The role of neurotensin in central nervous system pathophysiology: What is the evidence?

Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 229-245

  St Gelais, Fannie ^a   Jomphe, Claudia ^a   Trudeau, Louis Éric ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

2 [5 (2,6 DIMETHOXYPHENYL) 1 [4 [N (3 DIMETHYLAMINOPROPYL) N METHYLCARBAMOYL] 2 ISOPROPYLPHENYL] 1H PYRAZOL 3 YLCARBONYLAMINO]ADAMANTANE 2 CARBOXYLIC ACID; 2 [[1 (7 CHLORO 4 QUINOLINYL) 5 (2,6 DIMETHOXYPHENYL) 3 PYRAZOLYL]CARBONYLAMINO] 2 ADAMANTANECARBOXYLIC ACID; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR; ACETYLCHOLINE; AMPHETAMINE; COCAINE; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; LEPTIN; LEVOCABASTINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTENSIN; NEUROTENSIN RECEPTOR; NEUROTRANSMITTER; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT;

ANALGESIA; ASTROCYTE; BINDING AFFINITY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BRAIN REGION; CANCER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHOLINERGIC TRANSMISSION; CLINICAL TRIAL; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DOPAMINERGIC NERVE CELL; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG INHIBITION; EATING DISORDER; GABAERGIC TRANSMISSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INNERVATION; MICROGLIA; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; PROTEIN PROCESSING; PROTEIN SECRETION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEROTONINERGIC SYSTEM; STROKE;

ANIMALS; BIOGENIC MONOAMINES; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; HUMANS; NEUROTENSIN; PAIN; PARKINSON DISEASE; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 33746163944     PISSN: 11804882     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (335)

1. Carraway R, Leeman SE. The isolation of a new hypotensive peptide, neurotensin, from bovine hypothalami. J Biol Chem 1973;248:6854-61.
2. Binder EB, Kinkead B, Owens MJ, et al. Neurotensin and dopamine interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2001;53:453-86.
3. Dobner PR, Barber DL, Villa-Komaroff L, et al. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the canine neurotensin/neuromedin N precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987;84:3516-20.
4. Kislauskis E, Bullock B, McNeil S, et al. The rat gene encoding neurotensin and neuromedin N. Structure, tissue-specific expression, and evolution of exon sequences. J Biol Chem 1988;263:4963-8.
5. Steiner DF, Smeekens SP, Ohagi S, et al. The new enzymology of precursor processing endoproteases. J Biol Chem 1992;267:23435-8.
6. Villeneuve P, Lafortune L, Seidah NG, et al. Immunohistochemical evidence for the involvement of protein convertases 5A and 2 in the processing of pro-neurotensin in rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2000;424:461-75.
7. Villeneuve P, Feliciangeli S, Croissandeau G, et al. Altered processing of the neurotensin/neuromedin N precursor in PC2 knock down mice: a biochemical and immunohistochemical study. J Neurochem 2002;82:783-93.
8. Rovere C, Barbero P, Kitabgi P. Evidence that PC2 is the endogenous pro-neurotensin convertase in rMTC 6-23 cells and that PC1- and PC2-transfected PC12 cells differentially process pro-neurotensin. J Biol Chem 1996;271:11368-75.
9. Villeneuve P, Seidah NG, Beaudet A. Immunohistochemical evidence for the implication of PC1 in the processing of proneurotensin in rat brain. Neuroreport 2000;11:3443-7.
10. Kitabgi P, Masuo Y, Nicot A, et al. Marked variations of the relative distributions of neurotensin and neuromedin N in micropunched rat brain areas suggest differential processing of their common precursor. Neurosci Lett 1991;124:9-12.
11. Bayer VE, Towle AC, Pickel VM. Vesicular and cytoplasmic localization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity (NTLI) in neurons postsynaptic to terminals containing NTLI and/or tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat central nucleus of the amygdala. J Neurosci Res 1991;30:398-413.
12. Zupanc GK. Peptidergic transmission: from morphological correlates to functional implications. Micron 1996;27:35-91.
13. Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Bloom F, et al. Calcium-dependent release of somatostatin and neurotensin from rat brain in vitro. Nature 1978;273:161-3.
14. Maeda K, Frohman LA. Neurotensin release by rat hypothalamic fragments in vitro. Brain Res 1981;210:261-9.
15. Kitabgi P, De Nadai F, Cuber JC, et al. Calcium-dependent release of neuromedin N and neurotensin from mouse hypothalamus. Neuropeptides 1990;15:111-4.
16. Vincent B, Vincent JP, Checler F. Neurotensin and neuromedin N undergo distinct catabolic processes in murine astrocytes and primary cultured neurons. Eur J Biochem 1994;221:297-306.
17. Almenoff J, Wilk S, Orlowski M. Membrane bound pituitary metalloendopeptidase: apparent identity to enkephalinase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981;102:206-14.
18. Skidgel RA, Engelbrecht S, Johnson AR, et al. Hydrolysis of substance p and neurotensin by converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase. Peptides 1984;5:769-76.
19. Orlowski M, Michaud C, Chu TG. A soluble metalloendopeptidase from rat brain. Purification of the enzyme and determination of specificity with synthetic and natural peptides. Eur J Biochem 1983;135:81-8.
20. Checler F, Vincent JP, Kitabgi P. Purification and characterization of a novel neurotensin-degrading peptidase from rat brain synaptic membranes. J Biol Chem 1986;261:11274-81.
21. Checler F, Barelli H, Kitabgi P, et al. Neurotensin metabolism in various tissues of central and peripheral origins: ubiquitous involvement of a novel neurotensin degrading metalloendopeptidase. Biochimie 1988;70:75-82.
22. Checler F, Barelli H, Vincent JP. Tissue distribution of a novel neurotensin-degrading metallopeptidase. An immunological approach using monospecific polyclonal antibodies. Biochem J 1989;257:549-54.
23. Dauch P, Masuo Y, Vincent JP, et al. Endopeptidase 24-16 in murines: tissue distribution, cerebral regionalization, and ontogeny. J Neurochem 1992;59:1862-7.
24. Uhl GR, Snyder SH. Neurotensin: a neuronal pathway projecting from amygdala through stria terminalis. Brain Res 1979;161:522-6.
25. Vankova M, Arluison M, Leviel V, et al. Afferent connections of the rat substantia nigra pars lateralis with special reference to peptide-containing neurons of the amygdalo-nigral pathway. J Chem Neuroanat 1992;5:39-50.
26. Gonzales C, Chesselet MF. Amygdalonigral pathway: an anterograde study in the rat with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L). J Comp Neurol 1990;297:182-200.
27. Inagaki S, Yamano M, Shiosaka S, et al. Distribution and origins of neurotensin-containing fibers in the nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami of the rat: an experimental immunohistochemical study. Brain Res 1983;273(2):229-35.
28. Roberts GW, Crow TJ, Polak JM. Neurotensin: first report of a cortical pathway. Peptides 1981;2(Suppl 1):37-43.
29. Goedert M, Lightman SL, Mantyh PW, et al. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity and neurotensin receptors in the rat hypothalamus and in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Brain Res 1985;358:59-69.
30. Kalivas PW, Miller JS. Neurotensin neurons in the ventral tegmental area project to the medial nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1984;300:157-60.
31. Seroogy KB, Mehta A, Fallon JH. Neurotensin and cholecystokinin coexistence within neurons of the ventral mesencephalon: projections to forebrain. Exp Brain Res 1987;68:277-89.
32. Inagaki S, Shinoda K, Kubota Y, et al. Evidence for the existence of a neurotensin-containing pathway from the endopiriform nucleus and the adjacent prepiriform cortex to the anterior olfactory nucleus and nucleus of diagonal band (Broca) of the rat. Neuroscience 1983;8:487-93.
33. Inagaki S, Kubota Y, Shinoda K, et al. Neurotensin-containing pathway from the endopiriform nucleus and the adjacent prepiriform cortex to the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus in the rat. Brain Res 1983;260:143-6.
34. Beitz AJ. The sites of origin brain stem neurotensin and serotonin projections to the rodent nucleus raphe magnus. J Neurosci 1982;2:829-42.
35. Zahm DS, Grosu S, Williams EA, et al. Neurons of origin of the neurotensinergic plexus enmeshing the ventral tegmental area in rat: retrograde labeling and in situ hybridization combined. Neuroscience 2001;104:841-51.
36. Kiyama H, Shiosaka S, Sakamoto N, et al. A neurotensin-immunoreactive pathway from the subiculum to the mammillary body in the rat. Brain Res 1986;375:357-9.
37. Moga MM, Saper CB, Gray TS. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: cytoarchitecture, immunohistochemistry, and projection to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1989;283:315-32.
38. Castel MN, Morino P, Frey P, et al. Immunohistochemical evidence for a neurotensin striatonigral pathway in the rat brain. Neuroscience 1993;55:833-47.
39. Zahm DS, Gruber C, Veh RH, et al. Inputs to the central extended amygdala recipient region of the nigral complex in the rat [poster]. Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington: Society for Neuroscience; 2005. Program no. 301.11. Available: http://sfn .scholarone.com/itin2005/ [accessed 2006 Mar 8].
40. Uhl GR, Kuhar MJ, Snyder SH. Neurotensin: immunohistochemical localization in rat central nervous system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1977;74:4059-63.
41. Jennes L, Stumpf WE, Kalivas PW. Neurotensin: topographical distribution in rat brain by immunohistochemistry. J Comp Neurol 1982;210:211-24.
42. Vincent JP, Mazella J, Kitabgi P. Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1999;20:302-9.
43. Hermans E, Maloteaux JM. Mechanisms of regulation of neurotensin receptors. Pharmacol Ther 1998;79:89-104.
44. Mazella J. Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3: a new tool to investigate neurotensin signaling and cellular trafficking? Cell Signal 2001;13:1-6.
45. Tanaka K, Masu M, Nakanishi S. Structure and functional expression of the cloned rat neurotensin receptor. Neuron 1990;4:847-54.
46. Chalon P, Vita N, Kaghad M, et al. Molecular cloning of a levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin binding site. FEBS Lett 1996;386:91-4.
47. Mazella J, Botto JM, Guillemare E, et al. Structure, functional expression, and cerebral localization of the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin/neuromedin N receptor from mouse brain. J Neurosci 1996;16:5613-20.
48. Vita N, Laurent P, Lefort S, et al. Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a high affinity human neurotensin receptor. FEBS Lett 1993;317:139-42.
49. Schotte A, Leysen JE, Laduron PM. Evidence for a displaceable nonspecific [3H]neurotensin binding site in rat brain. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1986;333:400-5.
50. Elde R, Schalling M, Ceccatelli S, et al. Localization of neuropeptide receptor mRNA in rat brain: initial observations using probes for neurotensin and substance P receptors. Neurosci Lett 1990;120:134-8.
51. Nicot A, Rostene W, Berod A. Neurotensin receptor expression in the rat forebrain and midbrain: a combined analysis by in situ hybridization and receptor autoradiography. J Comp Neurol 1994;341:407-19.
52. Boudin H, Pelaprat D, Rostene W, et al. Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor. J Comp Neurol 1996;373:76-89.
53. Fassio A, Evans G, Grisshammer R, et al. Distribution of the neurotensin receptor NTS1 in the rat CNS studied using an amino-terminal directed antibody. Neuropharmacology 2000;39:1430-42.
54. Gailly P. Ca2+ entry in CHO cells, after Ca2+ stores depletion, is mediated by arachidonic acid. Cell Calcium 1998;24:293-304.
55. Canonico PL, Speciale C, Sortino MA, et al. Involvement of arachidonate metabolism in neurotensin-induced prolactin release in vitro. Am J Physiol 1985;249:E257-63.
56. Poinot-Chazel C, Portier M, Bouaboula M, et al. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase couples neurotensin receptor stimulation to induction of the primary response gene Krox-24. Biochem J 1996;320:145-51.
57. Ehlers RA, Zhang Y, Hellmich MR, et al. Neurotensin-mediated activation of MAPK pathways and AP-1 binding in the human pancreatic cancer cell line, MIA PaCa-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;269:704-8.
58. Martin S, Navarro V, Vincent JP, et al. Neurotensin receptor-1 and -3 complex modulates the cellular signaling of neurotensin in the HT29 cell line. Gastroenterology 2002;123:1135-43.
59. Liu F, Yang P, Baez M, et al. Neurotensin negatively modulates Akt activity in neurotensin receptor-1-transfected AV12 cells. J Cell Biochem 2004;92:603-11.
60. Beaudet A, Mazella J, Nouel D, et al. Internalization and intracellular mobilization of neurotensin in neuronal cells. Biochem Pharmacol 1994;47:43-52.
61. Hermans E, Vanisberg MA, Geurts M, et al. Down-regulation of neurotensin receptors after ligand-induced internalization in rat primary cultured neurons. Neurochem Int 1997;31:291-9.
62. Vandenbulcke F, Nouel D, Vincent JP, et al. Ligand-induced internalization of neurotensin in transfected COS-7 cells: differential intracellular trafficking of ligand and receptor. J Cell Sci 2000;113:2963-75.
63. Nguyen HM, Cahill CM, McPherson PS, et al. Receptor-mediated internalization of (3H)-neurotensin in synaptosomal preparations from rat neostriatum. Neuropharmacology 2002;42:1089-98.
64. Gully D, Canton M, Boigegrain R, et al. Biochemical and pharmacological profile of a potent and selective nonpeptide antagonist of the neurotensin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:65-9.
65. Gully D, Labeeuw B, Boigegrain R, et al. Biochemical and pharmacological activities of SR 142948A, a new potent neurotensin receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280:802-12.
66. Remaury A, Vita N, Gendreau S, et al. Targeted inactivation of the neurotensin type 1 receptor reveals its role in body temperature control and feeding behavior but not in analgesia. Brain Res 2002;953:63-72.
67. Leonetti M, Brun P, Clerget M, et al. Specific involvement of neurotensin type 1 receptor in the neurotensin-mediated in vivo dopamine efflux using knock-out mice. J Neurochem 2004;89:1-6.
68. Pettibone DJ, Hess JF, Hey PJ, et al. The effects of deleting the mouse neurotensin receptor NTR1 on central and peripheral responses to neurotensin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;300:305-13.
69. Sarret P, Esdaile MJ, Perron A, et al. Potent spinal analgesia elicited through stimulation of NTS2 neurotensin receptors. J Neurosci 2005;25:8188-96.
70. Walker N, Lepee-Lorgeoux I, Fournier J, et al. Tissue distribution and cellular localization of the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin receptor mRNA in adult rat brain. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1998;57:193-200.
71. Lepee-Lorgeoux I, Betancur C, Rostene W, et al. Differential ontogenetic patterns of levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin NT2 receptors and of NT1 receptors in the rat brain revealed by in situ hybridization. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1999;113:115-31.
72. Sarret P, Perron A, Stroh T, et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of NTS2 neurotensin receptors in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2003;461:520-38.
73. Sarret P, Beaudet A, Vincent JP, et al. Regional and cellular distribution of low affinity neurotensin receptor mRNA in adult and developing mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 1998;394:344-56.
74. Botto JM, Sarret P, Vincent JP, et al. Identification and expression of a variant isoform of the levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin receptor in the mouse central nervous system. FEBS Lett 1997;400:211-4.
75. Nouel D, Faure MP, St Pierre JA, et al. Differential binding profile and internalization process of neurotensin via neuronal and glial receptors. J Neurosci 1997;17:1795-803.
76. Nouel D, Sarret P, Vincent JP, et al. Pharmacological, molecular and functional characterization of glial neurotensin receptors. Neuroscience 1999;94:1189-97.
77. Yamada M, Yamada M, Lombet A, et al. Distinct functional characteristics of levocabastine sensitive rat neurotensin NT2 receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Life Sci 1998;62:PL375-80.
78. Vita N, Oury-Donat F, Chalon P, et al. Neurotensin is an antagonist of the human neurotensin NT2 receptor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;360:265-72.
79. Richard F, Barroso S, Martinez J, et al. Agonism, inverse agonism, and neutral antagonism at the constitutively active human neurotensin receptor 2. Mol Pharmacol 2001;60:1392-8.
80. Sarret P, Gendron L, Kilian P, et al. Pharmacology and functional properties of NTS2 neurotensin receptors in cerebellar granule cells. J Biol Chem 2002;277:36233-43.
81. Holst B, Holliday ND, Bach A, et al. Common structural basis for constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor family. J Biol Chem 2004;279:53806-17.
82. Botto JM, Chabry J, Sarret P, et al. Stable expression of the mouse levocabastine-sensitive neurotensin receptor in HEK 293 cell line: binding properties, photoaffinity labeling, and internalization mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998;243:585-90.
83. Gendron L, Perron A, Payet MD, et al. Low-affinity neurotensin receptor (NTS2) signaling: internalization-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2. Mol Pharmacol 2004;66:1421-30.
84. Mazella J, Zsurger N, Navarro V, et al. The 100-kDa neurotensin receptor is gp95/sortilin, a non-G-protein-coupled receptor. J Biol Chem 1998;273:26273-6.
85. Munck Petersen C, Nielsen MS, Jacobsen C, et al. Propeptide cleavage conditions sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 for ligand binding. EMBO J 1999;18:595-604.
86. Chabry J, Gaudriault G, Vincent JP, et al. Implication of various forms of neurotensin receptors in the mechanism of internalization of neurotensin in cerebral neurons. J Biol Chem 1993;268:17138-44.
87. Morris NJ, Ross SA, Lane WS, et al. Sortilin is the major 110-kDa protein in GLUT4 vesicles from adipocytes. J Biol Chem 1998;273:3582-7.
88. Sarret P, Krzywkowski P, Segal L, et al. Distribution of NTS3 receptor/sortilin mRNA and protein in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 2003;461:483-505.
89. Petersen CM, Nielsen MS, Nykjaer A, et al. Molecular identification of a novel candidate sorting receptor purified from human brain by receptor-associated protein affinity chromatography. J Biol Chem 1997;272:3599-605.
90. Tauris J, Ellgaard L, Jacobsen C, et al. The carboxy-terminal domain of the receptor-associated protein binds to the Vps10p domain of sortilin. FEBS Lett 1998;429:27-30.
91. Nielsen MS, Jacobsen C, Olivecrona G, et al. Sortilin/neurotensin receptor-3 binds and mediates degradation of lipoprotein lipase. J Biol Chem 1999;274:8832-6.
92. Martin S, Vincent JP, Mazella J. Involvement of the neurotensin receptor-3 in the neurotensin-induced migration of human microglia. J Neurosci 2003;23:1198-205.
93. Dal Farra C, Sarret P, Navarro V, et al. Involvement of the neurotensin receptor subtype NTR3 in the growth effect of neurotensin on cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 2001;92:503-9.
94. Navarro V, Martin S, Sarret P, et al. Pharmacological properties of the mouse neurotensin receptor 3. Maintenance of cell surface receptor during internalization of neurotensin. FEBS Lett 2001;495:100-5.
95. Morinville A, Martin S, Lavallee M, et al. Internalization and trafficking of neurotensin via NTS3 receptors in HT29 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2004;36:2153-68.
96. Jacobsen L, Madsen P, Jacobsen C, et al. Activation and functional characterization of the mosaic receptor SorLA/LR11. J Biol Chem 2001;276:22788-96.
97. Motoi Y, Aizawa T, Haga S, et al. Neuronal localization of a novel mosaic apolipoprotein E receptor, LR11, in rat and human brain. Brain Res 1999;833:209-15.
98. Andersen OM, Reiche J, Schmidt V, et al. Neuronal sorting protein-related receptor sorLA/LR11 regulates processing of the amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:13461-6.
99. Wang XM, Evers BM. Characterization of early developmental pattern of expression of neurotensin/neuromedin N gene in foregut and midgut. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:33-40.
100. Botsios DS, Vasiliadis KD. Factors enhancing intestinal adaptation after bowel compensation. Dig Dis 2003;21:228-36.
101. Onuoha GN, Alpar EK, Chukwulobelu R, et al. Distributions of VIP, substance P, neurokinin A and neurotensin in rat heart: an immunocytochemical study. Neuropeptides 1999;33:19-25.
102. Schaeffer P, Laplace MC, Bernat A, et al. SR142948A is a potent antagonist of the cardiovascular effects of neurotensin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998;31:545-50.
103. Pinnock RD. Neurotensin depolarizes substantia nigra dopamine neurones. Brain Res 1985;338:151-4.
104. Mercuri NB, Stratta F, Calabresi P, et al. Neurotensin induces an inward current in rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 1993;153:192-6.
105. Farkas RH, Chien PY, Nakajima S, et al. Properties of a slow nonselective cation conductance modulated by neurotensin and other neurotransmitters in midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurophysiol 1996;76:1968-81.
106. St-Gelais F, Legault M, Bourque MJ, et al. Role of calcium in neurotensin-evoked enhancement in firing in mesencephalic dopamine neurons. J Neurosci 2004;24:2566-74.
107. Okuma Y, Fukuda Y, Osumi Y. Neurotensin potentiates the potassium-induced release of endogenous dopamine from rat striatal slices. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;93:27-33.
108. De Quidt ME, Emson PC. Neurotensin facilitates dopamine release in vitro from rat striatal slices. Brain Res 1983;274:376-80.
109. Hetier E, Boireau A, Dubedat P, et al. Neurotensin effects on evoked release of dopamine in slices from striatum, nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex in rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1988;337:13-7.
110. Bauer B, Ehinger B, Tornqvist K, et al. Neurotransmitter release by certain neuropeptides in the chicken retina. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh) 1985;63:581-7.
111. Blaha CD, Phillips AG. Pharmacological evidence for common mechanisms underlying the effects of neurotensin and neuroleptics on in vivo dopamine efflux in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 1992;49:867-77.
112. Tanganelli S, O'Connor WT, Ferraro L, et al. Facilitation of GABA release by neurotensin is associated with a reduction of dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 1994;60:649-57.
113. Wagstaff JD, Bush LG, Gibb JW, et al. Endogenous neurotensin antagonizes methamphetamine-enhanced dopaminergic activity. Brain Res 1994;665:237-44.
114. Legault M, Congar P, Michel FJ, et al. Presynaptic action of neurotensin on cultured ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurones. Neuroscience 2002;111:177-87.
115. Kalivas PW, Duffy P. Effect of acute and daily neurotensin and enkephalin treatments on extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci 1990;10:2940-9.
116. Von Euler G, Meister B, Hokfelt T, et al. Intraventricular injection of neurotensin reduces the binding of dopamine D-2 receptors in the rat forebrain. Acta Physiol Scand 1989;137:309-10.
117. Tanganelli S, Li XM, Ferraro L, et al. Neurotensin and cholecystokinin octapeptide control synergistically dopamine release and dopamine D2 receptor affinity in rat neostriatum. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;230:159-66.
118. Fuxe K, Von Euler G, Agnati LF, et al. Intramembrane interactions between neurotensin receptors and dopamine D2 receptors as a major mechanism for the neuroleptic-like action of neurotensin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;668:186-204.
119. Li XM, Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, et al. Neurotensin peptides antagonistically regulate postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptors in rat nucleus accumbens: a receptor binding and microdialysis study. J Neurol Transm Gen Sect 1995;102:125-37.
120. Von Euler G, Meister B, Hokfelt T, et al. Intraventricular injection of neurotensin reduces dopamine D2 agonist binding in rat forebrain and intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. Relationship to serum hormone levels and nerve terminal coexistence. Brain Res 1990;531:253-62.
121. Von Euler G, Mailleux P, Vanderhaeghen JJ, et al. Neurotensin reduces the affinity of dopamine D2 receptors in membranes from post mortem human caudate-putamen. Neurosci Lett 1990;109:325-30.
122. Von Euler G, van der Ploeg I, Fredholm BB, et al. Neurotensin decreases the affinity of dopamine D2 agonist binding by a G protein-independent mechanism. J Neurochem 1991;56:178-83.
123. Agnati LF, Fuxe K, Battistini N, et al. Further evidence for the existence of interactions between receptors for dopamine and neurotensin. Dopamine reduces the affinity and increases the number of [3H]-neurotensin binding sites in the subcortical limbic forebrain of the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 1985;124:125-8.
124. Liu Y, Hillefors-Berglund M, von Euler G. Modulation of dopamine D3 receptor binding by N-ethylmaleimide and neurotensin. Brain Res 1994;643:343-8.
125. Diaz-Cabiale Z, Fuxe K, Narvaez JA, et al. Neurotensin-induced modulation of dopamine D2 receptors and their function in rat striatum: counteraction by a NTR1-like receptor antagonist. Neuroreport 2002;13:763-6.
126. Farkas RH, Chien PY, Nakajima S, et al. Neurotensin and dopamine D2 activation oppositely regulate the same K+ conductance in rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 1997;231:21-4.
127. Shi WX, Bunney BS. Actions of neurotensin: a review of the electrophysiological studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1992;668:129-45.
128. Werkman TR, Kruse CG, Nievelstein H, et al. Neurotensin attenuates the quinpirole-induced inhibition of the firing rate of dopamine neurons in the rat substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 2000;95:417-23.
129. Nalivaiko E, Michaud JC, Soubrie P, et al. Electrophysiological evidence for putative subtypes of neurotensin receptors in guinea-pig mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Neuroscience 1998;86:799-811.
130. Shute CC, Lewis PR. The ascending cholinergic reticular system: neocortical, olfactory and subcortical projections. Brain 1967;90:497-520.
131. Bolam JP, Wainer BH, Smith AD. Characterization of cholinergic neurons in the rat neostriatum. A combination of choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry, Golgi-impregnation and electron microscopy. Neuroscience 1984;12:711-8.
132. Wenk GL, Markowska AL, Olton DS. Basal forebrain lesions and memory: alterations in neurotensin, not acetylcholine, may cause amnesia. Behav Neurosci 1989;103:765-9.
133. Szigethy E, Leonard K, Beaudet A. Ultrastructural localization of [125I]neurotensin binding sites to cholinergic neurons of the rat nucleus basalis magnocellularis. Neuroscience 1990;36(2):377-91.
134. Morin AJ, Beaudet A. Origin of the neurotensinergic innervation of the rat basal forebrain studied by retrograde transport of cholera toxin. J Comp Neurol 1998;391:30-41.
135. Steinberg R, Brun P, Souilhac J, et al. Neurochemical and behavioural effects of neurotensin vs [D-Tyr11]neurotensin on mesolimbic dopaminergic function. Neuropeptides 1995;28:43-50.
136. Lapchak PA, Araujo DM, Quirion R, et al. Neurotensin regulation of endogenous acetylcholine release from rat striatal slices is independent of dopaminergic tone. J Neurochem 1991;56:651-7.
137. O'Connor WT, Tanganelli S, Ungerstedt U, et al. The effects of neurotensin on GABA and acetylcholine release in the dorsal striatum of the rat: an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 1992;573:209-16.
138. Lapchak PA, Araujo DM, Quirion R, et al. Neurotensin regulation of endogenous acetylcholine release from rat cerebral cortex: effect of quinolinic acid lesions of the basal forebrain. J Neurochem 1990;55:1397-403.
139. Alonso A, Faure MP, Beaudet A. Neurotensin promotes oscillatory bursting behavior and is internalized in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. J Neurosci 1994;14:5778-92.
140. Cape EG, Manns ID, Alonso A, et al. Neurotensin-induced bursting of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons promotes gamma and theta cortical activity together with waking and paradoxical sleep. J Neurosci 2000;20:8452-61.
141. Jones BE. Activity, modulation and role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating the cerebral cortex. Prog Brain Res 2004;145:157-69.
142. Matthews RT. Neurotensin depolarizes cholinergic and a subset of non-cholinergic septal/diagonal band neurons by stimulating neurotensin-1 receptors. Neuroscience 1999;94:775-83.
143. Farkas RH, Nakajima S, Nakajima Y. Neurotensin excites basal forebrain cholinergic neurons: ionic and signal-transduction mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994;91:2853-7.
144. Kitabgi P, Rostene W, Dussaillant M, et al. Two populations of neurotensin binding sites in murine brain: discrimination by the antihistamine levocabastine reveals markedly different radioautographic distribution. Eur J Pharmacol 1987;140:285-93.
145. Kessler JP, Moyse E, Kitabgi P, et al. Distribution of neurotensin binding sites in the caudal brainstem of the rat: a light microscopic radioautographic study. Neuroscience 1987;23:189-98.
146. Cooper PE, Fernstrom MH, Rorstad OP, et al. The regional distribution of somatostatin, substance P and neurotensin in human brain. Brain Res 1981;218:219-32.
147. Uhl GR, Goodman RR, Snyder SH. Neurotensin-containing cell bodies, fibers and nerve terminals in the brain stem of the rat: immunohistochemical mapping. Brain Res 1979;167:77-91.
148. Wang QP, Guan JL, Nakai Y. Synaptic relations of neurotensinergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Peptides 1995;16:1421-7.
149. Jolas T, Aghajanian GK. Neurotensin excitation of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 1996;8:153-61.
150. Li AH, Yeh TH, Tan PP, et al. Neurotensin excitation of serotonergic neurons in the rat nucleus raphe magnus: ionic and molecular mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2001;40:1073-83.
151. Buhler AV, Choi J, Proudfit HK, et al. Neurotensin activation of the NTR1 on spinally-projecting serotonergic neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla is antinociceptive. Pain 2005;114:285-94.
152. Jolas T, Aghajanian GK. Neurotensin and the serotonergic system. Prog Neurobiol 1997;52:455-68.
153. Corley KC, Phan TH, Daugherty WP, et al. Stress-induced activation of median raphe serotonergic neurons in rats is potentiated by the neurotensin antagonist, SR 48692. Neurosci Lett 2002;319:1-4.
154. Rakovska A, Giovannini MG, Della Corte L, et al. Neurotensin modulation of acetylcholine and GABA release from the rat hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study. Neurochem Int 1998;33:335-40.
155. Petrie KA, Schmidt D, Bubser M, et al. Neurotensin activates GABAergic interneurons in the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 2005;25:1629-36.
156. Ferraro L, O'Connor WT, Antonelli T, et al. Differential effects of intrastriatal neurotensin(1-13) and neurotensin(8-13) on striatal dopamine and pallidal GABA release. A dual-probe microdialysis study in the awake rat. Eur J Neurosci 1997;9:1838-46.
157. Ferraro L, Tomasini MC, Fernandez M, et al. Nigral neurotensin receptor regulation of nigral glutamate and nigroventral thalamic GABA transmission: a dual-probe microdialysis study in intact conscious rat brain. Neuroscience 2001;102:113-20.
158. Ferraro L, Antonelli T, O'Connor WT, et al. The striatal neurotensin receptor modulates striatal and pallidal glutamate and GABA release: functional evidence for a pallidal glutamate-GABA interaction via the pallidal-subthalamic nucleus loop. J Neurosci 1998;18:6977-89.
159. Sanz B, Exposito I, Mora F. Effects of neurotensin on the release of glutamic acid in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of the rat. Neuroreport 1993;4:1194-6.
160. Ferraro L, Tanganelli S, O'Connor WT, et al. Neurotensin increases endogenous glutamate release in the neostriatum of the awake rat. Synapse 1995;20:362-4.
161. Antonelli T, Tomasini MC, Finetti S, et al. Neurotensin enhances glutamate excitotoxicity in mesencephalic neurons in primary culture. J Neurosci Res 2002;70:766-73.
162. Antonelli T, Ferraro L, Fuxe K, et al. Neurotensin enhances endogenous extracellular glutamate levels in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons: involvement of neurotensin receptor in NMDA induced excitotoxicity. Cereb Cortex 2004;14:466-73.
163. Choi DW, Koh JY, Peters S. Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture: attenuation by NMDA antagonists. J Neurosci 1988;8:185-96.
164. Cheung NS, Pascoe CJ, Giardina SF, et al. Micromolar L-glutamate induces extensive apoptosis in an apoptotic-necrotic continuum of insult-dependent, excitotoxic injury in cultured cortical neurones. Neuropharmacology 1998;37:1419-29.
165. Rostene WH, Alexander MJ. Neurotensin and neuroendocrine regulation. Front Neuroendocrinol 1997;18:115-73.
166. Memo M, Castelletti L, Valerio A, et al. Identification of neurotensin receptors associated with calcium channels and prolactin release in rat pituitary. J Neurochem 1986;47:1682-8.
167. Rowe W, Viau V, Meaney MJ, et al. Stimulation of CRH-mediated ACTH secretion by central administration of neurotensin: evidence for the participation of the paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 1995;7:109-17.
168. Kiss A, Palkovits M, Antoni FA, et al. Neurotensin in the rat median eminence: the possible sources of neurotensin-like fibers and varicosities in the external layer. Brain Res 1987;416:129-35.
169. Merchenthaler I, Lennard DE. The hypophysiotropic neurotensin- immunoreactive neuronal system of the rat brain. Endocrinology 1991;129:2875-80.
170. Ceccatelli S, Eriksson M, Hokfelt T. Distribution and coexistence of corticotropin-releasing factor-, neurotensin-, enkephalin-, cholecystokinin-, galanin- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine-like peptides in the parvocellular part of the paraventricular nucleus. Neuroendocrinology 1989;49:309-23.
171. Nicot A, Rowe WB, De Kloet ER, et al. Endogenous neurotensin regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and peptidergic neurons in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 1997;9:263-9.
172. Niimi M, Takahara J, Sato M, et al. Neurotensin and growth hormone-releasing factor-containing neurons projecting to the median eminence of the rat: a combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemical study. Neurosci Lett 1991;133:183-6.
173. Rowe WB, Nicot A, Sharma S, et al. Central administration of the neurotensin receptor antagonist, SR48692, modulates diurnal and stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. Neuroendocrinology 1997;66:75-85.
174. Nicot A, Rostene W, Berod A. Hypercorticism induces neurotensin mRNA in rat periventricular hypothalamus. Neuroreport 1995;6:2158-60.
175. Watts AG, Sanchez-Watts G. Region-specific regulation of neuropeptide mRNAs in rat limbic forebrain neurones by aldosterone and corticosterone. J Physiol 1995;484:721-36.
176. Watanobe H, Takebe K. In vivo release of neurotensin from the median eminence of ovariectomized estrogen-primed rats as estimated by push-pull perfusion: correlation with luteinizing hormone and prolactin surges. Neuroendocrinology 1993;57:760-4.
177. Schimpff RM, Gourmelen M, Scarceriaux V, et al. Plasma neurotensin levels in humans: relation to hormone levels in diseases involving the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:534-8.
178. Hosli E, Stauffer S, Hosli L. Autoradiographic and electrophysiological evidence for the existence of neurotensin receptors on cultured astrocytes. Neuroscience 1995;66:627-33.
179. Trudeau LE. Neurotensin regulates intracellular calcium in ventral tegmental area astrocytes: evidence for the involvement of multiple receptors. Neuroscience 2000;97:293-302.
180. Newman EA. New roles for astrocytes: regulation of synaptic transmission. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:536-42.
181. Hertz L, Zielke HR. Astrocytic control of glutamatergic activity: astrocytes as stars of the show. Trends Neurosci 2004;27:735-43.
182. Nemeroff CB. Neurotensin: Perchance an endogenous neuroleptic? Biol Psychiatry 1980;15:283-302.
183. Hollerman JR, Abercrombie ED, Grace AA. Electrophysiological, biochemical, and behavioral studies of acute haloperidol-induced depolarization block of nigral dopamine neurons. Neuroscience 1992;47:589-601.
184. Dobner PR, Deutch AY, Fadel J. Neurotensin: dual roles in psychostimulant and antipsychotic drug responses. Life Sci 2003;73:801-11.
185. Kinkead B, Nemeroff CB. Neurotensin: an endogenous antipsychotic? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2002;2:99-103.
186. Chien PY, Farkas RH, Nakajima S, et al. Single-channel properties of the nonselective cation conductance induced by neurotensin in dopaminergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:14917-21.
187. Widerlov E, Lindstrom LH, Besev G, et al. Subnormal CSF levels of neurotensin in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients: normalization after neuroleptic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1982;139:1122-6.
188. Manberg PJ, Nemeroff CB, Bissette G, et al. Neuropeptides in CSF and post-mortem brain tissue of normal controls, schizophrenics and Huntington's choreics. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1985;9:97-108.
189. Lindstrom LH, Widerlov E, Bisette G, et al. Reduced CSF neurotensin concentration in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 1988;1:55-9.
190. Nemeroff CB, Bissette G, Widerlov E, et al. Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia, depression, anorexia nervosa-bulimia, and premenstrual syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1989;1:16-20.
191. Garver DL, Bissette G, Yao JK, et al. Relation of CSF neurotensin concentrations to symptoms and drug response of psychotic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:484-8.
192. Breslin NA, Suddath RL, Bissette G, et al. CSF concentrations of neurotensin in schizophrenia: an investigation of clinical and biochemical correlates. Schizophr Res 1994;12:35-41.
193. Sharma RP, Janicak PG, Bissette G, et al. CSF neurotensin concentrations and antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1019-21.
194. Nemeroff CB, Youngblood WW, Manberg PJ, et al. Regional brain concentrations of neuropeptides in Huntington's chorea and schizophrenia. Science 1983;221:972-5.
195. Williams FG, Murtaugh MP, Beitz AJ. The effect of acute haloperidol treatment on brain proneurotensin mRNA: in situ hybridization analyses using a novel fluorescence detection procedure. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1990;7:347-58.
196. Merchant KM, Miller MA, Ashleigh EA, et al. Haloperidol rapidly increases the number of neurotensin mRNA-expressing neurons in neostriatum of the rat brain. Brain Res 1991;540:311-4.
197. Merchant KM, Dobner PR, Dorsa DM. Differential effects of haloperidol and clozapine on neurotensin gene transcription in rat neostriatum. J Neurosci 1992;12:652-63.
198. Radke JM, Owens MJ, Ritchie JC, et al. Atypical antipsychotic drugs selectively increase neurotensin efflux in dopamine terminal regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998;95:11462-4.
199. Mijnster MJ, Docter GJ, Voorn P. Risperidone does not elevate neurotensin mRNA in rat nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen. Neuroreport 1995;6:2209-12.
200. Meltzer HY, Arvanitis L, Bauer D, et al. Placebo-controlled evaluation of four novel compounds for the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:975-84.
201. Sarhan S, Hitchcock JM, Grauffel CA, et al. Comparative antipsychotic profiles of neurotensin and a related systemically active peptide agonist. Peptides 1997;18:1223-7.
202. Feifel D, Reza TL, Wustrow DJ, et al. Novel antipsychotic-like effects on prepulse inhibition of startle produced by a neurotensin agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;288:710-3.
203. Cusack B, Boules M, Tyler BM, et al. Effects of a novel neurotensin peptide analog given extracranially on CNS behaviors mediated by apomorphine and haloperidol. Brain Res 2000;856:48-54.
204. Boules M, Fredrickson P, Richelson E. Neurotensin agonists as an alternative to antipsychotics. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005;14:359-69.
205. Richelson E, Boules M, Fredrickson P. Neurotensin agonists: possible drugs for treatment of psychostimulant abuse. Life Sci 2003;73:679-90.
206. Van Kemmel FM, Dubuc I, Bourdel E, et al. A C-terminal cyclic 8-13 neurotensin fragment analog appears less exposed to neprilysin when it crosses the blood-brain barrier than the cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier in mice. Neurosci Lett 1996;217:58-60.
207. Tyler BM, Douglas CL, Fauq A, et al. In vitro binding and CNS effects of novel neurotensin agonists that cross the blood-brain barrier. Neuropharmacology 1999;38:1027-34.
208. Boules M, McMahon B, Warrington L, et al. Neurotensin analog selective for hypothermia over antinociception and exhibiting atypical neuroleptic-like properties. Brain Res 2001;919:1-11.
209. Feifel D, Melendez G, Shilling PD. Reversal of sensorimotor gating deficits in Brattleboro rats by acute administration of clozapine and a neurotensin agonist, but not haloperidol: a potential predictive model for novel antipsychotic effects. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:731-8.
210. Feifel D, Melendez G, Shilling PD. A systemically administered neurotensin agonist blocks disruption of prepulse inhibition produced by a serotonin-2A agonist. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003;28:651-3.
211. Shilling PD, Richelson E, Feifel D. The effects of systemic NT69L, a neurotensin agonist, on baseline and drug-disrupted prepulse inhibition. Behav Brain Res 2003;143:7-14.
212. Boules M, Warrington L, Fauq A, et al. A novel neurotensin analog blocks cocaine- and D-amphetamine-induced hyperactivity. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;426:73-6.
213. Petrie KA, Bubser M, Casey CD, et al. The neurotensin agonist PD149163 increases Fos expression in the prefrontal cortex of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004;29:1878-88.
214. Hadden MK, Orwig KS, Kokko KP, et al. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of the antipsychotic potential of orally bioavailable neurotensin (8-13) analogues containing non-natural arginine and lysine residues. Neuropharmacology 2005;49:1149-59.
215. Feifel D, Minor KL, Dulawa S, et al. The effects of intra-accumbens neurotensin on sensorimotor gating. Brain Res 1997;760:80-4.
216. Feifel D, Reza TL, Robeck SL. Pro-dopamine effects of neurotensin on sensorimotor gating deficits. Peptides 1997;18:1457-60.
217. Feifel D, Reza TL. Effects of neurotensin administered into the ventral tegmental area on prepulse inhibition of startle. Behav Brain Res 1999;106:189-93.
218. Rompre PP. Psychostimulant-like effect of central microinjection of neurotensin on brain stimulation reward. Peptides 1995;16:1417-20.
219. Binder EB, Kinkead B, Owens MJ, et al. Enhanced neurotensin neurotransmission is involved in the clinically relevant behavioral effects of antipsychotic drugs: evidence from animal models of sensorimotor gating. J Neurosci 2001;21:601-8.
220. Kinkead B, Dobner PR, Egnatashvili V, et al. Neurotensin-deficient mice have deficits in prepulse inhibition: restoration by clozapine but not haloperidol, olanzapine or quetiapine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005;315:256-64.
221. Austin J, Hoogendoorn B, Buckland P, et al. Comparative sequencing of the proneurotensin gene and association studies in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2000;5:208-12.
222. Ervin GN, Birkemo LS, Nemeroff CB, et al. Neurotensin blocks certain amphetamine-induced behaviours. Nature 1981;291:73-6.
223. Kalivas PW, Nemeroff CB, Prange AJ Jr. Increase in spontaneous motor activity following infusion of neurotensin into the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 1981;229:525-9.
224. Kalivas PW, Burgess SK, Nemeroff CB, et al. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of neurotensin microinjection into the ventral tegmental area of the rat. Neuroscience 1983;8:495-505.
225. Kalivas PW. Blockade of neurotensin-induced motor activity by inhibition of protein kinase. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994;114:175-80.
226. Laitinen K, Crawley JN, Mefford IN, et al. Neurotensin and cholecystokinin microinjected into the ventral tegmental area modulate microdialysate concentrations of dopamine and metabolites in the posterior nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 1990;523:342-6.
227. Sotty F, Brun P, Leonetti M, et al. Comparative effects of neurotensin, neurotensin(8-13) and [D-Tyr(11)]neurotensin applied into the ventral tegmental area on extracellular dopamine in the rat prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Neuroscience 2000;98:485-92.
228. Palacios JM, Kuhar MJ. Neurotensin receptors are located on dopamine-containing neurones in rat midbrain. Nature 1981;294:587-9.
229. Glimcher PW, Margolin DH, Giovino AA, et al. Neurotensin: a new 'reward peptide'. Brain Res 1984;291:119-24.
230. Glimcher PW, Giovino AA, Hoebel BG. Neurotensin self-injection in the ventral tegmental area. Brain Res 1987;403:147-50.
231. Rompre PP, Bauco P, Gratton A. Facilitation of brain stimulation reward by mesencephalic injections of neurotensin-(1-13). Eur J Pharmacol 1992;211:295-303.
232. Rompre PP, Boye SM. Opposite effects of mesencephalic microinjections of cholecystokinin octapeptide and neurotensin-(1-13) on brain stimulation reward. Eur J Pharmacol 1993;232:299-303.
233. Rompre PP, Gratton A. Mesencephalic microinjections of neurotensin-(1-13) and its C-terminal fragment, neurotensin-(8-13), potentiate brain stimulation reward. Brain Res 1993;616:154-62.
234. Bauco P, Rompre PP. Effects of neurotensin receptor activation on brain stimulation reward in Fischer 344 and Lewis rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;432:57-61.
235. Rompre PP. Repeated activation of neurotensin receptors sensitizes to the stimulant effect of amphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1997;328:131-4.
236. Morrow EL, Erwin VG. Calcium influence on neurotensin and beta-endorphin enhancement of ethanol sensitivity in selectively bred mouse lines. Alcohol Drug Res 1987;7:225-32.
237. Erwin VG, Markel PD, Johnson TE, et al. Common quantitative trait loci for alcohol-related behaviors and central nervous system neurotensin measures: hypnotic and hypothermic effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280:911-8.
238. Rompre P, Perron S. Evidence for a role of endogenous neurotensin in the initiation of amphetamine sensitization. Neuropharmacology 2000;39:1880-92.
239. Panayi F, Dorso E, Lambas-Senas L, et al. Chronic blockade of neurotensin receptors strongly reduces sensitized, but not acute, behavioral response to D-amphetamine. Neuropsychopharmacology 2002;26:64-74.
240. Panayi F, Colussi-Mas J, Lambas-Senas L, et al. Endogenous neurotensin in the ventral tegmental area contributes to amphetamine behavioral sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:871-9.
241. Zahm DS, Williams ES, Krause JE, et al. Distinct and interactive effects of d-amphetamine and haloperidol on levels of neurotensin and its mRNA in subterritories in the dorsal and ventral striatum of the rat. J Comp Neurol 1998;400:487-503.
242. Adams DH, Hanson GR, Keefe KA. Differential effects of cocaine and methamphetamine on neurotensin/neuromedin N and preprotachykinin messenger RNA expression in unique regions of the striarum. Neuroscience 2001;102:843-51.
243. Betancur C, Lepee-Lorgeoux I, Cazillis M, et al. Neurotensin gene expression and behavioral responses following administration of psychostimulants and antipsychotic drugs in dopamine D(3) receptor deficient mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001;24:170-82.
244. Gygi SP, Gibb JW, Hanson GR. Differential effects of antipsychotic and psychotomimetic drugs on neurotensin systems of discrete extrapyramidal and limbic regions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;270:192-7.
245. Letter AA, Merchant K, Gibb JW, et al. Effect of methamphetamine on neurotensin concentrations in rat brain regions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;241:443-7.
246. Hanson GR, Smiley P, Johnson M, et al. Response by the neurotensin systems of the basal ganglia to cocaine treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;160:23-30.
247. Hertel P, Mathe JM, Nomikos GG, et al. Effects of D-amphetamine and phencyclidine on behavior and extracellular concentrations of neurotensin and dopamine in the ventral striatum and the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat. Behav Brain Res 1995;72:103-14.
248. Fantegrossi WE, Ko MC, Woods JH, et al. Antinociceptive, hypothermic, hypotensive, and reinforcing effects of a novel neurotensin receptor agonist, NT69L, in rhesus monkeys. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005;80:341-9.
249. Kelley AE, Cador M, Stinus L, et al. Neurotensin, substance P, neurokinin-alpha, and enkephalin: injection into ventral tegmental area in the rat produces differential effects on operant responding. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1989;97:243-52.
250. Vanakoski J, Mazzanti C, Naukkarinen H, et al. An abundant proneurotensin polymorphism, 479A>G, and a test of its association with alcohol dependence in a Finnish population. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2000;24:762-5.
251. Chinaglia G, Probst A, Palacios JM. Neurotensin receptors in Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: an autoradiographic study in basal ganglia. Neuroscience 1990;39:351-60.
252. Sadoul JL, Checler F, Kitabgi P, et al. Loss of high affinity neurotensin receptors in substantia nigra from parkinsonian subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1984;125:395-404.
253. Uhl GR, Whitehouse PJ, Price DL, et al. Parkinson's disease: depletion of substantia nigra neurotensin receptors. Brain Res 1984;308:186-90.
254. Fernandez A, de Ceballos ML, Jenner P, et al. Neurotensin, substance P, delta and mu opioid receptors are decreased in basal ganglia of Parkinson's disease patients. Neuroscience 1994;61:73-9.
255. Yamada M, Yamada M, Richelson E. Heterogeneity of melanized neurons expressing neurotensin receptor messenger RNA in the substantia nigra and the nucleus paranigralis of control and Parkinson's disease brain. Neuroscience 1995;64:405-17.
256. Tanji H, Araki T, Fujihara K, et al. Alteration of neurotensin receptors in MPTP-treated mice. Peptides 1999;20:803-7.
257. Goulet M, Morissette M, Grondin R, et al. Neurotensin receptors and dopamine transporters: effects of MPTP lesioning and chronic dopaminergic treatments in monkeys. Synapse 1999;32:153-64.
258. Waters CM, Hunt SP, Jenner P, et al. Localization of neurotensin receptors in the forebrain of the common marmoset and the effects of treatment with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Brain Res 1987;412:244-53.
259. Quirion R, Chiueh CC, Everist HD, et al. Comparative localization of neurotensin receptors on nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic terminals. Brain Res 1985;327:385-9.
260. Cadet JL, Kujirai K, Przedborski S. Bilateral modulation of [3H]neurotensin binding by unilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine injections: evidence from a receptor autoradiographic study. Brain Res 1991;564:37-44.
261. Herve D, Tassin JP, Studler JM, et al. Dopaminergic control of 125I-labeled neurotensin binding site density in corticolimbic structures of the rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1986;83:6203-7.
262. Schimpff RM, Avard C, Fenelon G, et al. Increased plasma neurotensin concentrations in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001;70:784-6.
263. Fernandez A, Jenner P, Marsden CD, et al. Characterization of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in human basal ganglia: increased neurotensin levels in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease. Peptides 1995;16:339-46.
264. Bissette G, Nemeroff CB, Decker MW, et al. Alterations in regional brain concentrations of neurotensin and bombesin in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 1985;17:324-8.
265. Gibb WR, Esiri MM, Lees AJ. Clinical and pathological features of diffuse cortical Lewy body disease (Lewy body dementia). Brain 1987;110:1131-53.
266. Fearnley JM, Lees AJ. Ageing and Parkinson's disease: substantia nigra regional selectivity. Brain 1991;114:2283-301.
267. Forno LS, Alvord EC Jr. The pathology of Parkinsonism. Part I. Some new observations and correlations. Contemp Neurol Ser 1971;8:119-30.
268. Fernandez A, de Ceballos ML, Rose S, et al. Alterations in peptide levels in Parkinson's disease and incidental Lewy body disease. Brain 1996;119:823-30.
269. Engber TM, Susel Z, Kuo S, et al. Levodopa replacement therapy alters enzyme activities in striatum and neuropeptide content in striatal output regions of 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Brain Res 1991;552:113-8.
270. Taylor MD, De Ceballos ML, Rose S, et al. Effects of a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion and prolonged L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine treatment on peptidergic systems in rat basal ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol 1992;219:183-92.
271. Taylor MD, de Ceballos ML, Rose S, et al. Neuropeptide levels in the basal ganglia of aged common marmosets following prolonged treatment with MPTP. J Neurol Transm Park Dis Dement Sect 1991;3:99-108.
272. Allen JM, Cross AJ, Yeats JC, et al. Neuropeptides and dopamine in the marmoset. Effect of treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): An animal model for Parkinson's disease? Brain 1986;109:143-57.
273. Jolicoeur FB, Rivest R, St-Pierre S, et al. Antiparkinson-like effects of neurotensin in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Brain Res 1991;538:187-92.
274. Rivest R, St-Pierre S, Jolicoeur FB. Structure-activity studies of neurotensin on muscular rigidity and tremors induced by 6-hydroxydopamine lesions in the posterolateral hypothalamus of the rat. Neuropharmacology 1991;30:47-52.
275. Boules M, Warrington L, Fauq A, et al. Antiparkinson-like effects of a novel neurotensin analog in unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2001;428:227-33.
276. Mesnage V, Houeto JL, Bonnet AM, et al. Neurokinin B, neurotensin, and cannabinoid receptor antagonists and Parkinson disease. Clin Neuropharmacol 2004;27:108-10.
277. Clineschmidt BV, McGuffin JC. Neurotensin administered intracisternally inhibits responsiveness of mice to noxious stimuli. Eur J Pharmacol 1977;46:395-6.
278. Uhl GR, Snyder SH. Regional and subcellular distributions of brain neurotensin. Life Sci 1976;19:1827-32.
279. Alexander MJ, Leeman SE. Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor. J Comp Neurol 1998;402:475-500.
280. Clineschmidt BV, McGuffin JC, Bunting PB. Neurotensin: antinocisponsive action in rodents. Eur J Pharmacol 1979;54:129-39.
281. Osbahr AJ III, Nemeroff CB, Luttinger D, et al. Neurotensin-induced antinociception in mice: antagonism by thyrotropin-releasing hormone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1981;217:645-51.
282. Hylden JL, Wilcox GL. Antinociceptive action of intrathecal neurotensin in mice. Peptides 1983;4:517-20.
283. Pazos A, Lopez M, Florez J. Different mechanisms are involved in the respiratory depression and analgesia induced by neurotensin in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;98:119-23.
284. Urban MO, Smith DJ. Role of neurotensin in the nucleus raphe magnus in opioid-induced antinociception from the periaqueductal gray. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;265:580-6.
285. Kalivas PW, Gau BA, Nemeroff CB, et al. Antinociception after microinjection of neurotensin into the central amygdaloid nucleus of the rat. Brain Res 1982;243:279-86.
286. Williams FG, Mullet MA, Beitz AJ. Basal release of Met-enkephalin and neurotensin in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter of the rat: a microdialysis study of antinociceptive circuits. Brain Res 1995;690:207-16.
287. Urban MO, Coutinho SV, Gebhart GF. Biphasic modulation of visceral nociception by neurotensin in rat rostral ventromedial medulla. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;290:207-13.
288. Urban MO, Gebhart GF. Characterization of biphasic modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission by neurotensin in the rat rostral ventromedial medulla. J Neurophysiol 1997;78:1550-62.
289. Smith DJ, Hawranko AA, Monroe PJ, et al. Dose-dependent pain-facilitatory and -inhibitory actions of neurotensin are revealed by SR 48692, a nonpeptide neurotensin antagonist: influence on the antinociceptive effect of morphine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;282:899-908.
290. Gui X, Carraway RE, Dobner PR. Endogenous neurotensin facilitates visceral nociception and is required for stress-induced antinociception in mice and rats. Neuroscience 2004;126:1023-32.
291. Labbe-Jullie C, Dubuc I, Brouard A, et al. In vivo and in vitro structure-activity studies with peptide and pseudopeptide neurotensin analogs suggest the existence of distinct central neurotensin receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;268:328-36.
292. Al-Rodhan NR, Richelson E, Gilbert JA, et al. Structure-antinociceptive activity of neurotensin and some novel analogues in the periaqueductal gray region of the brainstem. Brain Res 1991;557:227-35.
293. Dubuc I, Costentin J, Terranova JP, et al. The nonpeptide neurotensin antagonist, SR 48692, used as a tool to reveal putative neurotensin receptor subtypes. Br J Pharmacol 1994;112:352-4.
294. Dubuc I, Remande S, Costentin J. The partial agonist properties of levocabastine in neurotensin-induced analgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;381:9-12.
295. Tyler-McMahon BM, Stewart JA, Farinas F, et al. Highly potent neurotensin analog that causes hypothermia and antinociception. Eur J Pharmacol 2000;390:107-11.
296. Quirion R, Rioux F, Regoli D, et al. Compound 48/80 inhibits neurotensin-induced hypotension in rats. Life Sci 1980;27:1889-95.
297. Rioux F, Quirion R, St-Pierre S, et al. The hypotensive effect of centrally administered neurotensin in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1981;69:241-7.
298. Kubo T, Kihara M. Modulation of the aortic baroreceptor reflex by neuropeptide Y, neurotensin and vasopressin microinjected into the nucleus tractus solitarii of the rat. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1990;342:182-8.
299. Ciriello J, Zhang TX. Cardiovascular effects of neurotensin microinjections into the nucleus of the solitary tract. Brain Res 1997;749:35-43.
300. Iwata T, Hashimoto H, Hiwada K, et al. Changes of plasma renin activity by intracerebroventricular administration of biological active peptides in conscious rats. Clin Exp Hypertens A 1984;6:1055-66.
301. Sumners C, Phillips MI, Richards EM. Central pressor action of neurotensin in conscious rats. Hypertension 1982;4:888-93.
302. Shido O, Nagasaka T. Effects of intraventricular neurotensin on blood pressure and heat balance in rats. Jpn J Physiol 1985;35:311-20.
303. Shulkes A, Lewis SJ, Jarrott B. Strain differences in central nervous system neurotensin content between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 1987;415:404-8.
304. Goncharuk VD, van Heerikhuize J, Dai JP, et al. Neuropeptide changes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in primary hypertension indicate functional impairment of the biological clock. J Comp Neurol 2001;431:320-30.
305. Cador M, Kelley AE, Le Moal M, et al. Ventral tegmental area infusion of substance P, neurotensin and enkephalin: differential effects on feeding behavior. Neuroscience 1986;18:659-69.
306. Hawkins MF, Barkemeyer CA, Tulley RT. Synergistic effects of dopamine agonists and centrally administered neurotensin on feeding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1986;24:1195-201.
307. Richy S, Burlet A, Max J, et al. Effect of chronic intraperitoneal injections of leptin on hypothalamic neurotensin content and food intake. Brain Res 2000;862:276-9.
308. Sahu A. Evidence suggesting that galanin (GAL), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), neurotensin (NT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 1998;139:795-8.
309. Cui H, Cai F, Belsham DD. Anorexigenic hormones leptin, insulin, and alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone directly induce neurotensin (NT) gene expression in novel NT-expressing cell models. J Neurosci 2005;25:9497-506.
310. Sahu A, Carraway RE, Wang YP. Evidence that neurotensin mediates the central effect of leptin on food intake in rat. Brain Res 2001;888:343-7.
311. Wilding JP, Gilbey SG, Bailey CJ, et al. Increased neuropeptide-Y messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and decreased neurotensin mRNA in the hypothalamus of the obese (ob/ob) mouse. Endocrinology 1993;132:1939-44.
312. Boules M, Cusack B, Zhao L, et al. A novel neurotensin peptide analog given extracranially decreases food intake and weight in rodents. Brain Res 2000;865:35-44.
313. Hermans-Borgmeyer I, Hermey G, Nykjaer A, et al. Expression of the 100-kDa neurotensin receptor sortilin during mouse embryonal development. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1999;65:216-9.
314. Hara Y, Shiosaka S, Senba E, et al. Ontogeny of the neurotensin- containing neuron system of the rat: immunohistochemical analysis. I. Forebrain and diencephalon. J Comp Neurol 1982;208:177-95.
315. Reubi JC, Waser B, Schaer JC, et al. Neurotensin receptors in human neoplasms: high incidence in Ewing's sarcomas. Int J Cancer 1999;82:213-8.
316. Davis TP, Burgess HS, Crowell S, et al. Beta-endorphin and neurotensin stimulate in vitro clonal growth of human SCLC cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1989;161:283-5.
317. Maoret JJ, Anini Y, Rouyer-Fessard C, et al. Neurotensin and a nonpeptide neurotensin receptor antagonist control human colon cancer cell growth in cell culture and in cells xenografted into nude mice. Int J Cancer 1999;80:448-54.
318. Iwase K, Evers BM, Hellmich MR, et al. Indirect inhibitory effect of a neurotensin receptor antagonist on human colon cancer (LoVo) growth. Surg Oncol 1996;5:245-51.
319. Reubi JC, Waser B, Friess H, et al. Neurotensin receptors: a new marker for human ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Gut 1998;42:546-50.
320. Elek J, Pinzon W, Park KH, et al. Relevant genomics of neurotensin receptor in cancer. Anticancer Res 2000;20:53-8.
321. Wang L, Friess H, Zhu Z, et al. Neurotensin receptor-1 mRNA analysis in normal pancreas and pancreatic disease. Clin Cancer Res 2000;6:566-71.
322. Souaze F, Viardot-Foucault V, Roullet N, et al. Neurotensin receptor 1 gene activation by the Tcf/beta-catenin pathway is an early event in human colonic adenomas. Carcinogenesis 2006;27(4):708-16.
323. Toy-Miou-Leong M, Cortes CL, Beaudet A, et al. Receptor trafficking via the perinuclear recycling compartment accompanied by cell division is necessary for permanent neurotensin cell sensitization and leads to chronic mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J Biol Chem 2004;279:12636-46.
324. Stopa EG, Volicer L, Kuo-Leblanc V, et al. Pathologic evaluation of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in severe dementia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1999;58:29-39.
325. Torup L, Borsdal J, Sager T. Neuroprotective effect of the neurotensin analogue JMV-449 in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral ischaemia. Neurosci Lett 2003;351:173-6.
326. Babcock AM, Baker DA, Hallock NL, et al. Neurotensin-induced hypothermia prevents hippocampal neuronal damage and increased locomotor activity in ischemic gerbils. Brain Res Bull 1993;32:373-8.
327. Asakura K, Matsuo Y, Kanemasa T, et al. P/Q-type Ca2+ channel blocker omega-agatoxin IVA protects against brain injury after focal ischemia in rats. Brain Res 1997;776:140-5.
328. Goldman R, Bar-Shavit Z, Romeo D. Neurotensin modulates human neutrophil locomotion and phagocytic capability. FEBS Lett 1983;159:63-7.
329. Lemaire I. Neurotensin enhances IL-1 production by activated alveolar macrophages. J Immunol 1988;140:2983-8.
330. Castagliuolo I, Wang CC, Valenick L, et al. Neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation. J Clin Invest 1999;103:843-9.
331. Zhao D, Keates AC, Kuhnt-Moore S, et al. Signal transduction pathways mediating neurotensin-stimulated interleukin-8 expression in human colonocytes. J Biol Chem 2001;276:44464-71.
332. Brun P, Mastrotto C, Beggiao E, et al. Neuropeptide neurotensin stimulates intestinal wound healing following chronic intestinal inflammation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005;288:G621-9.
333. Juaneda C, Lafon-Dubourg P, Ciofi P, et al. Immune challenge-stimulated hypophysiotropic corticotropin-releasing hormone messenger RNA expression is associated with an induction of neurotensin messenger RNAs without alteration of vasopressin messenger RNAs. Neuroscience 1999;93:393-400.
334. Dicou E, Vincent JP, Mazella J. Neurotensin receptor-3/sortilin mediates neurotensin-induced cytokine/chemokine expression in a murine microglial cell line. J Neurosci Res 2004;78:92-9.
335. Vanegas H. To the descending pain-control system in rats, inflammation-induced primary and secondary hyperalgesia are two different things. Neurosci Lett 2004;361:225-8.