Consequences of intrauterine growth restriction for the kidney

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 108-125

  Schreuder, Michiel ^a   Delemarre Van De Waal, Henriette ^a   Van Wijk, Ans ^a  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Glomerular hyperfiltration; Glomerular number; Glomerulosclerosis; Insulin like growth factor I; Intrauterine growth restriction; Kidney function; Low birth weight; Nephrogenesis; Nitric oxide; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

AMIKACIN; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DEXAMETHASONE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; NITRIC OXIDE; SOMATOMEDIN C; STEROID;

APOPTOSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DRUG CLEARANCE; GLOMERULOPATHY; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; KIDNEY DEVELOPMENT; KIDNEY DISEASE; KIDNEY FAILURE; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; NEPHRON; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; ULTRAFILTRATION; VULNERABLE POPULATION;

ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; FEMALE; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; INFANT, NEWBORN; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; KIDNEY; MODELS, ANIMAL; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; NITRIC OXIDE; PREGNANCY; RATS; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM; SHEEP; SWINE; URIC ACID;

EID: 33747065821     PISSN: 14204096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000094538     Document Type: Review

References (360)

1. Barker DJ, Osmond C: Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet 1986;i:1077-1081.
2. Hales CN, Barker DJ, Clark PM, Cox LJ, Fall C, Osmond C, Winter PD: Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ 1991;303:1019-1022.
3. Law CM, de Swiet M, Osmond C, Fayers PM, Barker DJ, Cruddas AM, Fall CH: Initiation of hypertension in utero and its amplification throughout life. BMJ 1993;306:24-27.
4. Barker DJ: Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ 1995;311:171-174.
5. Lopes AA, Port FK: The low birth weight hypothesis as a plausible explanation for the black/white differences in hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, and end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1995;25:350-356.
6. Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CM: The role of size at birth and postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens 2000;18:815-831.
7. Godfrey KM, Barker DJ: Fetal nutrition and adult disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:1344S-1352S.
8. Barker DJ: The malnourished baby and infant. Br Med Bull 2001;60:69-88.
9. Hales CN, Barker DJ: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Br Med Bull 2001;60:5-20.
10. Hales CN, Ozanne SE: For debate: fetal and early postnatal growth restriction lead to diabetes, the metabolic syndrome and renal failure. Diabetologia 2003;46:1013-1019.
11. Aperia A, Celsi G: Ontogenic processes in nephron epithelia. Structure, enzymes, and function; in Seldin DW, Giebisch G (eds): The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. New York, Raven Press, 1992, vol2, pp 803-828.
12. Nigam SK, Aperia AC, Brenner BM: Development and maturation of the kidney; in Brenner BM (ed): Brenner and Rector's the Kidney. London, Saunders, 1996, vol 5, pp 72-98.
13. Hall JE, Brands MW: The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems. Renal mechanisms and circulatory homeostasis; in Seldin DW, Giebisch G (eds): The Kidney: Physiology and Pathophysiology. New York, Raven Press, 1992, vol 2, pp 1455-1504.
14. Yosipiv IV, el Dahr SS: Activation of angiotensin-generating systems in the developing rat kidney. Hypertension 1996;27:281-286.
15. Schutz S, Le Moullec JM, Corvol P, Gasc JM: Early expression of all the components of the renin-angiotensin-system in human development. Am J Pathol 1996;149:2067-2079.
16. McCausland JE, Bertram JF, Ryan GB, Alcorn D: Glomerular number and size following chronic angiotensin II blockade in the postnatal rat. Exp Nephrol 1997;5:201-209.
17. Wintour EM: The renin-angiotensin system and the development of the kidney. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1997;8:199-207.
18. Guron G, Friberg P: An intact renin-angiotensin system is a prerequisite for normal renal development. J Hypertens 2000;18:123-137.
19. Iosipiv IV, Schroeder M: A role for angiotensin II AT1 receptors in ureteric bud cell branching. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;285:F199-F207.
20. Liu ZZ, Wada J, Alvares K, Kumar A, Wallner EI, Kanwar YS: Distribution and relevance of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in metanephric development. Kidney Int 1993;44:1242-1250.
21. Matsell DG, Delhanty PJ, Stepaniuk O, Goodyear C, Han VK: Expression of insulin-like growth factor and binding protein genes during nephrogenesis. Kidney Int 1994;46:1031-1042.
22. Hammerman MR: Growth factors in renal development. Semin Nephrol 1995;15:291-299.
23. Nilsson AB, Nitescu N, Chen Y, Guron GS, Marcussen N, Matejka GL, Friberg P: IGF-I treatment attenuates renal abnormalities induced by neonatal ACE inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000;279:R1050-R1060.
24. Flyvbjerg A, Schrijvers BF, De Vriese AS, Tilton RG, Rasch R: Compensatory glomerular growth after unilateral nephrectomy is VEGF dependent. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;283:E362-E366.
25. Okada T, Iwamoto A, Mukamoto M, Nakamura J, Kusakabe K, Kiso Y, Morioka H, Morikawa Y: Perinatal development of the rat kidney: apoptosis and epidermal growth factor. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2003;43:161-167.
26. Kanwar YS, Wada J, Lin S, Danesh FR, Chugh SS, Yang Q, Banerjee T, Lomasney JW: Update of extracellular matrix, its receptors, and cell adhesion molecules in mammalian nephrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004;286:F202-F215.
27. Jung JY, Song JH, Li C, Yang CW, Kang TC, Won MH, Jeong YG, Han KH, Choi KB, Lee SH, Kim J: Expression of epidermal growth factor in the developing rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;288:F227-F235.
28. Koseki C, Herzlinger D, al Awqati Q: Apoptosis in metanephric development. J Cell Biol 1992;119:1327-1333.
29. Coles HS, Burne JF, Raff MC: Large-scale normal cell death in the developing rat kidney and its reduction by epidermal growth factor. Development 1993;118:777-784.
30. Winyard PJ, Nauta J, Lirenman DS, Hardman P, Sams VR, Risdon RA, Woolf AS: Deregulation of cell survival in cystic and dysplastic renal development. Kidney Int 1996;49:135-146.
31. Sorenson CM: Life, death and kidneys: regulation of renal programmed cell death. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1998;7:5-12.
32. Woolf AS, Welham SJ: Cell turnover in normal and abnormal kidney development. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17(suppl 9):2-4.
33. Pole RJ, Qi BQ, Beasley SW: Patterns of apoptosis during degeneration of the pronephros and mesonephros. J Urol 2002;167:269-271.
34. Welham SJ, Wade A, Woolf AS: Protein restriction in pregnancy is associated with increased apoptosis of mesenchymal cells at the start of rat metanephrogenesis. Kidney Int 2002;61:1231-1242.
35. Vilar J, Gilbert T, Moreau E, Merlet-Benichou C: Metanephros organogenesis is highly stimulated by vitamin A derivatives in organ culture. Kidney Int 1996;49:1478-1487.
36. Amri K, Freund N, Vilar J, Merlet-Benichou C, Lelievre-Pegorier M: Adverse effects of hyperglycemia on kidney development in rats: in vivo and in vitro studies. Diabetes 1999;48:2240-2245.
37. Merlet-Benichou C: Influence of fetal environment on kidney development. Int J Dev Biol 1999;43:453-456.
38. Amri K, Freund N, Van Huyen JP, Merlet-Benichou C, Lelievre-Pegorier M: Altered nephrogenesis due to maternal diabetes is associated with increased expression of IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor in the fetal kidney. Diabetes 2001;50:1069-1075.
39. Potter EL, Thierstein ST: Glomerular development in the kidney as an index of fetal maturity. J Pediatr 1943;22:695-706.
40. MacDonald MS, Emery JL: The late intrauterine and postnatal development of human renal glomeruli. J Anat 1959;93:331-340.
41. Hinchliffe SA, Sargent PH, Howard CV, Chan YF, van Velzen D: Human intrauterine renal growth expressed in absolute number of glomeruli assessed by the disector method and Cavalieri principle. Lab Invest 1991;64:777-784.
42. Lizardo-Daudt HM, Edelweiss MI, Santos FT, Schumacher R: Diagnosis of the human fetal age based on the development of the normal kidney. J Bras Patol Med Lab 2002;38:135-139.
43. Saeki T: Über die Zahl und die Grösse der Glomeruli in der Niere einiger Säugetiere. Acta Sch Med Univ Imp Kioto 1925;8:189-196.
44. Vimtrup BJ: On the number, shape, structure, and surface area of the glomeruli in the kidneys of man and mammals. Am J Anat 1928;41:123-151.
45. Moberg E: Anzahl und Grösse der Glomeruli renales beim Menschen nebst Methoden, diese zahlenmässig festzustellen. Z Mikrosk Anat Forsch 1929;18:271-310.
46. Moore RA: The total number of glomeruli in the normal human kidney. Anat Rec 1931;48:153-168.
47. Hayman JM, Johnston SM: Experiments on the relation of creatinine and urea clearance tests of kidney function and the number of glomeruli in the human kidney obtained at autopsy. J Clin Invest 1933;12:877-884.
48. Moritz AR, Hayman JM: The disappearance of glomeruli in chronic kidney disease. Am J Pathol 1934;80:505-518.
49. Dunnill MS, Halley W: Some observations on the quantitative anatomy of the kidney. J Pathol 1973;110:113-121.
50. McLachlan MS, Guthrie JC, Anderson CK, Fulker MJ: Vascular and glomerular changes in the ageing kidney. J Pathol 1977;121:65-78.
51. Hinchliffe SA, Howard CV, Lynch MR, Sargent PH, Judd BA, van Velzen D: Renal developmental arrest in sudden infant death syndrome. Pediatr Pathol 1993;13:333-343.
52. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF: Glomerular number and size in relation to age, kidney weight, and body surface in normal man. Anat Rec 1992;232:194-201.
53. Merlet-Benichou C, Vilar J, Lelievre-Pegorier M, Moreau E, Gilbert T: Fetal nephron mass: its control and deficit. Adv Nephrol Necker Hosp 1997;26:19-45.
54. Hoy WE, Douglas-Denton RN, Hughson MD, Cass A, Johnson K, Bertram JF: A stereological study of glomerular number and volume: preliminary findings in a multiracial study of kidneys at autopsy. Kidney Int Suppl 2003;83:S31-S37.
55. Bajoria R, Sooranna SR, Ward S, D'Souza S, Hancock M: Placental transport rather than maternal concentration of amino acids regulates fetal growth in monochorionic twins: implications for fetal origin hypothesis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1239-1246.
56. Henriksen T, Clausen T: The fetal origins hypothesis: placental insufficiency and inheritance versus maternal malnutrition in well-nourished populations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002;81:112-114.
57. Seckl JR, Cleasby M, Nyirenda MJ: Glucocorticoids, 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and fetal programming. Kidney Int 2000;57:1412-1417.
58. Hinchliffe SA, Lynch MR, Sargent PH, Howard CV, van Velzen D: The effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the development of renal nephrons. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:296-301.
59. Merlet-Benichou C, Gilbert T, Vilar J, Moreau E, Freund N, Lelievre-Pegorier M: Nephron number: variability is the rule. Causes and consequences. Lab Invest 1999;79:515-527.
60. Beech DJ, Sibbons PD, Howard CV, van Velzen D: Renal developmental delay expressed by reduced glomerular number and its association with growth retardation in victims of sudden infant death syndrome and in 'normal' infants. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000;3:450-454.
61. Manalich R, Reyes L, Herrera M, Melendi C, Fundora I: Relationship between weight at birth and the number and size of renal glomeruli in humans: a histomorphometric study. Kidney Int 2000;58:770-773.
62. Zidar N, Cor A, Premru ST, Stajer D: Is there an association between glomerular density and birth weight in healthy humans. Nephron 1998;80:97-98.
63. Hughson M, Farris AB, Douglas-Denton R, Hoy WE, Bertram JF: Glomerular number and size in autopsy kidneys: the relationship to birth weight. Kidney Int 2003;63:2113-2122.
64. Rodriguez MM, Gomez AH, Abitbol CL, Chandar JJ, Duara S, Zilleruelo GE: Histomorphometric analysis of postnatal glomerulogenesis in extremely preterm infants. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2004;7:17-25.
65. Rodriguez MM, Gomez A, Abitbol C, Chandar J, Montane B, Zilleruelo G: Comparative renal histomorphometry: a case study of oligonephropathy of prematurity. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:945-949.
66. Gubhaju L, Black MJ: The baboon as a good model for studies of human kidney development. Pediatr Res 2005;58:505-509.
67. Sato A, Yamaguchi Y, Liou SM, Sato M, Suzuki M: Growth of the fetal kidney assessed by real-time ultrasound. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1985;20:1-5.
68. Deutinger J, Bartl W, Pfersmann C, Neumark J, Bernaschek G: Fetal kidney volume and urine production in cases of fetal growth retardation. J Perinat Med 1987;15:307-315.
69. Konje JC, Bell SC, Morton JJ, de Chazal R, Taylor DJ: Human fetal kidney morphometry during gestation and the relationship between weight, kidney morphometry and plasma active renin concentration at birth. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91:169-175.
70. Konje JC, Okaro CI, Bell SC, de Chazal R, Taylor DJ: A cross-sectional study of changes in fetal renal size with gestation in appropriate- and small-for-gestational-age fetuses. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997;10:22-26.
71. Lampl M, Kuzawa CW, Jeanty P: Infants thinner at birth exhibit smaller kidneys for their size in late gestation in a sample of fetuses with appropriate growth. Am J Hum Biol 2002;14:398-406.
72. Silver LE, Decamps PJ, Korst LM, Platt LD, Castro LC: Intrauterine growth restriction is accompanied by decreased renal volume in the human fetus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1320-1325.
73. Latini G, De Mitri B, Del Vecchio A, Chitano G, De Felice C, Zetterstrom R: Foetal growth of kidneys, liver and spleen in intrauterine growth restriction: 'programming' causing 'metabolic syndrome' in adult age. Acta Paediatr 2004;93:1635-1639.
74. Hotoura E, Argyropoulou M, Papadopoulou F, Giapros V, Drougia A, Nikolopoulos P, Andronikou S: Kidney development in the first year of life in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants. Pediatr Radiol 2005;35:991-994.
75. Schmidt IM, Chellakooty M, Boisen KA, Damgaard IN, Mau KC, Olgaard K, Main KM: Impaired kidney growth in low-birth-weight children: distinct effects of maturity and weight for gestational age. Kidney Int 2005;68:731-740.
76. Spencer J, Wang Z, Hoy W: Low birth weight and reduced renal volume in Aboriginal children. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:915-920.
77. Naeye RL: Malnutrition: probable cause of fetal growth retardation. Arch Pathol 1965;79:284-291.
78. Kaufman JM, Siegel NJ, Hayslett JP: Functional and hemodynamic adaptation to progressive renal ablation. Circ Res 1975;36:286-293.
79. Neuringer JR, Brenner BM: Glomerular hypertension: cause and consequence of renal injury. J Hypertens Suppl 1992;10:S91-S97.
80. Hostetter TH, Olson JL, Rennke HG, Venkatachalam MA, Brenner BM: Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: a potentially adverse response to renal ablation. Am J Physiol 1981;241:F85-F93.
81. Brenner BM, Anderson S: The interrelationships among filtration surface area, blood pressure, and chronic renal disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1992;19(suppl 6):S1-S7.
82. Brenner BM, Lawler EV, Mackenzie HS: The hyperfiltration theory: a paradigm shift in nephrology. Kidney Int 1996;49:1774-1777.
83. Hostetter TH: Hyperfiltration and glomerulosclerosis. Semin Nephrol 2003;23:194-199.
84. Fogo A, Ichikawa I: Evidence for a pathogenic linkage between glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 1991;17:666-669.
85. Garrett PJ, Bass PS, Sandeman DD: Barker, Brenner, and babies - early environment and renal disease in adulthood. J Pathol 1994;173:299-300.
86. Hales CN: Suicide of the nephron. Lancet 2001;357:136-137.
87. Hoy WE, Rees M, Kile E, Mathews JD, Wang Z: A new dimension to the Barker hypothesis: low birthweight and susceptibility to renal disease. Kidney Int 1999;56:1072-1077.
88. Lackland DT, Bendall HE, Osmond C, Egan BM, Barker DJ: Low birth weights contribute to high rates of early-onse chronic renal failure in the Southeastern United States. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1472-1476.
89. Fan Z, Lipsitz S, Egan B, Lackland D: The impact of birth weight on the racial disparity of end-stage renal disease. Ann Epidemiol 2000;10:459.
90. Lackland DT, Egan BM, Fan ZJ, Syddall HE: Low birth weight contributes to the excess prevalence of end-stage renal disease in African Americans. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2001;3:29-31.
91. Young RJ, Hoy WE, Kincaid-Smith P, Seymour AE, Bertram JF: Glomerular size and glomerulosclerosis in Australian aborigines. Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36:481-489.
92. Hughson MD, Johnson K, Young RJ, Hoy WE, Bertram JF: Glomerular size and glomerulosclerosis: relationships to disease categories, glomerular solidification, and ischemic obsolescence. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:679-688.
93. Hayman JM, Martin JW, Miller M: Renal function and the number of glomeruli in the human kidney. Arch Intern Med 1939;64:69-83.
94. Keller G, Zimmer G, Mall G, Ritz E, Amann K: Nephron number in patients with primary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2003;348:101-108.
95. Ortiz LA, Quan A, Weinberg A, Baum M: Effect of prenatal dexamethasone on rat renal development. Kidney Int 2001;59:1663-1669.
96. Langley-Evans S, Langley-Evans A, Marchand M: Nutritional programming of blood pressure and renal morphology. Arch Physiol Biochem 2003;111:8-16.
97. Manning J, Beutler K, Knepper MA, Vehaskari VM: Upregulation of renal BSC1 and TSC in prenatally programmed hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;283:F202-F206.
98. Bains RK, Sibbons PD, Murray RD, Howard CV, van Velzen D: Stereological estimation of the absolute number of glomeruli in the kidneys of lambs. Res Vet Sci 1996;60:122-125.
99. Bauer R, Walter B, Ihring W, Kluge H, Lampe V, Zwiener U: Altered renal function in growth-restricted newborn piglets. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;14:735-739.
100. Bauer R, Walter B, Zwiener U: Effect of severe normocapnic hypoxia on renal function in growth-restricted newborn piglets. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000;279:R1010-R1016.
101. Jones SE, Nyengaard JR, Flyvbjerg A, Bilous RW, Marshall SM: Birth weight has no influence on glomerular number and volume. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:340-345.
102. Bauer R, Walter B, Bauer K, Klupsch R, Patt S, Zwiener U: Intrauterine growth restriction reduces nephron number and renal excretory function in newborn piglets. Acta Physiol Scand 2002;176:83-90.
103. Woods LL, Weeks DA: Naturally occurring intrauterine growth retardation and adult blood pressure in rats. Pediatr Res 2004;56:763-767.
104. Schreuder MF, Nyengaard JR, Fodor M, van Wijk JA, Delemarre-van de Waal HA: Glomerular number and function are influenced by spontaneous and induced low birth weight in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:2913-2919.
105. Woodall SM, Johnston BM, Breier BH, Gluckman PD: Chronic maternal undernutrition in the rat leads to delayed postnatal growth and elevated blood pressure of offspring. Pediatr Res 1996;40:438-443.
106. Lucas SR, Costa Silva VL, Miraglia SM, Zaladek GF: Functional and morphometric evaluation of offspring kidney after intrauterine undernutrition. Pediatr Nephrol 1997;11:719-723.
107. Garofano A, Czernichow P, Breant B: Postnatal somatic growth and insulin contents in moderate or severe intrauterine growth retardation in the rat. Biol Neonate 1998;73:89-98.
108. Ozaki T, Nishina H, Hanson MA, Poston L: Dietary restriction in pregnant rats causes gender-related hypertension and vascular dysfunction in offspring. J Physiol 2001;530:141-152.
109. Lucas SR, Miraglia SM, Zaladek GF, Machado CT: Intrauterine food restriction as a determinant of nephrosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:467-476.
110. Vickers MH, Ikenasio BA, Breier BH: Adult growth hormone treatment reduces hypertension and obesity induced by an adverse prenatal environment. J Endocrinol 2002;175:615-623.
111. Alves GM, Barao MA, Odo LN, Nascimento GG, Franco Md MC, Nigro D, Lucas SR, Laurindo FR, Brandizzi LI, Zaladek GF: L-Arginine effects on blood pressure and renal function of intrauterine restricted rats. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17:856-862.
112. Almeida JR, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA: Maternal gestational protein-calorie restriction decreases the number of glomeruIi and causes glomerular hypertrophy in adult hypertensive rats. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:945-951.
113. Kind KL, Roberts CT, Sohlstrom AI, Katsman A, Clifton PM, Robinson JS, Owens JA: Chronic maternal feed restriction impairs growth but increases adiposity of the fetal guinea pig. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288:R119-R126.
114. Gil FZ, Lucas SR, Gomes GN, Cavanal MF, Coimbra TM: Effects of intrauterine food restriction and long-term dietary supplementation with L-arginine on age-related changes in renal function and structure of rats. Pediatr Res 2005;57:724-731.
115. Desai M, Gayle D, Babu J, Ross MG: Permanent reduction in heart and kidney organ growth in offspring of undernourished rat dams. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:1224-1232.
116. Gilbert JS, Lang AL, Grant AR, Nijland MJ: Maternal nutrient restriction in sheep: hypertension and decreased nephron number in offspring at 9 months of age. J Physiol 2005;565:137-147.
117. Campbell ME, Williams SJ, Veerareddy S, Davidge ST: Maternal nutrient restriction reduces carotid artery constriction without increasing nitric oxide synthesis in the late gestation rat fetus. Pediatr Res 2005;58:840-844.
118. Riviere G, Michaud A, Breton C, VanCamp G, Laborie C, Enache M, Lesage J, Deloof S, Corvol P, Vieau D: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and ACE activities display tissue-specific sensitivity to undernutrition-programmed hypertension in the adult rat. Hypertension 2005;46:1169-1174.
119. Hall SM, Zeman FJ: Kidney function of the progeny of rats fed a low protein diet. J Nutr 1968;95:49-54.
120. Zeman FJ: Effects of maternal protein restriction on the kidney of the newborn young of rats. J Nutr 1968;94:111-116.
121. Goldstein RS, Hook JB, Bond JT: The effects of maternal protein deprivation on renal development and function in neonatal rats. J Nutr 1979;109:949-957.
122. Langley SC, Jackson AA: Increased systolic blood pressure in adult rats induced by fetal exposure to maternal low protein diets. Clin Sci (Lond) 1994;86:217-222.
123. Merlet-Benichou C, Gilbert T, Muffat-Joly M, Lelievre-Pegorier M, Leroy B: Intrauterine growth retardation leads to a permanent nephron deficit in the rat. Pediatr Nephrol 1994;8:175-180.
124. Langley-Evans SC, Jackson AA: Captopril normalises systolic blood pressure in rats with hypertension induced by fetal exposure to maternal low protein diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 1995;110:223-228.
125. Muaku SM, Beauloye V, Thissen JP, Underwood LE, Fossion C, Gerard G, Ketelslegers JM, Maiter D: Long-term effects of gestational protein malnutrition on postnatal growth, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and IGF-binding proteins in rat progeny. Pediatr Res 1996;39:649-655.
126. Langley-Evans SC, Gardner DS, Jackson AA: Association of disproportionate growth of fetal rats in late gestation with raised systolic blood pressure in later life. J Reprod Fertil 1996;106:307-312.
127. Sherman RC, Langley-Evans SC: Early administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril prevents the development of hypertension programmed by intrauterine exposure to a maternal low-protein diet in the rat. Clin Sci (Colch) 1998;94:373-381.
128. Langley-Evans SC, Welham SJ, Jackson AA: Fetal exposure to a maternal low protein diet impairs nephrogenesis and promotes hypertension in the rat. Life Sci 1999;64:965-974.
129. Nwagwu MO, Cook A, Langley-Evans SC: Evidence of progressive deterioration of renal function in rats exposed to a maternal low-protein diet in utero. Br J Nutr 2000;83:79-85.
130. Gurnani A, Nenov V, Taal MW, Troy JL, Mackenzie HS, Brenner BM: Congenital nephron deficit (first hit) predicts increased renal injury in uninephrectomized rats (second hit). American Society of Nephrology Renal Week, Toronto, 2000, No A3268.
131. Zimanyi MA, Bertram JF, Black MJ: Nephron number in offspring of rats fed a low protein diet during pregnancy. Image Anal Stereol 2000;19:219-222.
132. Kwong WY, Wild AE, Roberts P, Willis AC, Fleming TP: Maternal undernutrition during the preimplantation period of rat development causes blastocyst abnormalities and programming of postnatal hypertension. Development 2000;127:4195-4202.
133. Vehaskari VM, Aviles DH, Manning J: Prenatal programming of adult hypertension in the rat. Kidney Int 2001;59:238-245.
134. Woods LL, Ingelfinger JR, Nyengaard JR, Rasch R: Maternal protein restriction suppresses the newborn renin-angiotensin system and programs adult hypertension in rats. Pediatr Res 2001;49:460-467.
135. Jones SE, Bilous RW, Flyvbjerg A, Marshall SM: Intra-uterine environment influences glomerular number and the acute renal adaptation to experimental diabetes. Diabetologia 2001;44:721-728.
136. Courreges MC, Macagno ME, Diaz ML, Monserrat AJ: Gestational protein restriction induces a reduced number of glomeruli in the young. Nutr Res 2002;22:1497-1505.
137. Jackson AA, Dunn RL, Marchand MC, Langley-Evans SC: Increased systolic blood pressure in rats induced by a maternal low-protein diet is reversed by dietary supplementation with glycine. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002;103:633-639.
138. Brawley L, Itoh S, Torrens C, Barker A, Bertram C, Poston L, Hanson M: Dietary protein restriction in pregnancy induces hypertension and vascular defects in rat male offspring. Pediatr Res 2003;54:83-90.
139. Sahajpal V, Ashton N: Renal function and angiotensin AT1 receptor expression in young rats following intrauterine exposure to a maternal low-protein diet. Clin Sci (Lond) 2003;104:607-614.
140. McMullen S, Gardner DS, Langley-Evans SC: Prenatal programming of angiotensin II type 2 receptor expression in the rat. Br J Nutr 2004;91:133-140.
141. Woods LL, Weeks DA, Rasch R: Programming of adult blood pressure by maternal protein restriction: role of nephrogenesis. Kidney Int 2004;65:1339-1348.
142. Zimanyi MA, Bertram JF, Black MJ: Does a nephron deficit in rats predispose to salt-sensitive hypertension? Kidney Blood Press Res 2004;27:239-247.
143. McMullen S, Langley-Evans SC: Sex-specific effects of prenatal low-protein and carbenoxolone exposure on renal angiotensin receptor expression in rats. Hypertension 2005;46:1374-1380.
144. Lelievre-Pegorier M, Vilar J, Ferrier ML, Moreau E, Freund N, Gilbert T, Merlet-Benichou C: Mild vitamin A deficiency leads to inborn nephron deficit in the rat. Kidney Int 1998;54:1455-1462.
145. Battista MC, Oligny LL, St Louis J, Brochu M: Intrauterine growth restriction in rats is associated with hypertension and renal dysfunction in adulthood. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002;283:E124-E131.
146. Vidonho AF Jr, da Silva AA, Catanozi S, Rocha JC, Beutel A, Carillo BA, Furukawa LN, Campos RR, Toledo Bergamaschi CM, Carpinelli AR, Quintao EC, Dolnikoff MS, Heimann JC: Perinatal salt restriction: a new pathway to programming insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in adult Wistar rats. Pediatr Res 2004;56:842-848.
147. Lewis RM, Forhead AJ, Petry CJ, Ozanne SE, Hales CN: Long-term programming of blood pressure by maternal dietary iron restriction in the rat. Br J Nutr 2002;88:283-290.
148. Lisle SJ, Lewis RM, Petry CJ, Ozanne SE, Hales CN, Forhead AJ: Effect of maternal iron restriction during pregnancy on renal morphology in the adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2003;90:33-39.
149. Louey S, Cock ML, Stevenson KM, Harding R: Placental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction lead to postnatal hypotension and altered postnatal growth in sheep. Pediatr Res 2000;48:808-814.
150. Mitchell EK, Louey S, Cock ML, Harding R, Black MJ: Nephron endowment and filtration surface area in the kidney after growth restriction of fetal sheep. Pediatr Res 2004;55:769-773.
151. Lafeber HN, Rolph TP, Jones CT: Studies on the growth of the fetal guinea pig. The effects of ligation of the uterine artery on organ growth and development. J Dev Physiol 1984;6:441-459.
152. Ogata ES, Bussey ME, LaBarbera A, Finley S: Altered growth, hypoglycemia, hypoalaninemia, and ketonemia in the young rat: postnatal consequences of intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res 1985;19:32-37.
153. Bassan H, Trejo LL, Kariv N, Bassan M, Berger E, Fattal A, Gozes I, Harel S: Experimental intrauterine growth retardation alters renal development. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15:192-195.
154. Zhang DY, Lumbers ER, Simonetta G, Wu JJ, Owens JA, Robinson JS, McMillen IC: Effects of placental insufficiency on the ovine fetal renin-angiotensin system. Exp Physiol 2000;85:79-84.
155. Pham TD, MacLennan NK, Chiu CT, Laksana GS, Hsu JL, Lane RH: Uteroplacental insufficiency increases apoptosis and alters p53 gene methylation in the full-term IUGR rat kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003;285:R962-R970.
156. Alexander BT: Placental insufficiency leads to development of hypertension in growth-restricted offspring. Hypertension 2003;41:457-462.
157. Briscoe TA, Rehn AE, Dieni S, Duncan JR, Wlodek ME, Owens JA, Rees SM: Cardiovascular and renal disease in the adolescent guinea pig after chronic placental insufficiency. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:847-855.
158. Sanders M, Fazzi G, Janssen G, Blanco C, De Mey J: Prenatal stress changes rat arterial adrenergic reactivity in a regionally selective manner. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;488:147-155.
159. Sanders MW, Fazzi GE, Janssen GM, de Leeuw PW, Blanco CE, De Mey JG: Reduced uteroplacental blood flow alters renal arterial reactivity and glomerular properties in the rat offspring. Hypertension 2004;43:1283-1289.
160. Alexander BT, Hendon AE, Ferril G, Dwyer TM: Renal denervation abolishes hypertension in low-birth-weight offspring from pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion. Hypertension 2005;45:754-758.
161. Schreuder MF, Fodor M, van Wijk JA, Delemarre-van de Waal HA: Association of birth weight with cardiovascular parameters in adult rats during baseline and stressed conditions. Pediatr Res 2006;59:126-130.
162. Sanders MW, Fazzi GE, Janssen GM, Blanco CE, De Mey JG: High sodium intake increases blood pressure and alters renal function in intrauterine growth-retarded rats. Hypertension 2005;46:71-75.
163. Carter AM, Kingston MJ, Han KK, Mazzuca DM, Nygard K, Han VK: Altered expression of IGFs and IGF-binding proteins during intrauterine growth restriction in guinea pigs. J Endocrinol 2005;184:179-189.
164. Epstein MF, Farrell PM, Sparks JW, Pepe G, Driscoll SG, Chez RA: Maternal betamethasone and fetal growth and development in the monkey. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;127:261-263.
165. Celsi G, Kistner A, Aizman R, Eklof AC, Ceccatelli S, de Santiago A, Jacobson SH: Prenatal dexamethasone causes oligonephronia, sodium retention, and higher blood pressure in the offspring. Pediatr Res 1998;44:317-322.
166. Moritz KM, Johnson K, Douglas-Denton R, Wintour EM, Dodic M: Maternal glucocorticoid treatment programs alterations in the renin-angiotensin system of the ovine fetal kidney. Endocrinology 2002;143:4455-4463.
167. Ortiz LA, Quan A, Zarzar F, Weinberg A, Baum M: Prenatal dexamethasone programs hypertension and renal injury in the rat. Hypertension 2003;41:328-334.
168. Martins JP, Monteiro JC, Paixao AD: Renal function in adult rats subjected to prenatal dexamethasone. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2003;30:32-37.
169. Kutzler MA, Ruane EK, Coksaygan T, Vincent SE, Nathanielsz PW: Effects of three courses of maternally administered dexamethasone at 0.7, 0.75, and 0.8 of gestation on prenatal and postnatal growth in sheep. Pediatrics 2004;113:313-319.
170. Roghair RD, Lamb FS, Miller FJ Jr, Scholz TD, Segar JL: Early gestation dexamethasone programs enhanced postnatal ovine coronary artery vascular reactivity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288:R46-R53.
171. Woods LL, Weeks DA: Prenatal programming of adult blood pressure: role of maternal corticosteroids. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;289:R955-R962.
172. Figueroa JP, Rose JC, Massmann GA, Zhang J, Acuna G: Alterations in fetal kidney development and elevations in arterial blood pressure in young adult sheep after clinical doses of antenatal glucocorticoids. Pediatr Res 2005;58:510-515.
173. Manning J, Vehaskari VM: Low birth weight-associated adult hypertension in the rat. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:417-422.
174. Langley-Evans SC, Welham SJ, Sherman RC, Jackson AA: Weanling rats exposed to maternal low-protein diets during discrete periods of gestation exhibit differing severity of hypertension. Clin Sci (Colch) 1996;91:607-615.
175. Kingdom JC, Hayes M, McQueen J, Howatson AG, Lindop GB: Intrauterine growth restriction is associated with persistent juxtamedullary expression of renin in the fetal kidney. Kidney Int 1999;55:424-429.
176. Weiner CP, Robillard JE: Atrial natriuretic factor, digoxin-like immunoreactive substance, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and plasma renin activity in human fetuses and their alteration by fetal disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988;159:1353-1360.
177. Tannirandorn Y, Fisk NM, Shah V, Dillon MJ, Nicolini U, Rodeck CH: Plasma renin activity in fetal disease. J Perinat Med 1990;18:229-231.
178. Kingdom JC, McQueen J, Connell JM, Whittle MJ: Fetal angiotensin II levels and vascular (type I) angiotensin receptors in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;100:476-482.
179. Williams SJ, Olson DM, Zaragoza DB, Coulter CL, Butler TG, Ross JT,
180. Zimmermann H, Gardner DS, Jellyman JK, Fowden AL, Giussani DA, Forhead AJ: Effect of dexamethasone on pulmonary and renal angiotensin-converting enzyme concentration in fetal sheep during late gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1467-1471.
181. Williams SJ, McMillen IC, Zaragoza DB, Olson DM: Placental restriction increases the expression of prostaglandin endoperoxide G/H synthase-2 and EP2 mRNA in the fetal sheep kidney during late gestation. Pediatr Res 2002;52:879-885.
182. Pryde PG, Sedman AB, Nugent CE, Barr M Jr: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1993;3:1575-1582.
183. Sedman AB, Kershaw DB, Bunchman TE: Recognition and management of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9:382-385.
184. Yoo KH, Wolstenholme JT, Chevalier RL: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition decreases growth factor expression in the neonatal rat kidney. Pediatr Res 1997;42:588-592.
185. Tufro-McReddie A, Romano LM, Harris JM, Ferder L, Gomez RA: Angiotensin II regulates nephrogenesis and renal vascular development. Am J Physiol 1995;269:F110-F115.
186. Larsson L: The ultrastructure of the developing proximal tubule in the rat kidney. J Ultrastruct Res 1975;51:119-139.
187. Speller AM, Moffat DB: Tubulo-vascular relationships in the developing kidney. J Anat 1977;123:487-500.
188. Larsson L, Aperia A, Wilton P: Effect of normal development on compensatory renal growth. Kidney Int 1980;18:29-35.
189. Neiss WF, Klehn KL: The postnatal development of the rat kidney, with special reference to the chemodifferentiation of the proximal tubule. Histochemistry 1981;73:251-268.
190. Fischer E, Schnermann J, Briggs JP, Kriz W, Ronco PM, Bachmann S: Ontogeny of NO synthase and renin in juxtaglomerular apparatus of rat kidneys. Am J Physiol 1995;268:F1164-F1176.
191. Han KH, Lim JM, Kim WY, Kim H, Madsen KM, Kim J: Expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in developing rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005;288:F694-F702.
192. Friberg P, Sundelin B, Bohman SO, Bobik A, Nilsson H, Wickman A, Gustafsson H, Petersen J, Adams MA: Renin-angiotensin system in neonatal rats: induction of a renal abnormality in response to ACE inhibition or angiotensin II antagonism. Kidney Int 1994;45:485-492.
193. Spence SG, Allen HL, Cukierski MA, Manson JM, Robertson RT, Eydelloth RS: Defining the susceptible period of developmental toxicity for the AT1-selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan in rats. Teratology 1995;51:367-382.
194. Woods LL, Rasch R: Perinatal ANG II programs adult blood pressure, glomerular number, and renal function in rats. Am J Physiol 1998;275:R1593- R1599.
195. Guron G, Adams MA, Sundelin B, Friberg P: Neonatal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in the rat induces persistent abnormalities in renal function and histology. Hypertension 1997;29:91-97.
196. Guron G, Marcussen N, Nilsson A, Sundelin B, Friberg P: Postnatal time frame for renal vulnerability to enalapril in rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999;10:1550-1560.
197. Keijzer-Veen MG, Finken MJ, Nauta J, Dekker FW, Hille ET, Frolich M, Wit JM, van der Heijden AJ: Is blood pressure increased 19 years after intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth? A prospective follow-up study in The Netherlands. Pediatrics 2005;116:725-731.
198. Vehaskari VM, Stewart T, Lafont D, Soyez C, Seth D, Manning J: Kidney angiotensin and angiotensin receptor expression in prenatally programmed hypertension. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2004;287:F262-F267.
199. Forsyth JS, Reilly J, Fraser CG, Struthers AD: Angiotensin converting enzyme activity in infancy is related to birth weight. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89:F442-F444.
200. Poore KR, Forhead AJ, Gardner DS, Giussani DA, Fowden AL: The effects of birth weight on basal cardiovascular function in pigs at 3 months of age. J Physiol 2002;539:969-978.
201. Manning J, Vehaskari VM: Postnatal modulation of prenatally programmed hypertension by dietary Na and ACE inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005;288:R80-R84.
202. Anderson S, Meyer TW, Rennke HG, Brenner BM: Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J Clin Invest 1985;76:612-619.
203. Harrap SB, Van der Merwe WM, Griffin SA, Macpherson F, Lever AF: Brief angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment in young spontaneously hypertensive rats reduces blood pressure long-term. Hypertension 1990;16:603-614.
204. Adams MA, Bobik A, Korner PI: Enalapril can prevent vascular amplifier development in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1990;16:252-260.
205. Wu JN, Berecek KH: Prevention of genetic hypertension by early treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor captopril. Hypertension 1993;22:139-146.
206. Kost CK Jr, Li P, Jackson EK: Blood pressure after captopril withdrawal from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1995;25:82-87.
207. Nakaya H, Sasamura H, Hayashi M, Saruta T: Temporary treatment of prepubescent rats with angiotensin inhibitors suppresses the development of hypertensive nephrosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:659-666.
208. Feld S, Hirschberg R: Growth hormone, the insulin-like growth factor system, and the kidney. Endocr Rev 1996;17:423-480.
209. Rogers SA, Powell-Braxton L, Hammerman MR: Insulin-like growth factor I regulates renal development in rodents. Dev Genet 1999;24:293-298.
210. Rogers SA, Ryan G, Hammerman MR: Insulin-like growth factors I and II are produced in the metanephros and are required for growth and development in vitro. J Cell Biol 1991;113:1447-1453.
211. Wada J, Liu ZZ, Alvares K, Kumar A, Wallner E, Makino H, Kanwar YS: Cloning of cDNA for the alpha subunit of mouse insulin-like growth factor I receptor and the role of the receptor in metanephric development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:10360-10364.
212. Doublier S, Amri K, Seurin D, Moreau E, Merlet-Benichou C, Striker GE, Gilbert T: Overexpression of human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in the mouse leads to nephron deficit. Pediatr Res 2001;49:660-666.
213. Doublier S, Seurin D, Fouqueray B, Verpont MC, Callard P, Striker LJ, Striker GE, Binoux M, Baud L: Glomerulosclerosis in mice transgenic for human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1. Kidney Int 2000;57:2299-2307.
214. Vaessen N, Janssen JA, Heutink P, Hofman A, Lamberts SW, Oostra BA, Pols HA, van Duijn CM: Association between genetic variation in the gene for insulin-like growth factor-I and low birthweight. Lancet 2002;359:1036-1037.
215. Johnston LB, Leger J, Savage MO, Clark AJ, Czernichow P: The insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene in individuals born small for gestational age (SGA). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999;51:423-427.
216. Verhaeghe J, Van Bree R, Van Herck E, Laureys J, Bouillon R, Van Assche FA: C-peptide, insulin-like growth factors I and II, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in umbilical cord serum: correlations with birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:89-97.
217. Langford K, Blum W, Nicolaides K, Jones J, McGregor A, Miell J: The pathophysiology of the insulin-like growth factor axis in fetal growth failure: a basis for programming by undernutrition? Eur J Clin Invest 1994;24:851-856.
218. Westwood M, Gibson JM, Sooranna SR, Ward S, Neilson JP, Bajoria R: Genes or placenta as modulator of fetal growth: evidence from the insulin-like growth factor axis in twins with discordant growth. Mol Hum Reprod 2001;7:387-395.
219. Ritacco G, Radecki SV, Schoknecht PA: Compensatory growth in runt pigs is not mediated by insulin-like growth factor I. J Anim Sci 1997;75:1237-1243.
220. Unterman TG, Simmons RA, Glick RP, Ogata ES: Circulating levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and IGF-binding proteins in the small for gestational age fetal rat. Endocrinology 1993;132:327-336.
221. Nilsson AB, Friberg P, Bonquist L, Lasaitiene D, Marcussen N, Chen Y: Growth hormone aggravates renal abnormalities induced by neonatal enalapril treatment. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:878-886.
222. Marsh AC, Gibson KJ, Wu J, Owens PC, Owens JA, Lumbers ER: Chronic effect of insulin-like growth factor I on renin synthesis, secretion, and renal function in fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001;281:R318-R326.
223. Sladek SM, Magness RR, Conrad KP: Nitric oxide and pregnancy. Am J Physiol 1997;272:R441-R463.
224. Wijnberger LD, Krediet TG, Egberts J, van Bel F: Nitric oxide production during the early neonatal period in small-for-gestational-age infants. Acta Paediatr 2001;90:569-572.
225. Stewart T, Jung FF, Manning J, Vehaskari VM: Kidney immune cell infiltration and oxidative stress contribute to prenatally programmed hypertension. Kidney Int 2005;68:2180-2188.
226. Holemans K, Gerber R, Meurrens K, De Clerck F, Poston L, Van Assche FA: Maternal food restriction in the second half of pregnancy affects vascular function but not blood pressure of rat female offspring. Br J Nutr 1999;81:73-79.
227. Franco MC, Arruda RM, Dantas AP, Kawamoto EM, Fortes ZB, Scavone C, Carvalho MH, Tostes RC, Nigro D: Intrauterine undernutrition: expression and activity of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase in male and female adult offspring. Cardiovasc Res 2002;56:145-153.
228. Franco MC, Dantas AP, Akamine EH, Kawamoto EM, Fortes ZB, Scavone C, Tostes RC, Carvalho MH, Nigro D: Enhanced oxidative stress as a potential mechanism underlying the programming of hypertension in utero. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002;40:501-509.
229. Lamireau D, Nuyt AM, Hou X, Bernier S, Beauchamp M, Gobeil F Jr, Lahaie I, Varma DR, Chemtob S: Altered vascular function in fetal programming of hypertension. Stroke 2002;33:2992-2998.
230. Payne JA, Alexander BT, Khalil RA: Reduced endothelial vascular relaxation in growth-restricted offspring of pregnant rats with reduced uterine perfusion. Hypertension 2003;42:768-774.
231. Payne JA, Alexander BT, Khalil RA: Decreased endothelium-dependent NO-cGMP vascular relaxation and hypertension in growth-restricted rats on a high-salt diet. Hypertension 2004;43:420-427.
232. Arnal JF, Warin L, Michel JB: Determinants of aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate in hypertension induced by chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. J Clin Invest 1992;90:647-652.
233. Baylis C, Mitruka B, Deng A: Chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in the rat produces systemic hypertension and glomerular damage. J Clin Invest 1992;90:278-281.
234. Ribeiro MO, Antunes E, de Nucci G, Lovisolo SM, Zatz R: Chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. A new model of arterial hypertension. Hypertension 1992;20:298-303.
235. Kataoka H, Otsuka F, Ogura T, Yamauchi T, Kishida M, Takahashi M, Mimura Y, Makino H: The role of nitric oxide and the renin-angiotensin system in salt-restricted Dahl rats. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:276-285.
236. Khosla UM, Zharikov S, Finch JL, Nakagawa T, Roncal C, Mu W, Krotova K, Block ER, Prabhakar S, Johnson RJ: Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int 2005;67:1739-1742.
237. Johnson RJ, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J, Kang DH: Resurrection of uric acid as a causal risk factor in essential hypertension. Hypertension 2005;45:18-20.
238. Feig DI, Nakagawa T, Karumanchi SA, Oliver WJ, Kang DH, Finch J, Johnson RJ: Hypothesis: uric acid, nephron number, and the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Kidney Int 2004;66:281-287.
239. Alper AB Jr, Chen W, Yau L, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS, Hamm LL: Childhood uric acid predicts adult blood pressure: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Hypertension 2005;45:34-38.
240. Sundstrom J, Sullivan L, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Kannel WB, Vasan RS: Relations of serum uric acid to longitudinal blood pressure tracking and hypertension incidence. Hypertension 2005;45:28-33.
241. Short RA, Johnson RJ, Tuttle KR: Uric acid, microalbuminuria and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. Am J Nephrol 2005;25:36-44.
242. Madsen TE, Muhlestein JB, Carlquist JF, Horne BD, Bair TL, Jackson JD, Lappe JM, Pearson RR, Anderson JL: Serum uric acid independently predicts mortality in patients with significant, angiographically defined coronary disease. Am J Nephrol 2005;25:45-49.
243. Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, Watanabe S, Han L, Mazzali M, Truong L, Harris R, Johnson RJ: A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:2888-2897.
244. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Santamaria J, Avila-Casado C, Soto V, Nepomuceno T, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ, Herrera-Acosta J: Mild hyperuricemia induces vasoconstriction and maintains glomerular hypertension in normal and remnant kidney rats. Kidney Int 2005;67:237-247.
245. Kurjak A, Kirkinen P, Latin V, Ivankovic D: Ultrasonic assessment of fetal kidney function in normal and complicated pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141:266-270.
246. Robinson D, Weiner CP, Nakamura KT, Robillard JE: Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on renal function on day one of life. Am J Perinatol 1990;7:343-346.
247. Vanpee M, Blennow M, Linne T, Herin P, Aperia A: Renal function in very low birth weight infants: normal maturity reached during early childhood. J Pediatr 1992;121:784-788.
248. Frattarelli DA, Ergun H, Lulic-Botica M, Lehr VT, Aranda JV: Vancomycin elimination in human infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24:979-983.
249. Kempley ST, Gamsu HR, Nicolaides KH: Renal artery blood flow velocity in very low birthweight infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:588-590.
250. Rodriguez-Soriano J, Aguirre M, Oliveros R, Vallo A: Long-term renal follow-up of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:579-584.
251. Abitbol CL, Bauer CR, Montane B, Chandar J, Duara S, Zilleruelo G: Long-term follow-up of extremely low birth weight infants with neonatal renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:887-893.
252. Keijzer-Veen MG, Schrevel M, Finken MJ, Dekker FW, Nauta J, Hille ET, Frolich M, van der Heijden BJ: Microalbuminuria and lower glomerular filtration rate at young adult age in subjects born very premature and after intrauterine growth retardation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:2762-2768.
253. Vasarhelyi B, Dobos M, Reusz GS, Szabo A, Tulassay T: Normal kidney function and elevated natriuresis in young men born with low birth weight. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15:96-100.
254. Kistner A, Celsi G, Vanpee M, Jacobson SH: Increased blood pressure but normal renal function in adult women born preterm. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15:215-220.
255. Duncan RC, Bass PS, Garrett PJ, Dathan JR: Weight at birth and other factors influencing progression of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994;9:875.
256. Zidar N, Cavic MA, Kenda RB, Koselj M, Ferluga D: Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the clinical course and prognosis of IgA glomerulonephritis in children. Nephron 1998;79:28-32.
257. Zidar N, Avgustin CM, Kenda RB, Ferluga D: Unfavorable course of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Kidney Int 1998;54:1320-1323.
258. Sheu JN, Chen JH: Minimal change nephrotic syndrome in children with intrauterine growth retardation. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:909-914.
259. Na YW, Yang HJ, Choi JH, Yoo KH, Hong YS, Lee JW, Kim SK: Effect of intrauterine growth retardation on the progression of nephrotic syndrome. Am J Nephrol 2002;22:463-467.
260. Rossing P, Tarnow L, Nielsen FS, Hansen BV, Brenner BM, Parving HH: Low birth weight. A risk factor for development of diabetic nephropathy? Diabetes 1995;44:1405-1407.
261. Nelson RG, Morgenstern H, Bennett PH: Birth weight and renal disease in Pima Indians with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Epidemiol 1998;148:650-656.
262. Nelson RG: Intrauterine determinants of diabetic kidney disease in disadvantaged populations. Kidney Int Suppl 2003;83:S13-S16.
263. Hellstrom M, Hessel H, Jacobsson B, Jodal U, Niklasson A, Wennerstrom M, Hellstrom A: Association between urinary tract infection, renal damage and birth size. Acta Paediatr 2001;90:628-631.
264. Winberg J: Does low birthweight facilitate postinfectious focal renal scarring? Acta Paediatr 2001;90:835-836.
265. Eshoj O, Vaag A, Borch-Johnsen K, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Beck-Nielsen H: Is low birth weight a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes? A population-based case-control study. J Intern Med 2002;252:524-528.
266. Jacobsen P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Hovind P, Parving HH: Birth weight - a risk factor for progression in diabetic nephropathy? J Intern Med 2003;253:343-350.
267. Chen M, Bao W, Ceccatelli S, Celsi G: Prenatal exposure to high level of glucocorticoids increases the susceptibility of renal proximal tubular cells to apoptosis induced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli toxins. Am J Nephrol 2004;24:497-502.
268. Yudkin JS, Martyn CN, Phillips DI, Gale CR: Associations of micro-albuminuria with intra-uterine growth retardation. Nephron 2001;89:309-314.
269. Painter RC, Roseboom TJ, van Montfrans GA, Bossuyt PM, Krediet RT, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Bleker OP: Microalbuminuria in adults after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:189-194.
270. Hoy WE, Rees M, Kile E, Mathews JD, McCredie DA, Pugsley DJ, Wang Z: Low birthweight and renal disease in Australian aborigines. Lancet 1998;352:1826-1827.
271. Abdi R, Slakey D, Kittur D, Burdick J, Racusen L: Baseline glomerular size as a predictor of function in human renal transplantation. Transplantation 1998;66:329-333.
272. Li M, Nicholls KM, Becker GJ: Risk factors for late renal allograft dysfunction: effects of baseline glomerular size. J Nephrol 2002;15:620-625.
273. Kunzelman CL, Knowler WC, Pettitt DJ, Bennett PH: Incidence of proteinuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Pima Indians. Kidney Int 1989;35:681-687.
274. Schmidt K, Pesce C, Liu Q, Nelson RG, Bennett PH, Karnitschnig H, Striker LJ, Striker GE: Large glomerular size in Pima Indians: lack of change with diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3:229-235.
275. Moore L, Lloyd MS, Pugsley DJ, Seymour AE: Renal disease in the Australian Aboriginal population: a pathological study. Nephrology 1996;2:315-321.
276. Spencer JL, Silva DT, Snelling P, Hoy WE: An epidemic of renal failure among Australian Aboriginals. Med J Aust 1998;168:537-541.
277. Hoy WE, Mathews JD, McCredie DA, Pugsley DJ, Hayhurst BG, Rees M, Kile E, Walker KA, Wang Z: The multidimensional nature of renal disease: rates and associations of albuminuria in an Australian Aboriginal community. Kidney Int 1998;54:1296-1304.
278. Baumgartl HJ, Sigl G, Banholzer P, Haslbeck M, Standl E: On the prognosis of IDDM patients with large kidneys. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998;13:630-634.
279. McLaughlin JK, Chow WH, Mandel JS, Mellemgaard A, McCredie M, Lindblad P, Schlehofer B, Pommer W, Niwa S, Adami HO: International renal-cell cancer study. VIII. Role of diuretics, other anti-hypertensive medications and hypertension. Int J Cancer 1995;63:216-221.
280. Lindblad P, Chow WH, Chan J, Bergstrom A, Wolk A, Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O, Adami HO: The role of diabetes mellitus in the aetiology of renal cell cancer. Diabetologia 1999;42:107-112.
281. Bergstrom A, Lindblad P, Wolk A: Birth weight and risk of renal cell cancer. Kidney Int 2001;59:1110-1113.
282. Sesso R, Whelton PK, Klag MJ: Effect of age and gender on kidney function in renal transplant donors: a prospective study. Clin Nephrol 1993;40:31-37.
283. Baylis C: Age-dependent glomerular damage in the rat. Dissociation between glomerular injury and both glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy. Male gender as a primary risk factor. J Clin Invest 1994;94:1823-1829.
284. Mulroney SE, Woda C, Johnson M, Pesce C: Gender differences in renal growth and function after uninephrectomy in adult rats. Kidney Int 1999;56:944-953.
285. Mok KY, Sandberg K, Sweeny JM, Zheng W, Lee S, Mulroney SE: Growth hormone regulation of glomerular AT1 angiotensin receptors in adult uninephrectomized male rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2003;285:F1085-F1091.
286. Kaufman JM, Hardy R, Hayslett JP: Age-dependent characteristics of compensatory renal growth. Kidney Int 1975;8:21-26.
287. Aperia A, Broberger O, Wikstad I, Wilton P: Renal growth and function in patients nephrectomized in childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 1977;66:185-192.
288. Hayslett JP: Effect of age on compensatory renal growth. Kidney Int 1983;23:599-602.
289. O'Donnell MP, Kasiske BL, Raij L, Keane WF: Age is a determinant of the glomerular morphologic and functional responses to chronic nephron loss. J Lab Clin Med 1985;106:308-313.
290. Celsi G, Jakobsson B, Aperia A: Influence of age on compensatory renal growth in rats. Pediatr Res 1986;20:347-350.
291. Okuda S, Motomura K, Sanai T, Tsuruda H, Oh Y, Onoyama K, Fujishima M: Influence of age on deterioration of the remnant kidney in uninephrectomized rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 1987;72:571-576.
292. Liu PL, Gallery ED, Grigg R, Mahony JF, Gyory AZ: Renal function in unilateral nephrectomy subjects. J Urol 1992;147:337-339.
293. Schwartz MM, Bidani AK: Comparison of glomerular injury in juvenile versus mature rats in a remnant kidney model. J Lab Clin Med 1993;121:348-355.
294. Howie AJ: Age and effects of reduced renal mass. J Pathol 1995;176:321.
295. Woods LL: Neonatal uninephrectomy causes hypertension in adult rats. Am J Physiol 1999;276:R974-R978.
296. Eklof O, Ringertz H: Kidney size and growth in unilateral renal agenesis and in the remaining kidney following nephrectomy for Wilms' tumor. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1976;17:601-608.
297. Robitaille P, Mongeau JG, Lortie L, Sinnassamy P: Long-term follow-up of patients who underwent unilateral nephrectomy in childhood. Lancet 1985;i:1297-1299.
298. Wikstad I, Pettersson BA, Elinder G, Sokucu S, Aperia A: A comparative study of size and function of the remnant kidney in patients nephrectomized in childhood for Wilms' tumor and hydronephrosis. Acta Paediatr Scand 1986;75:408-414.
299. Baudoin P, Provoost AP, Molenaar JC: Renal function up to 50 years after unilateral nephrectomy in childhood. Am J Kidney Dis 1993;21:603-611.
300. Regazzoni BM, Genton N, Pelet J, Drukker A, Guignard JP: Long-term followup of renal functional reserve capacity after unilateral nephrectomy in childhood. J Urol 1998;160:844-848.
301. Wikstad I, Celsi G, Larsson L, Herin P, Aperia A: Kidney function in adults born with unilateral renal agenesis or nephrectomized in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol 1988;2:177-182.
302. Makipernaa A, Koskimies O, Jaaskelainen J, Teppo AM, Siimes MA: Renal growth and function 11-28 years after treatment of Wilms' tumour. Eur J Pediatr 1991;150:444-447.
303. Argueso LR, Ritchey ML, Boyle ET Jr, Milliner DS, Bergstralh EJ, Kramer SA: Prognosis of children with solitary kidney after unilateral nephrectomy. J Urol 1992;148:747-751.
304. Pabico RC, McKenna BA, Freeman RB: Renal function before and after unilateral nephrectomy in renal donors. Kidney Int 1975;8:166-175.
305. Aurell M, Ewald J: The use of living donors. Glomerular filtration rate during the first year after donor nephrectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1981;64:137-142.
306. Zucchelli P, Cagnoli L, Casanova S, Donini U, Pasquali S: Focal glomerulosclerosis in patients with unilateral nephrectomy. Kidney Int 1983;24:649-655.
307. Vincenti F, Amend WJ Jr, Kaysen G, Feduska N, Birnbaum J, Duca R, Salvatierra O: Long-term renal function in kidney donors. Sustained compensatory hyperfiltration with no adverse effects. Transplantation 1983;36:626-629.
308. Hakim RM, Goldszer RC, Brenner BM: Hypertension and proteinuria: long-term sequelae of uninephrectomy in humans. Kidney Int 1984;25:930-936.
309. Mathillas O, Attman PO, Aurell M, Blohme I, Brynger H, Granerus G, Westberg G: Long-term outcome of renal function and proteinuria in kidney transplant donors. Proc Eur Dial Transplant Assoc Eur Ren Assoc 1985;21:574-579.
310. Rugiu C, Oldrizzi L, Lupo A, Valvo E, Loschiavo C, Tessitore N, Gammaro L, Ortalda V, Fabris A, Panzetta G: Clinical features of patients with solitary kidneys. Nephron 1986;43:10-15.
311. Dunn JF, Nylander WA Jr, Richie RE, Johnson HK, MacDonell RC Jr, Sawyers JL: Living related kidney donors. A 14-year experience. Ann Surg 1986;203:637-643.
312. Higashihara E, Horie S, Takeuchi T, Nutahara K, Aso Y: Long-term consequence of nephrectomy. J Urol 1990;143:239-243.
313. Novick AC, Gephardt G, Guz B, Steinmuller D, Tubbs RR: Long-term follow-up after partial removal of a solitary kidney. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1058-1062.
314. Argueso LR, Ritchey ML, Boyle ET Jr, Milliner DS, Bergstralh EJ, Kramer SA: Prognosis of patients with unilateral renal agenesis. Pediatr Nephrol 1992;6:412-416.
315. Lent V, Harth J: Nephropathy in remnant kidneys: pathological proteinuria after unilateral nephrectomy. J Urol 1994;152:312-316.
316. Saran R, Marshall SM, Madsen R, Keavey P, Tapson JS: Long-term follow-up of kidney donors: a longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997;12:1615-1621.
317. Fehrman-Ekholm I, Duner F, Brink B, Tyden G, Elinder CG: No evidence of accelerated loss of kidney function in living kidney donors: results from a cross-sectional follow-up. Transplantation 2001;72:444-449.
318. Smith S, Laprad P, Grantham J: Long-term effect of uninephrectomy on serum creatinine concentration and arterial blood pressure. Am J Kidney Dis 1985;6:143-148.
319. Mathillas O, Attman PO, Aurell M, Blohme I, Brynger H, Granerus G, Westberg G: Proteinuria and renal function in kidney transplant donors 10-18 years after donor uninephrectomy. Ups J Med Sci 1985;90:37-42.
320. Anderson CF, Velosa JA, Frohnert PP, Torres VE, Offord KP, Vogel JP, Donadio JV Jr, Wilson DM: The risks of unilateral nephrectomy: status of kidney donors 10 to 20 years postoperatively. Mayo Clin Proc 1985;60:367-374.
321. Talseth T, Fauchald P, Skrede S, Djoseland O, Berg KJ, Stenstrom J, Heilo A, Brodwall EK, Flatmark A: Long-term blood pressure and renal function in kidney donors. Kidney Int 1986;29:1072-1076.
322. Schmitz A, Christensen CK, Christensen T, Solling K: No microalbuminuria or other adverse effects of long-standing hyperfiltration in humans with one kidney. Am J Kidney Dis 1989;13:131-136.
323. Najarian JS, Chavers BM, McHugh LE, Matas AJ: 20 years or more of follow-up of living kidney donors. Lancet 1992;340:807-810.
324. Narkun-Burgess DM, Nolan CR, Norman JE, Page WF, Miller PL, Meyer TW: Forty-five year follow-up after uninephrectomy. Kidney Int 1993;43:1110-1115.
325. Kasiske BL, Ma JZ, Louis TA, Swan SK: Long-term effects of reduced renal mass in humans. Kidney Int 1995;48:814-819.
326. Hartshorne N, Shepard T, Barr M Jr: Compensatory renal growth in human fetuses with unilateral renal agenesis. Teratology 1991;44:7-10.
327. Kiprov DD, Colvin RB, McCluskey RT: Focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and porteinuria associated with unilateral renal agenesis. Lab Invest 1982;46:275-281.
328. Thorner PS, Arbus GS, Celermajer DS, Baumal R: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and progressive renal failure associated with a unilateral kidney. Pediatrics 1984;73:806-810.
329. Bhathena DB, Julian BA, McMorrow RG, Baehler RW: Focal sclerosis of hypertrophied glomeruli in solitary functioning kidneys of humans. Am J Kidney Dis 1985;5:226-232.
330. Weinstein T, Zevin D, Gafter U, Ben Bassat M, Levi J: Proteinuria and chronic renal failure associated with unilateral renal agenesis. Isr J Med Sci 1985;21:919-921.
331. Gutierrez-Millet V, Nieto J, Praga M, Usera G, Martinez MA, Morales JM: Focal glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria in patients with solitary kidneys. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:705-709.
332. De Santo NG, Anastasio P, Spitali L, Santoro D, Capodicasa D, Cirillo E, Capasso G: Renal reserve is normal in adults born with unilateral renal agenesis and is not related to hyperfiltration or renal failure. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1997;23:283-286.
333. Fassi A, Sangalli F, Maffi R, Colombi F, Mohamed EI, Brenner BM, Remuzzi G, Remuzzi A: Progressive glomerular injury in the MWF rat is predicted by inborn nephron deficit. J Am Soc Nephrol 1998;9:1399-1406.
334. Skov K, Nyengaard JR, Korsgaard N, Mulvany MJ: Number and size of renal glomeruli in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 1994;12:1373-1376.
335. Menini S, Ricci C, Iacobini C, Bianchi G, Pugliese G, Pesce C: Glomerular number and size in Milan hypertensive and normotensive rats: their relationship to susceptibility and resistance to hypertension and renal disease. J Hypertens 2004;22:2185-2192.
336. Hellmann H, Davis JM, Thurau K: Glomerulus number and blood pressure in the Prague hypertensive rat. Kidney Int Suppl 1998;67:S211-S212.
337. Hellmann H, Davis JM, Thurau K: Blood pressure and indices of glomerular filtration area in hypertensive and normotensive Prague rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2000;23:385-392.
338. Kreutz R, Kovacevic L, Schulz A, Rothermund L, Ketteler M, Paul M: Effect of high NaCl diet on spontaneous hypertension in a genetic rat model with reduced nephron number. J Hypertens 2000;18:777-782.
339. Bianchi G, Fox U, Di Francesco GF, Giovanetti AM, Pagetti D: Blood pressure changes produced by kidney cross-transplantation between spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive rats. Clin Sci Mol Med 1974;47:435-448.
340. Dahl LK, Heine M, Thompson K: Genetic influence of the kidneys on blood pressure. Evidence from chronic renal homografts in rats with opposite predispositions to hypertension. Circ Res 1974;40:94-101.
341. Rettig R, Stauss H, Folberth C, Ganten D, Waldherr B, Unger T: Hypertension transmitted by kidneys from stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1989;257:F197-F203.
342. Rettig R, Folberth CG, Stauss H, Kopf D, Waldherr R, Baldauf G, Unger T: Hypertension in rats induced by renal grafts from renovascular hypertensive donors. Hypertension 1990;15:429-435.
343. Kopf D, Waldherr R, Rettig R: Source of kidney determines blood pressure in young renal transplanted rats. Am J Physiol 1993;265:F104-F111.
344. Heller J, Schubert G, Havlickova J, Thurau K: The role of the kidney in the development of hypertension: a transplantation study in the Prague hypertensive rat. Pflugers Arch 1993;425:208-212.
345. Sander S, Rettig R, Ehrig B: Role of the native kidney in experimental post-transplantation hypertension. Pflugers Arch 1996;431:971-976.
346. Patschan O, Kuttler B, Heemann U, Uber A, Rettig R: Kidneys from normotensive donors lower blood pressure in young transplanted spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol 1997;273:R175-R180.
347. Kouwenhoven EA, van Dokkum RP, Marquet RL, Heemann UW, de Bruin RW, IJzermans JN, Provoost AP: Genetic susceptibility of the donor kidney contributes to the development of renal damage after syngeneic transplantation. Am J Hypertens 1999;12:603-610.
348. Grisk O, Kloting I, Exner J, Spiess S, Schmidt R, Junghans D, Lorenz G, Rettig R: Long-term arterial pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats is set by the kidney. J Hypertens 2002;20:131-138.
349. Smallegange C, Kline RL, Adams MA: Transplantation of enalapril-treated kidneys confers persistent lowering of arterial pressure in SHR. Hypertension 2003;42:932-936.
350. Smallegange C, Hale TM, Bushfield TL, Adams MA: Persistent lowering of pressure by transplanting kidneys from adult spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with brief antihypertensive therapy. Hypertension 2004;44:89-94.
351. Rettig R, Bandelow N, Patschan O, Kuttler B, Frey B, Uber A: The importance of the kidney in primary hypertension: insights from cross-transplantation. J Hum Hypertens 1996;10:641-644.
352. Rettig R, Grisk O: The kidney as a determinant of genetic hypertension: evidence from renal transplantation studies. Hypertension 2005;46:463-468.
353. Black MJ, Briscoe TA, Constantinou M, Kett MM, Bertram JF: Is there an association between level of adult blood pressure and nephron number or renal filtration surface area? Kidney Int 2004;65:582-588.
354. Cullen-McEwen LA, Drago J, Bertram JF: Nephron endowment in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) heterozygous mice. Kidney Int 2001;60:31-36.
355. Cullen-McEwen LA, Kett MM, Dowling J, Anderson WP, Bertram JF: Nephron number, renal function, and arterial pressure in aged GDNF heterozygous mice. Hypertension 2003;41:335-340.
356. He C, Esposito C, Phillips C, Zalups RK, Henderson DA, Striker GE, Striker LJ: Dissociation of glomerular hypertrophy, cell proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis in mouse strains heterozygous for a mutation (Os) which induces a 50% reduction in nephron number. J Clin Invest 1996;97:1242-1249.
357. Moritz KM, Wintour EM, Dodic M: Fetal uninephrectomy leads to postnatal hypertension and compromised renal function. Hypertension 2002;39:1071-1076.
358. Moritz KM, Jefferies A, Wong J, Wintour EM, Dodic M: Reduced renal reserve and increased cardiac output in adult female sheep uninephrectomized as fetuses. Kidney Int 2005;67:822-828.
359. Celsi G, Bohman SO, Aperia A: Development of focal glomerulosclerosis after unilateral nephrectomy in infant rats. Pediatr Nephrol 1987;1:290-296.
360. Woods LL, Weeks DA, Rasch R: Hypertension after neonatal uninephrectomy in rats precedes glomerular damage. Hypertension 2001;38:337-342.