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33746202341
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note
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3|2100 Å Mg:Ag 20:1. ITO is the anode and Mg:Ag is the cathode.
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20
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33746230317
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note
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A J-aggregate is characterized by the absorption and emission transitions, which have lower energies relative to those of the monomer and relatively large oscillator strength (spectral intensity).
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21
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33746230318
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note
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3.
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22
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33746246144
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note
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For example, solution electrochemistry indicates that perylene is 0.18 V easier to oxidize and 0.24 V easier to reduce than TBADN. Naphtho [2,3-a]pyrene (NP) is as easy to oxidize as TBADN but is easier to reduce by 0.32 V. The spectroscopy of dilute solutions indicates that the energy of the lowest excited singlet state is lower for perylene and NP than that for TBADN by 29 and 42 kJ/mol, respectively, and the energy of the lowest triplet state is lower by 21 and ∼40 kJ/mol, respectively. The energies of the lowest excited singlet state and triplet state for the aggregates of the additives are probably even lower.
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23
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33746246143
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note
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This observation is made only as suggestive. An alternative explanation would assume that the EL fade is due to both (i) fluorescence quenchers and (ii) nonradiative recombination centers/charge traps and posit that the addition of the PAH alleviates the latter problem more than the former.
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27
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33746230319
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note
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3 devices eight times, reaching 8000 h, while the addition of the 15% -80% TBP leads to a modest ∼ 1.4 times increase (Table II).
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28
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0002103958
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Berlin, 13-15 Aug. (Wissenschaft und Technik, Berlin, Germany, 1996)
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S. A. Van Slyke, P. S. Bryan, and C. W. Tang, Eighth International Workshop on Electroluminescence, Berlin, 13-15 Aug. 1996 (Wissenschaft und Technik, Berlin, Germany, 1996), p. 195.
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Van Slyke, S.A.1
Bryan, P.S.2
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29
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33645678635
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For example, see C. Hosokawa, K. Fukuoka, H. Kawamura, T. Sakai, M. Kubota, M. Funahashi, F. Moriwaki, and H. Ikeda, SID Int. Symp. Digest Tech. Papers 35, 780 (2004).
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Hosokawa, C.1
Fukuoka, K.2
Kawamura, H.3
Sakai, T.4
Kubota, M.5
Funahashi, M.6
Moriwaki, F.7
Ikeda, H.8
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30
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33746259057
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note
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For perylene see Ref. 16. For TBP, solution electrochemistry indicates that it is 0.30 V easier to oxidize and 0.12 V easier to reduce than TBADN.
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