Editorial overview: Cerebral ischemia, mechanisms and therapeutic approaches - Current status

Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs

Volumn 7, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 595-599

  Kumar, Kusum ^a  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 PHOSPHONOMETHYLPIPECOLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; AMPA RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIOXIDANT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BASIC FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; DISUFENTON SODIUM; DIZOCILPINE; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR; GLUTAMIC ACID; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; HEPARIN; IMMEDIATE EARLY PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1 ANTIBODY; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; MAGNESIUM SULFATE; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENT; PROLYSE; SARUPLASE; GROWTH PROMOTOR;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; APOPTOSIS; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CELL STRUCTURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; EDITORIAL; EXCITOTOXICITY; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; INDUCED HYPOTHERMIA; INFLAMMATION; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEURAL STEM CELL; NEUROPROTECTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REPERFUSION; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; ANIMAL; BRAIN; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CRYOANESTHESIA; DRUG EFFECT; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETICS; NERVE CELL; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; GENE EXPRESSION; GROWTH SUBSTANCES; HUMANS; HYPOTHERMIA, INDUCED; INFLAMMATION; NEURONS; NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 33745780762     PISSN: 14724472     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Editorial

References (63)

1. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2006 update. American Heart Association, Dallas, TX, USA (2006). http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=1928
2. Hou ST, MacManus JP: Molecular mechanisms of cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal death. Int Rev Cytol (2002) 221:93-148.
3. Stapf C, Mohr JP: Ischemic stroke therapy. Annu Rev Med (2002) 53:453-475.
4. Leker RR, Shohami E: Cerebral ischemia and trauma-different etiologies yet similar mechanisms: Neuroprotective opportunities. Brain Res Brain Res Rev (2002) 39(1):55-73.
5. Janardhan V, Qureshi AI: Mechanisms of ischemic brain injury. Curr Cardiol Rep (2004) 6(2):117-123.
6. Wang X, Feuerstein GZ: Role of immune and inflammatory mediators in CNS injury. Drug News Perspect (2000) 13(3):133-140.
7. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group: Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med (1995) 333(24):1581-1587.
8. Adams HP Jr, Brott TG, Furlan AJ, Gomez CR, Grotta J, Helgason CM, Kwiatkowski T, Lyden PD, Marler JR, Torner J, Feinberg W at al: Guidelines for thrombolytic therapy for acute stroke: A supplement to the guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from a Special Writing Group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Circulation (1996) 94(5):1167-1174.
9. Gladstone DJ, Black SE, Hakim AM: Toward wisdom from failure: Lessons from neuroprotective stroke trials and new therapeutic directions. Stroke (2002) 33(8):2123-2136.
10. Kumar K: The search for therapeutic strategies for cerebrovascular ischemia. Curr Opin Invest Drugs (2003) 4(1):28-30.
11. Cheng YD, Al-Khoury L, Zivin JA: Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: Two decades of success and failure. NeuroRx (2004) 1(1):36-45.
12. Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest (HACA) Study Group: Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med (2002) 346(8):549-556.
13. Hickenbottom SL, Grotta J: Neuroprotective therapy. Semin Neurol (1998) 18(4):485-492.
14. Drummond JC, Piyash PM, Kimbro JR: Neuroprotection failure in stroke. Lancet (2000) 356(9234):1032-1033.
15. Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Leira E, Chang KC, Davis PH, Woolson RF, Clarke WR, Hansen MD: Antithrombotic treatment of ischemic stroke among patients with occlusion or severe stenosis of the internal carotid artery: A report of the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). Neurology (1999) 53(1):122-125.
16. The internet stroke center - stroke trials registry. Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA (2006). http://www.strokecenter.org
17. Morris DC, Silver B, Mitsias P, Lewandowski C, Patel S, Daley S, Zhang ZG, Lu M: Treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and abciximab. Acad Emerg Med (2003) 10(12):1396-1399.
18. Broderick J, Tomsick T: Interventional Management of Stroke Study (IMS-II). International Stroke Conference, Phoenix, AZ, USA (2004).
19. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C, Pessin M, Ahuja A, Callahan F, Clark WM, Silver F et al: Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: A randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. J Am Med Assoc (1999) 282(21):2003-2011.
20. Neumann-Haefelin T, Moseley ME, Albers GW: New magnetic resonance imaging methods for cerebrovascular disease: Emerging clinical applications. Ann Neurol (2000) 47(5):559-570.
21. Leary MC, Saver JL, Gobin YP, Jahan R, Duckwiler GR, Vinuela F, Kidwell CS, Frazee J, Starkman S: Beyond tissue plasminogen activator: Mechanical intervention in acute stroke. Ann Emerg Med (2003) 41(6):838-846.
22. Alexandrov AV, Molina CA, Grotta JC, Garami Z, Ford SR, Alvarez-Sabin J, Montaner J, Saqqur M, Demchuk AM, Moye LA, Hill MD et al: Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med (2004) 351(21):2170-2178.
23. Gobin YP, Starkman S, Duckwiler GR, Grobelny T, Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Pile-Spellman J, Segal A, Vinuela F, Saver JL: MERC1: A phase 1 study of mechanical embolus removal in cerebral ischemia. Stroke (2004) 35(12):2848-2854.
24. Choi DW, Koh JY, Peters S: Pharmacology of glutamate neurotoxicity in cortical cell culture: Attenuation by NMDA antagonists. J Neurosci (1988) 8(1):185-196.
25. Castilho RF, Ward MW, Nicholls DG: Oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, and acute glutamate excitotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule cells. J Neurochem (1999) 72(4):1394-1401.
26. Arias RL, Tasse JR, Bowlby MR: Neuroprotective interaction effects of NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. Brain Res (1999) 816(2):299-308.
27. Saver JL, Kidwell C, Eckstein M, Starkman S: Prehospital neuroprotective therapy for acute stroke: Results of the Field Administration of Stroke Therapy-Magnesium (FAST-MAG) pilot trial. Stroke (2004) 35(5):e106-e108.
28. Takahashi M, Kohara A, Shishikura J, Kawasaki-Yatsugi S, Ni JW, Yatsugi S, Sakamoto S, Okada M, Shimizu-Sasamata M, Yamaguchi T: YM872: A selective, potent and highly water-soluble α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor antagonist. CNS Drug Rev (2002) 8(4):337-352.
29. Ishibashi N, Prokopenko O, Reuhl KR, Mirochnitchenko O: Inflammatory response and glutathione peroxidase in a model of stroke. J Immunol (2002) 168(4):1926-1933.
30. Pantoni L, Sarti C, Inzitari D: Cytokines and cell adhesion molecules in cerebral ischemia: Experimental bases and therapeutic perspectives. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol (1998) 18(4):503-513.
31. Bruce AJ, Boling W, Kindy MS, Peschon J, Kraemer PJ, Carpenter MK, Holtsberg FW, Mattson MP: Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors. Nat Med (1996) 2(7):788-794.
32. Furuya K, Takeda H, Azhar S, McCarron RM, Chen Y, Ruetzler CA, Wolcott KM, DeGraba TJ, Rothlein R, Hugli TE, del Zoppo GJ et al: Examination of several potential mechanisms for the negative outcome in a clinical stroke trial of enlimomab, a murine anti-human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 antibody: A bedside-to-bench study. Stroke (2001) 32(11):2665-2674.
33. Chan PH: Reactive oxygen radicals in signaling and damage in the ischemic brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2001) 21(1):2-14.
34. Zhao Z, Cheng M, Maples KR, Ma JY, Buchan AM: NXY-059, a novel free radical trapping compound, reduces cortical infarction after permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. Brain Res (2001) 909(1-2):46-50.
35. Benchoua A, Guegan C, Couriaud C, Hosseini H, Sampaio N, Morin D, Onteniente B: Specific caspase pathways are activated in the two stages of cerebral infarction. J Neurosci (2001) 21(18):7127-7134.
36. Graham SH, Chen J: Programmed cell death in cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2001) 21(2):99-109.
37. Sharp FR, Lu A, Tang Y, Millhorn DE: Multiple molecular penumbras after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2000) 20(7):1011-1032.
38. Carr FJ, McBride MW, Carswell HV, Graham D, Strahorn P, Clark JS, Charchar FJ, Dominiczak AF: Genetic aspects of stroke: Human and experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2002) 22(7):767-773
39. Hara T, Mies G, Hata R, Hossmann KA: Gene expressions after thrombolytic treatment of middle cerebral artery clot embolism in mice. Stroke (2001) 32(8):1912-1919.
40. Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R, Finklestein SP: Posttreatment with intravenous basic fibroblast growth factor reduces histopathological damage following fluid-percussion brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma (1996) 13(6):309-316.
41. McDermott KL, Raghupathi R, Fernandez SC, Saatman KE, Protter AA, Finklestein SP, Sinson G, Smith DH, McIntosh TK: Delayed administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) attenuates cognitive dysfunction following parasagittal fluid percussion brain injury in the rat. J Neurotrauma (1997) 14(4):191-200.
42. Bogousslavsky J, Victor SJ, Salinas EO, Pallay A, Donnan GA, Fieschi C, Kaste M, Orgogozo JM, Chamorro A, Desmet A: Fiblast (trafermin) in acute stroke: Results of the European-Australian phase II/III safety and efficacy trial. Cerebrovasc Dis (2002) 14(3-4):239-251.
43. Haas S, Weidner N, Winkler J: Adult stem cell therapy in stroke. Curr Opin Neurol (2005) 18(1):59-64.
44. Kondziolka D, Wechsler L, Goldstein S, Meltzer C, Thulborn KR, Gebel J, Jannetta P, DeCesare S, Elder EM, McGrogan M, Reitman MA et al: Transplantation of cultured human neuronal cells for patients with stroke. Neurology (2000) 55(4):565-569.
45. Croughwell N, Smith LR, Quill T, Newman M, Greeley W, Kern F, Lu J, Reves JG: The effect of temperature on cerebral metabolism and blood flow in adults during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (1992) 103(3):549-554.
46. Baker CJ, Onesti ST, Solomon RA: Reduction by delayed hypothermia of cerebral infarctin following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat: A time-course study. J Neurosurg (1992) 77(3):438-444.
47. Dietrich WD, Alonso O, Busto R, Prado R, Zhao W, Dewanjee MK, Ginsberg MD: Posttraumatic cerebral ischemia after fluid percussion brain injury: An autoradiographic and histopathological study in rats. Neurosurgery (1998) 43(3):585-593.
48. Colbourne F, Li H, Buchan AM: Indefatigable CA1 sector neuroprotection with mild hypothermia induced 6 hours after severe forebrain ischemia in rats. J Cerebral Blood Flow Metab (1999) 19(7):742-749.
49. Colbourne F, Corbett D, Zhao Z, Yang J, Buchan AM: Prolonged but delayed postischemic hypothermia: A long-term outcome study in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab (2000) 20(12):1702-1708.
50. Ginsberg MD, Busto R: Combating hyperthermia in acute stroke: A significant clinical concern. Stroke (1998) 29(2):529-534.
51. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones SM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K: Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med (2002) 346(8):557-563.
52. Shankaran S, Laptook AR, Ehrenkranz RA, Tyson JE, McDonald SA, Donovan EF, Fanaroff AA, Poole WK, Wright LL, Higgins RD, Finer NN et al: Whole body hypothermia for neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med (2005) 353(15):1574-1584.
53. Hoehn M, Nicolay K, Franke C, van der Sanden B: Application of magnetic resonance to animal models of cerebral ischemia. J Magn Reson Imaging (2001) 14(5):491-509.
54. Ringer TM, Neumann-Haefelin T, Sobel RA, Moseley ME, Yenari MA: Reversal of early diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities does not necessarily reflect tissue salvage in experimental cerebral ischemia. Stroke (2001) 32(10):2362-2369.
55. Doerfler A, Engelhorn T, Heiland S, Benner T, Forsting M: Perfusion- and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for monitoring decompressive craniectomy in animals with experimental hemispheric stroke. J Neurosurg (2002) 96(5):933-940.
56. Hacke W, Kaste M, Fieschi C, von Kummer R, Davalos A, Meier D, Larrue V, Bluhmki E, Davis S, Donnan G, Schneider D et al: Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Second European-Australasian Acute Stroke Study Investigators. Lancet (1998) 352(9136):1245-1251.
57. Clark WM, Wissman S, Albers GW, Jhamandas JH, Madeen KP, Hamilton S: Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (Alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5 hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS Study: A randomized controlled trial. Alteplase ThromboLysis for Acute Noninterventional Therapy in Ischemic Stroke. J Am Med Assoc (1999) 282(21):2019-2026.
58. Fagan SC, Hess DC, Machado LS, Hohnadel EJ, Pollock DM, Ergul A: Tactics for vascular protection after acute ischemic stroke. Pharmacotherapy (2005) 25(3):387-395.
59. Schöller K, Zausinger S, Baethmann A, Schmid-Elsaesser R: Neuroprotection in ischemic stroke - combination drug therapy and mild hypothermia in a rat model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. Brain Research (2004) 1023: 272-278.
60. Aronowski J, Strong R, Grotta JC: Combined neuroprotection and reperfusion therapy for stroke: Effect of lubeluzole and diaspirin cross-linked hemoglobin in experimental focal ischemia. Stroke (1996) 27(9):1571-1576.
61. Stroemer RP, Kent TA, Hulsebosch CE, Feeney DM: Enhanced neocortical neural sprouting, synaptogenesis, and behavioral recovery with D-amphetamine therapy after neocortical infarction in rats. Stroke (1998) 29(11):2381-2395.
62. Duncan PW, Jorgensen HS, Wade DT: Outcome measures in acute stroke trials: A systematic review and some recommendations to improve practice. Stroke (2000) 31(6):1429-1438.
63. Corbett D, Nurse S: The problem of assessing effective neuroprotection in experimental cerebral ischemia. Prog Neurobiol (1998) 54(5):531-548.