Pursuing understanding in different ways.' Applied Linguistics 15/3: 328-46.
129. Vygotsky, L. 1978. Mind in Society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
130. Wagner, J. and R. Gardner. 2004. 'Introduction.' in R. Gardner and J. Wagner (eds): Second Language Conversations, New York: Continuum, pp. 1-17.
131. Wells, G. 1993. 'Reevaluating the TRF sequence: A proposal for the articulation of theories of activity and discourse tor the analysis of teaching and learning in the classroom.' Linguistics and Education 5/1: 1-37.
132. West, C. 1996. 'Ethnography and orthography: A (modest) methodological proposal.' Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 25/3: 327-52.
133. Widdowson, H. 1978. Teaching Language as Communication. New York: Oxford University Press.
134. Widdowson, H. 1983. Learning Purpose and Language Use. New York: Oxford University Press.
135. Wilkins, L. 1982 (ed). Communicating in the Classroom. New York: Academic Press.
136. Young, R. 2000. 'Interactional competence: Challenges for validity.' ERIC 444361, Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Vancouver, Canada.
137. Young, R. and E. Miller. 2004. 'Learning as changing participation: Discourse roles in ESL writing conferences.' Modern Language Journal 88/4: 519-35.
138. Zimmerman, D. and M. Pollner. 1970. 'The everyday world as a phenomenon.' in J. Douglas (ed.): Understanding Everyday Life. Chicago: Aldine, pp. 80-103.