Transcription factor GATA-1 and Down syndrome leukemogenesis

Leukemia and Lymphoma

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 986-997

  Muntean, Andrew ^a   Ge, Yubin ^b   Taub, Jeffrey ^b,c   Crispino, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b KARMANOS CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute megakaryocytic leukemia; Megakaryopoiesis; Transient myeloproliferative disorder; Trisomy 21

Indexed keywords

BCR ABL PROTEIN; CYTARABINE; CYTIDINE DEAMINASE; DNA; FLT3 LIGAND; JANUS KINASE 2; MIXED LINEAGE LEUKEMIA PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR GATA 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR RUNX1; ZINC FINGER PROTEIN;

ACUTE MEGAKARYOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; AMINO TERMINAL SEQUENCE; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMOSOME TRANSLOCATION 9; DNA BINDING; DOWN SYNDROME; DRUG SENSITIVITY; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE TARGETING; GROWTH REGULATION; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL; HUMAN; LEUKEMOGENESIS; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MEGAKARYOCYTE; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN MICROARRAY; REVIEW; TRANSACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

DNA; DOWN SYNDROME; GATA1 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, MEGAKARYOCYTIC, ACUTE; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MUTATION; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS; PROTEIN BINDING; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STEM CELLS; ZINC FINGERS;

EID: 33746307840     PISSN: 10428194     EISSN: 10292403     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10428190500485810     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. Levis, M and Small, D. (2003) FLT3: ITDoes matter in leukemia Leukemia, 17, pp. 1738-1752.
2. Kaushansky, K. (2005) On the molecular origins of the chronic myeloproliferative disorders: It all makes sense Blood, 105, pp. 4187-4190.
3. Daser, A and Rabbitts, T. (2004) Extending the repertoire of the mixed-lineage leukemia gene MLL in leukemogenesis Genes Dev, 18, pp. 965-974.
4. Song, W and Sullivan, M and Legare, R and Hutchings, S and Tan, X and Kufrin, D and et al. (1999) Haploinsufficiency of CBFA2 causes familial thrombocytopenia with propensity to develop acute myelogenous leukaemia Nat Genet, 23, pp. 166-175.
5. Wechsler, J and Greene, M and McDevitt, M and Anastasi, J and Karp, J and Le Beau, M and et al. (2002) Acquired mutations in GATA1 in the megakaryoblastic leukemia of Down syndrome Nat Genet, 32, pp. 148-152.
6. Groet, J and McElwaine, S and Spinelli, M and Rinaldi, A and Burtscher, I and Mulligan, C and et al. (2003) Acquired mutations in GATA1 in neonates with Down's syndrome with transient myeloid disorder Lancet, 361, pp. 1617-1620.
7. Hitzler, J and Cheung, J and Li, Y and Scherer, S and Zipursky, A. (2003) GATA1 mutations in transient leukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia of Down syndrome Blood, 101, pp. 4301-4304.
8. Mundschau, G and Gurbuxani, S and Gamis, A and Greene, M and Arceci, R and Crispino, J. (2003) Mutagenesis of GATA1 is an initiating event in Down syndrome leukemogenesis Blood, 101, pp. 4298-4300.
9. Rainis, L and Bercovch, D and Strehl, S and Teigler-Schlegel, A and Stark, B and Trka, J and et al. (2003) Mutations in exon 2 of GATA1 are early events in megakaryocytic malignancies associated with trisomy 21 Blood, 102, pp. 981-986.
10. Xu, G and Nagano, M and Kanezaki, R and Toki, T and Hayashi, Y and Taketani, T and et al. (2003) Frequent mutations in the GATA-1 gene in the transient myeloproliferative disorder of Down syndrome Blood, 102, pp. 2960-2968.
11. Ahmed, M and Sternberg, A and Hall, G and Thomas, A and Smith, O and O'Marcaigh, A and et al. (2004) Natural history of GATA1 mutations in Down syndrome Blood, 103, pp. 2480-2489.
12. Tsai, S and Martin, D and Zon, L and D'Andrea, A and Wong, G and Orkin, S. (1989) Cloning of cDNA for the major DNA-binding protein of the erythroid lineage through expression in mammalian cells Nature, 339, pp. 446-451.
13. Evans, T and Felsenfeld, G. (1989) The erythroid-specific transcription factor Eryf1: A new finger protein Cell, 58, pp. 877-885.
14. Martin, D and Orkin, S. (1990) Transcriptional activation and DNA binding by the erythroid factor GF-1/NF-E1/Eryf 1 Genes Dev, 4, pp. 1886-1898.
15. Trainor, C and Omichinski, J and Vandergon, T and Gronenborn, A and Clore, G and Felsenfeld, G. (1996) A palindromic regulatory site within vertebrate GATA-1 promoters requires both zinc fingers of the GATA-1 DNA-binding domain for high-affinity interaction Mol Cell Biol, 16, pp. 2238-2247.
16. Newton, A and Mackay, J and Crossley, M. (2001) The N-terminal zinc finger of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 binds GATC motifs in DNA J Biol Chem, 276, pp. 35794-35801.
17. Tsang, A and Visvader, J and Turner, C and Fujiwara, Y and Yu, C and Weiss, M and et al. (1997) FOG, a multitype zinc finger protein, acts as a cofactor for transcription factor GATA-1 in erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation Cell, 90, pp. 109-119.
18. Welch, J and Watts, J and Vakoc, C and Yao, Y and Wang, H and Hardison, R and et al. (2004) Global regulation of erythroid gene expression by transcription factor GATA-1 Blood, 104, pp. 3136-3147.
19. Pevny, L and Simon, M and Robertson, E and Klein, W and Tsai, S and D'Agati, V and et al. (1991) Erythroid differentiation in chimaeric mice blocked by a targeted mutation in the gene for transcription factor GATA-1 Nature, 349, pp. 257-260.
20. Simon, M and Pevny, L and Wiles, M and Keller, G and Costantini, F and Orkin, S. (1992) Rescue of erythroid development in gene targeted GATA-1- mouse embryonic stem cells Nat Genet, 1, pp. 92-98.
21. Weiss, M and Keller, G and Orkin, S. (1994) Novel insights into erythroid development revealed through in vitro differentiation of GATA-1 embryonic stem cells Genes Dev, 8, pp. 1184-1197.
22. Fujiwara, Y and Browne, C and Cunniff, K and Goff, S and Orkin, S. (1996) Arrested development of embryonic red cell precursors in mouse embryos lacking transcription factor GATA-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, pp. 12355-12358.
23. Terajima, M and Nemoto, Y and Obinata, M. (1995) Inducible expression of erythroid-specific mouse glycophorin gene is regulated by proximal elements and locus control region-like sequence J Biochem (Tokyo), 118, pp. 593-600.
24. Minie, M and Clark, D and Trainor, C and Evans, T and Reitman, M and Hannon, R and et al. (1992) Developmental regulation of globin gene expression J Cell Sci Suppl, 16, pp. 15-20.
25. Gregory, T and Yu, C and Ma, A and Orkin, S and Blobel, G and Weiss, M. (1999) GATA-1 and erythropoietin cooperate to promote erythroid cell survival by regulating bcl-xL expression Blood, 94, pp. 87-96.
26. Rylski, M and Welch, J and Chen, Y and Letting, D and Diehl, J and Chodosh, L and et al. (2003) GATA-1-mediated proliferation arrest during erythroid maturation Mol Cell Biol, 23, pp. 5031-5042.
27. Zon, L and Youssoufian, H and Mather, C and Lodish, H and Orkin, S. (1991) Activation of the erythropoietin receptor promoter by transcription factor GATA-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, pp. 10638-10641.
28. Munugalavadla, V and Dore, L and Tan, B and Hong, L and Vishnu, M and Weiss, M and et al. (2005) Repression of c-kit and its downstream substrates by GATA-1 inhibits cell proliferation during erythroid maturation Mol Cell Biol, 25, pp. 6747-6759.
29. McDevitt, M and Shivdasani, R and Fujiwara, Y and Yang, H and Orkin, S. (1997) A 'knockdown' mutation created by cis-element gene targeting reveals the dependence of erythroid cell maturation on the level of transcription factor GATA-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, pp. 6781-6785.
30. Takahashi, S and Onodera, K and Motohashi, H and Suwabe, N and Hayashi, N and Yanai, N and et al. (1997) Arrest in primitive erythroid cell development caused by promoter-specific disruption of the GATA-1 gene J Biol Chem, 272, pp. 12611-12615.
31. Pan, X and Ohneda, O and Ohneda, K and Lindeboom, F and Iwata, F and Shimizu, R and et al. (2005) Graded levels of GATA-1 expression modulate survival, proliferation, and differentiation of erythroid progenitors J Biol Chem, 280, pp. 22385-22394.
32. Shimizu, R and Kuroha, T and Ohneda, O and Pan, X and Ohneda, K and Takahashi, S and et al. (2004) Leukemogenesis caused by incapacitated GATA-1 function Mol Cell Biol, 24, pp. 10814-10825.
33. Rosenbauer, F and Wagner, K and Kutok, J and Iwasaki, H and Le Beau, M and Okuno, Y and et al. (2004) Acute myeloid leukemia induced by graded reduction of a lineage-specific transcription factor, PU.1 Nat Genet, 36, pp. 624-630.
34. Cook, W and McCaw, B and Herring, C and John, D and Foote, S and Nutt, S and et al. (2004) PU.1 is a suppressor of myeloid leukemia, inactivated in mice by gene deletion and mutation of its DNA binding domain Blood, 104, pp. 3437-3444.
35. Rosenbauer, F and Koschmieder, S and Steidl, U and Tenen, D. (2005) Effect of transcription-factor concentrations on leukemic stem cells Blood, 106, pp. 1519-1524.
36. Visvader, J and Elefanty, A and Strasser, A and Adams, J. (1992) GATA-1 but not SCL induces megakaryocytic differentiation in an early myeloid line EMBO J, 11, pp. 4557-4564.
37. Visvader, J and Adams, J. (1993) Megakaryocytic differentiation induced in 416B myeloid cells by GATA-2 and GATA-3 transgenes or 5-azacytidine is tightly coupled to GATA-1 expression Blood, 82, pp. 1493-1501.
38. Pevny, L and Lin, C and D'Agati, V and Simon, M and Orkin, S and Costantini, F. (1995) Development of hematopoietic cells lacking transcription factor GATA=1 Development, 121, pp. 163-172.
39. Shivdasani, R and Fujiwara, Y and McDevitt, M and Orkin, S. (1997) A lineage-selective knockout establishes the critical role of transcription factor GATA-1 in megakaryocyte growth and platelet development EMBO J, 16, pp. 3965-3973.
40. Vyas, P and Ault, K and Jackson, C and Orkin, S and Shivdasani, R. (1999) Consequences of GATA-1 deficiency in megakaryocytes and platelets Blood, 93, pp. 2867-2875.
41. Muntean, A and Crispino, J. (2005) Differential requirements for the activation domain and FOG-interaction surface of GATA-1 in megakaryocyte gene expression and development Blood, 106, pp. 1223-1231.
42. Stachura, D and Chou, S and Weiss, M. (2006) An early block to erythro-megakaryocytic development conferred by loss of transcription factor GATA-1 Blood, 107, pp. 87-97.
43. Nichols, K and Crispino, J and Poncz, M and White, J and Orkin, S and Maris, J and et al. (2000) Familial dyserythropoietic anaemia and thrombocytopenia due to an inherited mutation in GATA1 Nat Genet, 24, pp. 266-270.
44. Mehaffey, M and Newton, A and Gandhi, M and Crossley, M and Drachman, J. (2001) X-linked thrombocytopenia caused by a novel mutation of GATA-1 Blood, 98, pp. 2681-2688.
45. Freson, K and Devriendt, K and Matthijs, G and Van Hoof, A and De Vos, R and Thys, C and et al. (2001) Platelet characteristics in patients with X-linked macrothrombocytopenia because of a novel GATA1 mutation Blood, 98, pp. 85-92.
46. Freson, K and Matthijs, G and Thys, C and Marien, P and Hoylaerts, M and Vermylen, J and et al. (2002) Different substitutions at residue D218 of the X-linked transcription factor GATA1 lead to altered clinical severity of macrothrombocytopenia and anemia and are associated with variable skewed X inactivation Hum Mol Genet, 11, pp. 147-152.
47. Yu, C and Niakan, K and Matsushita, M and Stamatoyannopoulos, G and Orkin, S and Raskind, W. (2002) X-linked thrombocytopenia with thalassemia from a mutation in the amino finger of GATA-1 affecting DNA binding rather than FOG-1 interaction Blood, 100, pp. 2040-2045.
48. Balduini, C and Pecci, A and Loffredo, G and Izzo, P and Noris, P and Grosso, M and et al. (2004) Effects of the R216Q mutation of GATA-1 on erythropoiesis and megakaryocytopoiesis Thromb Haemost, 91, pp. 129-140.
49. Del Vecchio, G and Giordani, L and De Santis, A and De Mattia, D. (2005) Dyserythropoietic anemia and thrombocytopenia due to a novel mutation in GATA-1 Acta Haematol, 114, pp. 113-116.
50. Calligaris, R and Bottardi, S and Cogoi, S and Apezteguia, I and Santoro, C. (1995) Alternative translation initiation site usage results in two functionally distinct forms of the GATA-1 transcription factor Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, pp. 11598-11602.
51. Crispino, J. (2005) GATA1 in normal and malignant hematopoiesis Semin Cell Dev Biol, 16, pp. 137-147.
52. Zipursky, A and Poon, A and Doyle, J. (1992) Leukemia in Down syndrome: a review Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 9, pp. 139-149.
53. Zipursky, A. (2003) Transient leukaemia - a benign form of leukaemia in newborn infants with trisomy 21 Br J Haematol, 120, pp. 930-938.
54. Zipursky, A and Rose, T and Skidmore, M and Thorner, P and Doyle, J. (1996) Hydrops fetalis and neonatal leukemia in Down syndrome Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 13, pp. 81-87.
55. Gamis, A and Hilden, J. (2002) Transient myeloproliferative disorder, a disorder with too few data and many unanswered questions: Does it contain an important piece of the puzzle to understanding hematopoiesis and acute myelogenous leukemia J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 24, pp. 2-5.
56. Taub, J. (2001) Relationship of chromosome 21 and acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, 23, pp. 175-178.
57. Lange, B. (2000) The management of neoplastic disorders of haematopoiesis in children with Down's syndrome Br J Haematol, 110, pp. 512-524.
58. Yang, H and Evans, T. (1992) Distinct roles for the two cGATA-1 finger domains Mol Cell Biol, 12, pp. 4562-4570.
59. Visvader, J and Crossley, M and Hill, J and Orkin, S and Adams, J. (1995) The C-terminal zinc finger of GATA-1 or GATA-2 is sufficient to induce megakaryocytic differentiation of an early myeloid cell line Mol Cell Biol, 15, pp. 634-641.
60. Blobel, G and Simon, M and Orkin, S. (1995) Rescue of GATA-1-deficient embryonic stem cells by heterologous GATA-binding proteins Mol Cell Biol, 15, pp. 626-633.
61. Weiss, M and Yu, C and Orkin, S. (1997) Erythroid-cell-specific properties of transcription factor GATA-1 revealed by phenotypic rescue of a gene-targeted cell line Mol Cell Biol, 17, pp. 1642-1651.
62. Shimizu, R and Takahashi, S and Ohneda, K and Engel, J and Yamamoto, M. (2001) In vivo requirements for GATA-1 functional domains during primitive and definitive erythropoiesis EMBO J, 20, pp. 5250-5260.
63. Hitzler, J and Zipursky, A. (2005) Origins of leukaemia in children with Down syndrome Nat Rev Cancer, 5, pp. 11-20.
64. Kuhl, C and Atzberger, A and Iborra, F and Nieswandt, B and Porcher, C and Vyas, P. (2005) GATA1-mediated megakaryocyte differentiation and growth control can be uncoupled and mapped to different domains in GATA1 Mol Cell Biol, 25, pp. 8592-8606.
65. Li, Z and Godinho, F and Klusmann, J and Garriga-Canut, M and Yu, C and Orkin, S. (2005) Developmental stage-selective effect of somatically mutated leukemogenic transcription factor GATA1 Nat Genet, 37, pp. 613-619.
66. Grass, J and Boyer, M and Pal, S and Wu, J and Weiss, M and Bresnick, E. (2003) GATA-1-dependent transcriptional repression of GATA-2 via disruption of positive autoregulation and domain-wide chromatin remodeling Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 100, pp. 8811-8816.
67. Letting, D and Chen, Y and Rakowski, C and Reedy, S and Blobel, G. (2004) Context-dependent regulation of GATA-1 by friend of GATA-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, pp. 476-481.
68. Pal, S and Cantor, A and Johnson, K and Moran, T and Boyer, M and Orkin, S and et al. (2004) Coregulator-dependent facilitation of chromatin occupancy by GATA-1 Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 101, pp. 980-985.
69. Ikonomi, P and Rivera, C and Riordan, M and Washington, G and Schechter, A and Noguchi, C. (2000) Overexpression of GATA-2 inhibits erythroid and promotes megakaryocyte differentiation Exp Hematol, 28, pp. 1423-1431.
70. Creutzig, U and Reinhardt, D and Diekamp, S and Dworzak, M and Stary, J and Zimmermann, M. (2005) AML patients with Down syndrome have a high cure rate with AML-BFM therapy with reduced dose intensity Leukemia, 19, pp. 1355-1360.
71. Zipursky, A and Thorner, P and De Harven, E and Christensen, H and Doyle, J. (1994) Myelodysplasia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in Down's syndrome Leuk Res, 18, pp. 163-171.
72. Ravindranath, Y and Abella, E and Krischer, J and Wiley, J and Inoue, S and Harris, M and et al. (1992) Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in Down's syndrome is highly responsive to chemotherapy: Experience on Pediatric Oncology Group AML Study 8498 Blood, 80, pp. 2210-2214.
73. Ravindranath, Y and Yeager, A and Chang, M and et al. (1996) Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. Pediatric Oncology Group N Engl J Med, 334, pp. 1428-1434.
74. Lange, B and Kobrinsky, N and Barnard, D and Arthur, D and Buckley, J and Howells, W and et al. (1998) Distinctive demography, biology, and outcome of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in children with Down syndrome: Children's Cancer Group Studies 2861 and 2891 Blood, 91, pp. 608-615.
75. Gamis, A and Woods, W and Alonzo, T and Buxton, A and Lange, B and Barnard, D and et al. (2003) Increased age at diagnosis has a significantly negative effect on outcome in children with Down syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia: A report from the Children's Cancer Group Study 2891 J Clin Oncol, 21, pp. 3415-3422.
76. Zeller, B and Gustafsson, G and Forestier, E and Abrahamsson, J and Clausen, N and Heldrup, J and et al. (2005) Acute leukaemia in children with Down syndrome: A population-based Nordic study Br J Haematol, 128, pp. 797-804.
77. Kojima, S and Sako, M and Kato, K and Hosoi, G and Sato, T and Ohara, A and et al. (2000) An effective chemotherapeutic regimen for acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in children with Down's syndrome Leukemia, 14, pp. 786-791.
78. Athale, U and Razzouk, B and Raimondi, S and Tong, X and Behm, F and Head, D and et al. (2001) Biology and outcome of childhood acute megakaryoblastic leukemia: A single institution's experience Blood, 97, pp. 3727-3732.
79. Taub, J and Huang, X and Matherly, L and Stout, M and Buck, S and Massey, G and et al. (1999) Expression of chromosome 21-localized genes in acute myeloid leukemia: Differences between Down syndrome and non-Down syndrome blast cells and relationship to in vitro sensitivity to cytosine arabinoside and daunorubicin Blood, 94, pp. 1393-1400.
80. Taub, J and Ge, Y. (2005) Down syndrome, drug metabolism and chromosome 21 Pediatr Blood Cancer, 44, pp. 33-39.
81. Ge, Y and Stout, M and Tatman, D and Jensen, T and Buck, S and Thomas, R and et al. (2005) GATA1, cytidine deaminase, and the high cure rate of Down syndrome children with acute megakaryocytic leukemia J Natl Cancer Inst, 97, pp. 226-231.
82. Frost, B and Gustafsson, G and Larsson, R and Nygren, P and Lonnerholm, G. (2000) Cellular cytotoxic drug sensitivity in children with acute leukemia and Down's syndrome: An explanation to differences in clinical outcome Leukemia, 14, pp. 943-944.
83. Zwaan, C and Kaspers, G and Pieters, R and Hahlen, K and Janka-Schaub, G and van Zantwijk, C and et al. (2002) Different drug sensitivity profiles of acute myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia and normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells in children with and without Down syndrome Blood, 99, pp. 245-251.
84. Ge, Y and Jensen, T and Matherly, L and Taub, J. (2003) Transcriptional regulation of the cystathionine-beta -synthase gene in Down syndrome and non-Down syndrome megakaryocytic leukemia cell lines Blood, 101, pp. 1551-1557.
85. Whitlock, J and Sather, H and Gaynon, P and Robison, L and Wells, R and Trigg, M and et al. (2005) Clinical characteristics and outcome of children with down syndrome and acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A children's cancer group study Blood, 106, pp. 4043-4049.
86. Shimamoto, T and Ohyashiki, K and Ohyashiki, J and Kawakubo, K and Fujimura, T and Iwama, H and et al. (1995) The expression pattern of erythrocyte/megakaryocyte-related transcription factors GATA-1 and the stem cell leukemia gene correlates with hematopoietic differentiation and is associated with outcome of acute myeloid leukemia Blood, 86, pp. 3173-3180.
87. Ge, Y and Jensen, T and Stout, M and Flatley, R and Grohar, P and Ravindranath, Y and et al. (2004) The role of cytidine deaminase and GATA1 mutations in the increased cytosine arabinoside sensitivity of Down syndrome myeloblasts and leukemia cell lines Cancer Res, 64, pp. 728-735.
88. Galmarini, C and Mackey, J and Dumontet, C. (2001) Nucleoside analogues: mechanisms of drug resistance and reversal strategies Leukemia, 15, pp. 875-890.
89. Ge, Y and Dombkowski, A and Lafiura, K and Tatman, D and Yedidi, R and Stout, M and et al. (2005) Differential gene expression, GATA1 target genes and the chemotherapy sensitivity of down syndrome megakaryocytic leukemia Blood. prepublished online; DOI 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2219
90. Ishikawa, J and Kaisho, T and Tomizawa, H and Lee, B and Kobune, Y and Inazawa, J and et al. (1995) Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of a bone marrow stromal cell surface gene, BST2, that may be involved in pre-B-cell growth Genomics, 26, pp. 527-534.
91. Ohtomo, T and Sugamata, Y and Ozaki, Y and Ono, K and Yoshimura, Y and Kawai, S and et al. (1999) Molecular cloning and characterization of a surface antigen preferentially overexpressed on multiple myeloma cells Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 258, pp. 583-591.