Lipoprotein(a) and thrombocytes: Potential mechanisms underlying cardiovascular risk

Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis

Volumn 35, Issue 3-4, 2006, Pages 314-321

  Discepolo, William ^a,b   Wun, Ted ^a,b   Berglund, Lars ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b VA NORTHERN CALIFORNIA HEALTH CARE SYSTEM   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Atherosclerosis; Cardiovascular disease; Fibrinolysis; Lipoprotein(a); Thrombocytes; Thrombosis

Indexed keywords

ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; APOLIPOPROTEIN B100; CARBOHYDRATE; CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; LIPID; LIPOPROTEIN A; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMINOGEN;

BLOOD LEVEL; CARBOXY TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG MECHANISM; FIBRINOLYSIS; GENETIC REGULATION; HOMEOSTASIS; HOMEOSTASIS AND REGULATION; HUMAN; HYDROPHILICITY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN METABOLISM; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOGENICITY; THROMBOSIS; VASCULAR DISEASE;

APOLIPOPROTEINS A; BLOOD PLATELETS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; FIBRINOLYSIS; HEMOSTASIS; HUMANS; LIPOPROTEIN(A); PLATELET ACTIVATION;

EID: 33746627292     PISSN: 14248832     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000093224     Document Type: Review

References (78)

1. Berg K: A new serum system in man: the Lp system. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1963;59:362-382.
2. Albers JJ, Cabana VG, Warnick GR, Hazzard WR: Lp(a) lipoprotein: relationship to sinking pre-β lipoprotein, hyperlipoproteinemia, and apolipoprotein B. Metabolism 1975;24:1047-1054.
3. Utermann G: The mysteries of lipoprotein(a). Science 1989;246:904-910.
4. Expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults: Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.
5. Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML: Lipoprotein (a): structure, measurement, and clinical significance; in Rifai N, Warnick GR, Dominiczak MH (eds): Handbook of Lipoprotein Testing. Washington, DC, AACC Press, 1997, pp 283-313.
6. Gaubatz JW, Heideman C, Gotto AM Jr, Morrisett JD, Dahlén GH: Human plasma lipoprotein(a): structural properties. J Biol Chem 1983;258:4582-4589.
7. Rainwater DL, Ludwig MJ, Haffner SM, VandeBerg JL: Lipid and lipoprotein factors associated with variation in Lp(a) density. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:313-319.
8. Hobbs HH, White AL: Lipoprotein(a): intrigues and insights. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999;10:225-236.
9. Gabel B, Yao Z, McLeod RS, Young SG, Koschinsky ML: Carboxyl-terminal truncation of apolipoprotein B-100 inhibits lipoprotein (a) particle formation. FEBS Lett 1994;350:77-81.
10. McCormick SPA, Linton MF, Hobbs HH, Taylor S, Curtiss LK, Young SG: Expression of human apolipoprotein B90 in transgenic mice: demonstration that apolipoprotein B90 lacks the structural requirements to form lipoprotein (a). J Biol Chem 1994;269:24284-24289.
11. Brunner C, Kraft HG, Utermann G, Müller HJ: Cys4057 of apolipoprotein(a) is essential for lipoprotein(a) assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993;90:11643-11647.
12. Koschinsky ML, Cote GP, Gabel B, van der Hoek YY: Identification of the cysteine residue in apolipoprotein(a) that mediates extracellular coupling with apolipoprotein B-100. J Biol Chem 1993;268:19819-19825.
13. Boerwinkle E, Leffert CC, Lin J, Lackner C, Chiesa G, Hobbs HH: Apolipoprotein (a) gene accounts for greater than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein (a) concentrations. J Clin Invest 1994;93:2758-2763.
14. Berglund L: Diet and drug therapy for lipoprotein (a). Curr Opin Lipidol 1995;6:48-56.
15. Rader DJ, Cain W, Zech LA, Usher D, Brewer HB Jr: Variation in lipoprotein(a) concentrations among individuals with the same apolipoprotein (a) isoform is determined by the rate of lipoprotein(a) production. J Clin Invest 1993;91:443-447.
16. Rader DJ, Rosas S: Management of selected lipid abnormalities. Hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), in thyroid and renal diseases, and post-transplantation. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:43-61.
17. Demant T, Seeberg K, Bedynek A, Seidel D: The metabolism of lipoprotein(a) and other apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins: a kinetic study in humans. Atherosclerosis 2001;157:325-339.
18. Rader DJ, Rosas S: Management of selected lipid abnormalities. Hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), in thyroid and renal diseases, and post-transplantation. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:43-61.
19. McLean JW, Tomlinson JE, Kuang WJ, Eaton DL, Chen EY, Fless GM, Scanu AM, Lawn RM: cDNA sequence of human apolipoprotein(a) is homologous to plasminogen. Nature 1987;330:132-137.
20. Scanu AM, Edelstein C: Learning about the structure and biology of human lipoprotein(a) through dissection by enzymes of the elastase family: facts and speculation. J Lipid Res 1997;38:2193-2206.
21. Gaubatz JW, Heideman C, Gotto AM Jr, Morrisett JD, Dahlen GH: Human plasma lipoprotein(a): structural properties. J Biol Chem 1983;258:4582-4589.
22. Marcovina SM, Zhang ZH, Gaur VP, Albers JJ: Identification of 34 apolipoprotein(a) isoforms: differential expression of apolipoprotein(a) alleles between American blacks and whites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993;191:1192-1196.
23. Gavish D, Azrolan N, Breslow J: Plasma Lp(a) concentration is inversely correlated with the ratio of Kringle IV/Kringle V encoding domains in the apo(a) gene. J Clin Invest 1989;84:2021-2027.
24. Kraft HG, Kochl S, Menzel HJ, Sandholzer C, Utermann G: The apolipoprotein[a] gene - a transcribed hypervariable locus controlling plasma lipoprotein[a] concentration. Hum Genet 1992;90:220-230.
25. Koschinsky ML, Beisiegel U, Henne-Bruns D, Eaton DL, Lawn RM: Apolipoprotein(a) size heterogeneity is related to variable number of repeat sequences in its mRNA. Biochemistry 1990;29:640-644.
26. Lawn RM, Boonmark NW, Schwartz K, Lindahl GE, Wade DP, Byrne CD, Fong KJ, Meer K, Patthy L: The recurring evolution of lipoprotein(a). Insights from cloning of hedgehog apolipoprotein(a). J Biol Chem 1995;270:24004-24009.
27. Lawn RM: How often has Lp(a) evolved? Clin Genet 1996;49:167-174.
28. Miles LA, Plow EF: Lp(a): an interloper into the fibrinolytic system? Thromb Haemost 1990;63:331-335.
29. Stein JH, Rosenson RS: Lipoprotein Lp(a) excess and coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:1170-1176.
30. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R: Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation 2000;102:1082-1085.
31. Dangas G, Mehran R, Harpel PC, Sharma SK, Marcovina SM, Dube G, Ambrose JA, Fallon JT: Lipoprotein(a) and inflammation in human coronary atheroma: association with the severity of the clinical presentation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:2035-2042.
32. Nielsen LB: Atherogenicity of lipoprotein(a) and oxidized low density lipoprotein: insight from in vivo studies of arterial wall influx, degradation and efflux. Atherosclerosis 1999;143:229-243.
33. Beisiegel U, Niendorf A, Wolf K, Reblin T, Rath M: Lipoprotein(a) in the arterial wall. Eur Heart J 1990;11(suppl E):174-183.
34. Marcovina SM, Koschinsky ML: Evaluation of lipoprotein(a) as a prothrombotic factor: progress from bench to bedside. Curr Opin Lipidol 2003;14:361-366.
35. von Depka M, Nowak-Göttl U, Eisert R, Dieterich C, Barthels M, Scharrer I, Ganser A, Ehrenforth S: Increased lipoprotein(a) levels as an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Blood 2000;96:3364-3368.
36. Nowak-Göttl U, Junker R, Kreuz W, von Eckardstein A, Kosch A, Nohe N, Schobess R, Ehrenforth S, Childhood Thrombophilia Study Group: Risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in children with combined prothrombotic risk factors. Blood 2001;97:858-862.
37. Paultre F, Pearson TA, Weil HFC, Tuck CH, Myerson M, Rubin J, Francis CK, Marx H, Philbin E, Reed RG, Berglund L: High levels of lipoprotein(a) carrying a small apolipoprotein(a) isoform is associated with coronary artery disease in both African American and Caucasian men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:2619-2624.
38. Sandholzer C, Saha N, Kark JD, Rees A, Jaross W, Dieplinger H, Hoppichler F, Boerwinkle E, Utermann G: Apo(a) isoforms predict risk for coronary heart disease: a study in six populations. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:1214-1226.
39. Kraft HG, Lingenhel A, Kochl S, Hoppichler F, Kronenberg F, Abe A, Muhlberger V, Schonitzer D, Utermann G: Apolipoprotein(a) kringle IV repeat number predicts risk for coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:713-719.
40. Bowden J-F, Pritchard PH, Hill JS, Frohlich JJ: Lp(a) concentration and apo(a) isoform size: relation to the presence of coronary artery disease in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1561-1568.
41. Seed M, Hoppichler F, Reaveley D, McCarthy S, Thompson GR, Boerwinkle E, Utermann G: Relation of serum lipoprotein(a) concentration and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype to coronary heart disease in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1990;322:1494-1499.
42. Parlavecchia M, Pancaldi A, Taramelli R, Valsania P, Galli L, Pozza G, Chierchia S, RuotoIo G: Evidence that apolipoprotein(a) phenotype is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men <55 years of age. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:346-351.
43. Lindén T, Taddei-Peters W, Wilhelmsen L, Herlitz J, Karlsson T, Ullström C, Wiklund O: Serum lipids, lipoprotein(a) and apo(a) isoforms in patients with established coronary artery disease and their regulation to disease and prognosis after coronary by-pass surgery. Atherosclerosis 1998;137:175-186.
44. Holmer SR, Hengstenberg C, Kraft HG, Mayer B, Poll M, Kurzinger S, Fischer M, Lowel H, Klein G, Riegger GAJ, Schunkert H: Association of polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein(a) gene with lipoprotein(a) levels and myocardial infarction. Circulation 2003;107:696-701.
45. Mölgaard J, Klausen IC, Lassvik C, Færgeman O, Gerdes LU, Olsson AG: Significant association between low-molecular-weight apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and intermittent claudication. Arterioscler Thromb 1992;12:895-901.
46. Kang C, Durlach V, Soulat T, Fournier C, Angles-Cano E: Lipoprotein(a) isoforms display differences in affinity for plasminogen-like binding to human mononuclear cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:2036-2043.
47. Wu HD, Berglund L, Dimayuga C, Jones J, Sciacca RR, DiTullio MR, Homma S: High lipoprotein(a) levels and small apolipoprotein(a) sizes are associated with endothelial dysfunction in a multiethnic cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:1828-1833.
48. Kronenberg F, Kronenberg MF, Kiechl S, Trenkwalder E, Santer P, Oberhollenzer F, Egger G, Utermann G, Willeit J: Role of lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein(a) phenotype in atherogenesis. Prospective results from the Bruneck Study. Circulation 1999;100:1154-1160.
49. Paultre F, Tuck CH, Boden-Albala B, Kargman DE, Todd E, Jones J, Paik MC, Sacco RL, Berglund L: Relation of apo(a) size to carotid atherosclerosis in an elderly, multiethnic population. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:141-146.
50. Rubin J, Paultre F, Tuck CH, Holleran S, Reed RG, Pearson TA, Thomas CM, Ramakrishnan R, Berglund L: Apolipoprotein(a) genotype influences isoform dominance pattern differently in African Americans and Caucasians. J Lipid Res 2002;43:234-244.
51. Wild SH, Fortmann SP, Marcovina SM: A prospective case-control study of lipoprotein (a) levels and apo (a) size and risk of coronary heart disease in Stanford Five-City Project participants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:239-245.
52. Orth-Gomér K, Mittleman MA, Schenck-Gustafsson K, Wamala SP, Eriksson M, Belkic K, Kirkeeide R, Svane B, Rydén L: Lipoprotein(a) as a determinant of coronary heart disease in young women. Circulation 1997;95:329-334.
53. Roberts HR, Monroe DM, Oliver JA, Chang JY, Hoffman M: Newer concepts of blood coagulation. Haemophilia 1998;4:331-334.
54. Hoffman MM, Monroe DM: Rethinking the coagulation cascade. Curr Hematol Rep 2005;4:391-396.
55. Tablin F, Castro M, Leven RM: Blood platelet formation in vitro. The role of the cytoskeleton in megakaryocyte fragmentation. J Cell Sci 1990;97(Pt 1):59-70.
56. Andrews RK, Berndt MC: Platelet physiology and thrombosis. Thromb Res 2004;114:447-453.
57. George JN: The role of membrane glycoproteins in platelet function. Transfus Med Rev 1987;1:34-46.
58. George JN: Platelets. Lancet 2000;355:1531-1539.
59. Furihata K, Nugent DJ, Kunicki TJ: Influence of platelet collagen receptor polymorphisms on risk for arterial thrombosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002;126:305-309.
60. Beer JH, Pederiva S, Pontiggia L: Genetics of platelet receptor single-nucleotide polymorphisms: clinical implications in thrombosis. Ann Med 2000;32(suppl 1):10-14.
61. Van De Graaf GE, Steinhubl SR: Antiplatelet medications and their indications in preventing and treating coronary thrombosis. Ann Med 2000;32:561-571.
62. Sangrar W, Bajzar L, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML: Antifibrinolytic effect of recombinant apolipoprotein(a) in vitro is primarily due to attenuation of tPA-mediated Glu-plasminogen activation. Biochemistry 1995;34:5151-5157.
63. Edelberg JM, Gonzalez-Gronow M, Pizzo SV: Lipoprotein(a) inhibition of plasminogen activation by tissue-type plasminogen activator. Thromb Res 1990;57:155-162.
64. Loscalzo J, Weinfeld M, Fless GM, Scanu AM: Lipoprotein(a), fibrin binding, and plasminogen activation. Arteriosclerosis 1990;10:240-245.
65. Hancock MA, Boffa MB, Marcovina SM, Nesheim ME, Koschinsky ML: Inhibition of plasminogen activation by lipoprotein(a): critical domains in apolipoprotein(a) and mechanism of inhibition on fibrin and degraded fibrin surfaces. J Biol Chem 2003;278:23260-23269.
66. Kang C, Dominguez M, Loyau S, Miyata T, Durlach V, Angles-Cano E: Lp(a) particles mold fibrin-binding properties of apo(a) in size-dependent manner: a study with different-length recombinant apo(a), native Lp(a), and monoclonal antibody. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:1232-1238.
67. Caplice NM, Panetta C, Peterson TE, Kleppe LS, Mueske CS, Kostner GM, Broze GJ Jr, Simari RD: Lipoprotein(a) binds and inactivates tissue factor pathway inhibitor: a novel link between lipoproteins and thrombosis. Blood 2001;98:2980-2987.
68. Rand ML, Sangrar W, Hancock MA, Taylor DM, Marcovina SM, Packham MA, Koschinsky ML: Apolipoprotein(a) enhances platelet responses to the thrombin receptor-activating peptide SFLLRN. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1393-1399.
69. Pedreno J, Fernandez R, Cullare C, Barcelo A, Elorza MA, de Castellarnau C: Platelet integrin alpha IIb beta 3 (GPIIb-IIIa) is not implicated in the binding of LDL to intact resting platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:156-163.
70. Barre DE: Human lipoprotein (a)-induced reduction of platelet aggregation is not mediated by apolipoprotein(a)'s lysine-binding regions. Front Biosci 2003;8:1226-1228.
71. Gries A, Gries M, Wurm H, Kenner T, Ijsseldijk M, Sixma JJ, Kostner GM: Lipoprotein(a) inhibits collagen-induced aggregation of thrombocytes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:648-655.
72. Malle E, Ibovnik A, Leis HJ, Kostner GM, Verhallen PFJ, Sattler W: Lysine modification of LDL or lipoprotein(a) by 4-hydroxynonenal of malondialdehyde decreases platelet serotonin secretion without affecting platelet aggregability and eicosanoid formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:377-384.
73. Martinez C, Rivera J, Loyau S, Corral J, Gonzalez-Conejero R, Lozano ML, Vicente V, Angles-Cano E: Binding of recombinant apolipoprotein(a) to human platelets and effect on platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 2001;85:686-693.
74. Tsironis LD, Mitsios JV, Milionis HJ, Elisaf M, Tselepis AD: Effect of lipoprotein(a) on platelet activation induced by platelet-activating factor: role of apolipoprotein(a) and endogenous PAF-acetylhydrolase. Cardiovasc Res 2004;63:130-138.
75. Barre DE: Apoprotein (a) antagonizes the GPIIB/IIIA receptor on collagen and ADP-stimulated human platelets. Front Biosci 2004;9:404-410.
76. Barre DE: Apolipoprotein(a) mediates the lipoprotein(a)-induced biphasic shift in human platelet cyclic AMP. Thromb Res 2003;112:321-324.
77. Akaike M, Azuma H, Kagawa A, Matsumoto K, Hayashi I, Tamura K, Nishiuchi T, Iuchi T, Takamoi N, Aihara K, Yoshida T, Kanagawa Y, Matsumoto T: Effect of aspirin treatment on serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) in patients with atherosclerotic diseases. Clin Chem 2002;48:1454-1459.
78. Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ: A prospective study of lipoprotein(a) and the risk for myocardial infarction. JAMA 1993;270:2195-2199.