Flowering phenology in relation to adaptive radiation

Systematic Botany

Volumn 31, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 239-246

  Levin, Donald A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptive radiation; Ecology; Flowering phenology; Niche evolution; Pollinators

Indexed keywords

EID: 33745500993     PISSN: 03636445     EISSN: 03636445     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1600/036364406777585928     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. ARONSON, J., J. KIGEL, and A. SCHMIDA. 1993. Reproductive allocation strategies in desert and Mediterranean populations of annual plants grown with and without water stress. Oecologia 93: 336-342.
2. BARRETT, S. C. H. 1983. Crop mimicry in weeds. Economic Botany 37: 255-282.
3. BAKER, A. M., M. BURD, and K. M. CLIMIE. 2005. Flowering phenology and sexual allocation in single-mutation lineages of Arabidopsis thaliana. Evolution 59: 970-978.
4. BALDWIN, B. G. and R. H. ROBICHAUX. 1995. Historical biogeography and ecology of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae) - new molecular and phylogenetic perspectives. Pp. 259-285 in Hawaiian biogeography - evolution on a hotspot archipelago, eds. W. L. Wagner and V. A. Funk. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
5. BEATLEY, J. C. 1974. Phenological events and their environmental triggers in Mojave desert ecosystems. Ecology 55: 856-863.
6. BELL, D. T. and L. J. STEPHENS. 1984. Seasonality and phenology of kwongan species. Pp. 205-226 in Kwongan: plant life of the sandplain, eds. J. S. Pate and J. S. Beard. Nedlands: University of Australia Press.
7. BRADSHAW, A. D. 1991. Genostasis and the limits to evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B 333: 289-305.
8. BÖHLE, U-R, H. H. HILGER, and W. F. MARTIN. 1996. Island colonization and evolution of insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 11740-11745.
9. BOSCH, J., J. RETANA, and X. CERDÁ. 1997. Flowering phenology, floral traits, and pollinator composition in a herbaceous Mediterranean plant community. Oecologia 109: 583-591.
10. BREESE, E. L. 1956. The genetical consequences of assortative mating. Heredity 10: 323-342.
11. BRODY, A. K. 1997. Effects of pollinators, herbivores, and seed predators on flowering phenology. Ecology 78: 1624-1631.
12. CAMPBELL, D. C. and Z. P. KONDRA. 1978. A genetic study of growth characters and yield characters of oilseed rape. Euphytica 27: 77-83.
13. CHAN, R., B. G. BALDWIN, and R. ORNDUFF. 2001. Goldfields revisited: a molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of Lasthenia (Compositae: Heliantheae sensu lato). International Journal of Plant Sciences 162: 1347-1360.
14. CLAUSEN, J. 1926. Genetic and cytological investigations on Viola tricolor L. and V. arvensis Murr. Hereditas 8: 1-156.
15. CLAUSS, M. J. and D. L. VENABLE. 2000. Seed germination in desert annuals: an empirical test of adaptive bet-hedging. American Naturalist 155: 168-186.
16. CONNER, J. and S. VIA. 1993. Patterns of phenotypic and genetic correlations among morphological and life-history traits in wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum. Evolution 47: 704-711.
17. CRAUFURD, P. Q., R. B. AUSTIN, E. ACEVADO, and M. A. HALL. 1991. Carbon isotope discrimination and grain-yield in barley. Field Crops Research 27: 301-313.
18. DALLMAN, P. R. 1998. Plant life in the world's Mediterranean climates: California, Chile, South Africa, Australia and the Mediterranean basin. Berkeley: University of California Press.
19. DEBUSSCHE, M., E. GARNIER, and J. D. THOMPSON. 2004. Exploring causes of variation in phenology and morphology in Mediterranean geophytes: a genus-wide study of Cyclamen. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 145: 469-484.
20. DOMINGUEZ, C. A. and R. DIRZO. 1995. Rainfall and flowering synchrony in a tropical shrub: variable selection on the flowering time of Erythroxylum havanense. Evolutionary Ecology 9: 204-216.
21. ECKERT, V. M. and M. A. GEBER. 1999. Character variation and geographic distribution of Clarkia xantiana A. Gray (Onagraceae): flowers and phenology distinguish two species. Madrono 46: 117-125.
22. FELBER-GIRARD, M., F. FELBER, and A. BUTTLER. 1996. Habitat differentiation in a narrow hybrid zone between diploid and tetraploid Anthoxanthum alpinum. New Phytologist 133: 531-540.
23. FERGUSON, C. J. and R. K. JANSEN. 2002. A chloroplast phylogeny of eastern Phlox (Polemoniaceae): implications of congruence and incongruence with the ITS phylogeny. American Journal of Botany 89: 1324-1335.
24. FLOWERS, T. J., M. A. HAJIBAGHERI, and N. J. W. CLIPSON. 1986. Halophytes. Quarterly Review of Biology 61: 313-337.
25. FOX, G. A. 1990. Drought and the evolution of flowering time in desert annuals. American Journal of Botany 77: 1508-1518.
26. _. 2003. Assortative mating and plant phenology: evolutionary and practical implications. Evolutionary Ecology Research 5: 1-18.
27. FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, J., D. J. CRAWFORD, A. SANTOS-GUERRA, and R. K. JANSEN. 1997. Origin and evolution of Argyranthemum (Asteraceae: Anthemideae) in Macaronesia. Pp. 407-431 in Molecular evolution and adaptive radiation, eds. T. J. Givnish and K. J. Sytsma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. GALLOWAY, L. F. 2002. The effect of maternal phenology on offspring characters in the herbaceous plant Campanula americana. Journal of Ecology 90: 851-858.
29. GAUTHEIR, P., R. LUMERET, and A. BÉDÉCARRATS. 1998. Genetical variation and gene flow in alpine diploid and tetraploid populations of Lotus [L. alpinus (D.C.) Schleicher/L. corniculatus L]: I. Insights from morphological and allozyme markers. Heredity 80: 683-693.
30. GEBER, M. E. and T. E. DAWSON. 1990. Genetic variation and in and covariation between leaf gas exchange, morphology, and development in Polygonum arenastrum, an annual plant. Oecologia 85: 153-158.
31. _ and _. 1997. Genetic variation in stomatal and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in the annual plant Polygonum arenastrum. Oecologia 109: 535-546.
32. GOLDBLATT, P., P. BERNHARDT, and J. C. MANNING. 2000a. Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Ixia (Iridaceae: Crocoideae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 87: 564-577.
33. _ and J. C. MANNING. 1996. Phylogeny and speciation in Lapeirousia subgenus Lapeirousa (Iridaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 83: 346-361.
34. _ and _. 2000. A conspectus of the Cape flora of South Africa. Strelizia 9: 1-744.
35. _, _, and P. BERNHARDT. 1999. Evidence of bird pollination in Iridaceae in southern Africa. Adansonia 21: 25-40.
36. _, _, and _. 2000b. Adaptive radiation of pollination mechanisms in Sparaxis (Iridaceae: Ixioideae). Adansonia 22: 57-70.
37. _, _, and _. 2001. Radiation of pollination systems in Gladiolus (Iridaceae: Crocoideae) in southern Africa. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 713-734.
38. GOTTLIEB, L. D. 2003. Rethinking classic examples of recent speciation in plants. New Phytologist 161: 71-82.
39. _ and G. PILZ. 1976. Genetic similarity between Gaura longiflora and its obligately outcrossing derivative G. demareei. Systematic Botany 1: 181-187.
40. _, S. I. WARWICK, and V. S. FORD. 1985. Morphological and electrophoretic divergence between Layia discoidea and L. glandulosa. Systematic Botany 10: 484-495.
41. GRANT, V. 1952. Genetic and taxonomic studies in Gilia. II. Gilia capitata abrontanifolia. Aliso 2: 361-373.
42. nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.
43. GROSS, B. L., N. C. KANE, C. LEXER, F. LUDWIG, D. M. ROSENTHAL, L. A. DONOVAN, and L. H. RIESEBERG. 2004. Reconstructing the origin of Helianthus deserticola: survival and selection on the desert floor. American Naturalist 164: 145-156.
44. HESLOP-HARRISON, J. 1964. Forty years of genecology. Advances in Ecological Research 2: 159-247.
45. HUMPHRIES, C. J. 1976. Evolution and endemism in Argyranthemum (Composite-Anthemidae). Botanica Macaronesia 1: 25-50.
46. HUSBAND, B. C. and H. A. SABRA. 2003. Reproductive isolation between autotetraploids and their diploid progenitors in fireweed, Chamerion angustifolium (Onagraceae). New Phytologist 161: 703-713.
47. ISHIKAWA, S. I. and N. KACHI. 2000. Differential salt tolerance of two Artemisia species growing in contrasting coastal environments. Ecological Research 15: 241-247.
48. JOHNSON, S. D. 1992. Climatic and phylogenetic determinants of flowering season in the Cape flora. Journal of Ecology 81: 567-572.
49. _, H. P. LINDER, and K. E. STEINER. 1998. Phylogeny and radiation of pollination systems in Disa (Orchidaceae). American Journal of Botany 85: 402-411.
50. JORGENSEN, T. H. and J. M. OLESEN. 2001. Adaptive radiation of island plants: evidence from Aeonium (Crassulaceae) of the Canary Islands. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 4: 29-42.
51. KELCH, D. G. and B. G. BALDWIN. 2003. Phylogeny and ecological radiation of New World thistles (Cirsium-Cardueae-Compositae) based on ITS and ETS rDNA sequence data. Molecular Ecology 12: 141-151.
52. KELLY, C. A. 1993. Quantitative genetics of size and phenology of life-history traits in Chamaecrista fasciculata. Evolution 47: 88-97.
53. KELLY,M. G. and D. A. LEVIN. 2000. Directional selection on initial flowering date in Phlox drummondii (Polemoniaceae). American Journal of Botany 87: 382-391.
54. KIANG, Y. T. and J. L. HAMRICK. 1978. Reproductive isolation in the Mimulus guttatus complex. American Midland Naturalist 100: 269-276.
55. KIM, S-C., D. J. CRAWFORD, J. FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, and A. SANTOS-GUERRA. 1996. A common origin for woody Sonchus and five related genera in the Macaronesian islands: molecular evidence for extensive radiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 93: 7743-7748.
56. KIRKPATRICK, M. 2000. Reinforcement and divergence under assortative mating. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 267: 1649-1655.
57. _ and V. RAVIGNE. 2002. Speciation by natural and sexual selection: models and experiments. American Naturalist 159(supplement): S22-S35.
58. KOCHMER, J. P. and S. N. HANDL. 1986. Constraints and competition in the evolution of flowering phenology. Ecological Monographs 56: 303-325.
59. KOLLMANN, J. and M. J. BANNELOS. 2004. Latitudinal trends in growth and phenology of the invasive alien plant Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae). Diversity and Distributions 10: 377-385.
60. KOZLOWSKI, J. 1992. Optimal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction: implications for age and size at maturity. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 15-18.
61. KUMMEROW, J. 1983. Comparative phenology of Mediterranean-type plant communities. Pp. 300-317 in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. The role of nutrients, eds. F. J. Kruger, D. T. Mitchell, and J. U. M. Jarvis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
62. LACEY, E. P., D. A. ROACH, D. HERR, S. KINCAID, and R. PERROTT. 2003. Multigenerational effects of flowering and fruiting phenology in Plantago lanceolata. Ecology 84: 2462-2475.
63. LE MAITRE, D. C. and J. J. MIDGLEY. 1992. Plant reproductive ecology. Pp. 135-174 in The ecology of fynbos, ed. R. M. Cowling. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
64. LEVIN, D. A. 1969. The challenge from a related species: a stimulus for saltational speciation. American Naturalist 103: 316-322.
65. _. 1978. The origin of isolating mechanisms in flowering plants. Evolutionary Biology 11: 185-317.
66. _. 2000. The origin, expansion and demise of plant species. New York: Oxford University Press.
67. _. 2002. The role of chromosomal change in plant evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.
68. _. 2004. Ecological speciation: crossing the ecological divide. Systematic Botany 29: 807-816.
69. LEWIS, H. 1973. The origin of diploid neospecies in Clarkia. American Naturalist 107: 161-170.
70. _ and M. E. LEWIS. 1955. The genus Clarkia. University of California Publications in Botany 20: 241-392.
71. LOWREY, T. K. 1995. Phylogeny, adaptive radiation, and biogeography of Hawaiian Tetramolopium (Asteraceae: Astereae). Pp. 195-219 in Hawaiian biogeography - evolution on a hotspot archipelago, eds. W. L. Wagner and V. A. Funk. Washington D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
72. MACNAIR, M. R. and M. GARDINER. 1998. The evolution of edaphic endemics. Pp. 157-171 in Endless forms - species and speciation, ed. D. J. Howard and S. H. Berlocher. New York: Oxford University Press.
73. MALCOMBER, S. 2002. Phylogeny of Gaertnera Lam. (Rubiaceae) based on multiple DNA markers: evidence of a rapid radiation of a widespread, morphologically diverse genus. Evolution 56: 42-57.
74. MCKAY, J. K., J. H. RICHARDS, and T. MITCHELL-OLDS. 2003. Genetics of drought adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana: I. Pleiotropy contributes to genetic correlations among ecological traits. Molecular Ecology 12: 1137-1151.
75. MCNEILLY, T. and J. ANTONOVICS. 1968. Evolution in closely adjacent populations. IV. Barriers to gene flow. Heredity 23: 205-218.
76. MEX, T. H. M. and H. T. HART. 1996. The evolution of growth-form in the Macaronesian genus Aeonium (Crassulaceae) inferred from chloroplast DNA, RFLPs, and morphology. Molecular Ecology 5: 351-363.
77. MITCHELL-OLDS, T. 1996. Genetic constraints on life-history evolution: quantitative genetic loci influencing growth and flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Evolution 50: 140-150.
78. MOELLER, D. A. 2004. Facilitative interactions among plants via shared pollinators. Ecology 85: 3289-3301.
79. MOSSELER, A. and C. S. PAPADOPOL. 1989. Seasonal isolation as a reproductive barrier among sympatric Salix species. Canadian Journal of Botany 67: 2563-2570.
80. MOTT, J. J. 1979. Flowering, seed formation, and dispersal. Pp. 627-645 in Arid-land ecosystems: structure, functioning, and management. Volume 1, D. W. Goodall, R. A. Perry, and K. M. W. Howes. London: Cambridge University Press.
81. MUNZ, P. A. and D. D. KECK. 1959. A California flora. Berkeley: University of California Press.
82. MURRAY, K. G., P. FEINSINGER, W. H. BUSBY, Y. B. LINHART, J. H. BEACH, and S. KINSMAN. 1987. Evaluation of character displacement among plants in two tropical pollination guilds. Ecology 68: 1283-1293.
83. OLLERTON, J. and A. DIAZ. 1999. Evidence for stabilizing selection acting on flowering time in Arum maculatum (Araceae): the influence of phylogeny on adaptation. Oecologia 119: 340-348.
84. _ and A. J. LACK. 1992. Flowering phenology: an example of relaxation of natural selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 7: 274-276.
85. O'NEIL, P. 1997. Natural selection on genetically correlated phenological characteristics in Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae). Evolution 51: 267-274.
86. ORNDUFF, R. 1966. A biosystematic survey of the goldfield genus Lasthenia (Compositae: Helenieae). University of California Publications in Botany 40: 1-92.
87. PANERO, J. L., J. FRANCISCO-ORTEGA, R. K. JANSEN, and A. SANTOS-GUERRA. 1999. Molecular evidence for multiple origins of woodiness and New World biogeographic connection of the Macaronesian Island endemic Pericallis (Asteraceae: Senecioneae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96: 13886-13891.
88. PARRA-TABLA, V. and C. F. VARGAS. 2004. Phenology and phenotypic natural selection on the flowering time of a deceit-pollinated tropical orchid, Myrmecophila christinae. Annals of Botany 94: 243-250.
89. PATERNIANI, E. 1969. Selection for reproductive isolation between two populations of maize, Zea mays L. Evolution 23: 534-547.
90. PATTERSON, T. B. and T. J. GIVNISH. 2004. Geographic cohesion, chromosomal evolution, parallel adaptive radiations, and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus (Calochortaceae): evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny. New Phytologist 61: 253-264.
91. PETIT, C. and J. D. THOMPSON. 1997. Phenotypic selection and population differentiation in relation to habitat heterogeneity in Arrhenatherum elatius (Poaceae). Journal of Ecology 86: 829-540.
92. PILSON, D. 2000. Herbivory and natural selection on flowering phenology in wild sunflower, Helianthus annuus. Oecologia 122: 72-82.
93. PRICE, M. V., N. M. WASER, R. E. IRWIN, D. R. CAMPBELL, and A. K. BRODY. 2005. Temporal and spatial variation in pollination of a montane herb: a seven-year study. Ecology 86: 2106-2116.
94. RAJAKARUNA, N. 2003. Edaphic differentiation in Lasthenia: a model for studies in evolutionary ecology. Madrono 50: 34-40.
95. RATCHKE, B. and E. P. LACEY. 1985. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16: 179-214.
96. RAVEN, P. H. 1972. Evolution and endemism in the New Zealand species of Epilobium. Pp. 259-274 in Taxonomy, phytogeography, and evolution, ed. D. H. Valentine. New York: Academic Press.
97. _ and T. E. RAVEN. 1976. The genus Epilobium in Australasia. Christchurch: New Zealand Department of Science and Industrial Research.Bulletin 216.
98. REEKIE, E. G. and F. A. BAZZAZ. 1987. Reproductive effort in plants. American Naturalist 129: 876-919.
99. RICHARDSON, J. E., R. T. PENNINGTON, and P. M. HOLLINGSWORTH. 2001a. Rapid diversification in a species-rich genus of neotropical rainforest trees. Science 293: 2242-2245.
100. _, F. M. WELZ, M. F. FAY, Q. C. B. CRONK, H. P. LINDER, G. REEVES, and M. W. CHASE. 2001b. Rapid and recent origin of species riches in the Cape flora of South Africa. Nature 412: 181-183.
101. ROSENTHAL, D. M., A. E. SCHWARZBACH, L. A. DONOVAN, O. RAYMOND, and L. H. RIESEBERG. 2000. Phenotypic differentiation between three ancient hybrid taxa and their parental species. International Journal of Plant Sciences 163: 387-398.
102. SAKAI, A. K., S. G. WELLER, W. L. WAGNER, P. S. SOLTIS, and D. E. SOLTIS. 1997. Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of dioecy: adaptive radiation in the endemic Hawaiian genera Schiedea and Alsinidendron (Caryophyllaceae: Alsinoideae). Pp. 455-473 in Molecular evolution and adaptive radiation, eds. T. J. Givnish and K. J. Sytsma. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. SOLBRIG, O. T., M. A. BARBOUR, J. CROSS, G. GOLDSTEIN, C. H. LOWE, J. MORELLO, and T. W. YANG. 1977. The strategies and community patterns of desert plants. Pp. 67-106 in Convergent evolution in warm deserts, eds. G. H. Orians and O. T. Solbrig. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross.
104. STAMM, P. 1983. The evolution of reproductive isolation in closely adjacent plant populations through differential flowering time. Heredity 50: 105-118.
105. STEBBINS, G. L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
106. STINSON, K. A. 2004. Natural selection favors rapid reproductive phenology in Potentilla pulcherrima (Rosaceae) at opposite ends of a subalpine snowmelt gradient. American Journal of Botany 91: 531-539.
107. SYSTMA, K. J., J. F. SMITH, and L. D. GOTTLIEB. 1990. Phylogenetics in Clarkia (Onagraceae): restriction site mapping of chloroplast DNA. Systematic Botany 15: 280-295.
108. THOMPSON, J. D. 2005. Plant evolution in the Mediterranean. New York: Oxford University Press.
109. THOMPSON, J. N., B. M. CUNNINGHAM, K. A. SEAGRAVES, D. M. ALTHOFF, and D. WAGNER. 1997. Plant polyploidy and insect/ plant interactions. American Naturalist 150: 730-743.
110. TRANEL, P. J. and J. J. WASSOM. 2001. Genetic relationships of common cocklebur accessions from the United States. Weed Science 49: 318-325.
111. VAN DIJK, P. and R. BIJLSMA. 1994. Simulations of flowering time displacement between two cytotypes that form inviable hybrids. Heredity 72: 522-535.
112. VASEK, F. and R. H. SAUER. 1971. Seasonal progression of flowering in Clarkia. Ecology 52: 1038-1045.
113. VERBOOM, G. A., H. P. LINDER, and W. D. STOCK. 2003. Phylogenetics of the grass genus Ehrharta: evidence for radiation in the summer-arid zone of the South African cape. Evolution 57: 1008-1021.
114. WARWICK, S. I. and L. D. BLACK. 1986. Genecological variation in recently estabished populations of Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf). Canadian Journal of Botany 64: 1632-1643.
115. WASER, N. 1983. The adaptive nature of floral traits. Pp.241-285 in Pollination biology, ed. L. Real. New York: Academic Press.
116. WEAVER, S. E., V. A. DIRKS, and S. I. WARWICK. 1985. Variation and climatic adaptation in southern populations of Datura stramonium. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 1303-1308.
117. WEBER, E. and B. SCHMID. 1998. Latitudinal population differentiation in two species of Solidago (Asteraceae) introduced into Europe. American Journal of Botany 85: 1110-1121.
118. WEIS, A. E. and T. M. KOSSLER. 2004. Genetic variation in flowering time induces phenological assortative mating: quantitative genetic methods applied Brassica rapa. American Journal of Botany 91: 825-836.
119. _, J. WINTERER, C. VACHER, T. M. KOSSLER, C. A. YOUNG, and G. L. LEBUHN. 2005. Phenological assortative mating in flowering plants: the nature and consequences of its frequency-dependence. Evolutionary Ecology Research 7: 161-181.
120. WHITE, W. J. 1993. Implications of carbon isotope discrimination studies for breeding common bean under water deficits. Pp. 387-398 in Stable isotopes and plant carbon-water relations, ed. J. R. Ehlringer et al. San Diego: Academic Press.
121. WRIGHT, J. W. and T. MEAGHER. 2003. Pollination and seed predation drive flowering phenology in Silene latifolia (Caryophyllaceae). Ecology 84: 2062-2073.
122. WRIGHT, S. J., and O. CALDERON. 1995. Phylogenetic patterns among tropical phenologies. Journal of Ecology 83: 937-948.