Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction

Arthritis Research and Therapy

Volumn 8, Issue 3, 2006, Pages

  Øtensen, Monika ^a   Khamashta, Munther ^b   Lockshin, Michael ^c   Parke, Ann ^d   Brucato, Antonio ^e   Carp, Howard ^f   Doria, Andrea ^g   Rai, Raj ^h   Meroni, Pierluigi ⁱ   Cetin, Irene ⁱ   Derksen, Ronald ^j   Branch, Ware ^k   Motta, Mario ^l   Gordon, Caroline ^m   Ruiz Irastorza, Guillermo ⁿ   Spinillo, Arsenio ^o   Friedman, Deborah ^p   Cimaz, Rolando ^q   Czeizel, Andrew ^r   Piette, Jean Charles ^s   Cervera, Ricard ^t   Levy, Roger A ^u   Clementi, Maurizio ^v   De Carolis, Sara ^v   Petri, Michelle ^w   Shoenfeld, Yehuda ^f   Faden, David ^x   Valesini, Guido ^y   Tincani, Angela ^x   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

^b ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^c WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^e OSPEDALE NIGUARDA CA GRANDA   (Italy)

^f TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^g UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^h IMPERIAL COLLEGE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^j UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER UTRECHT   (Netherlands)

^k UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^l Neonatal Intensive Care Unit   (Italy)

^m UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF THE BASQUE COUNTRY UPV EHU   (Spain)

^o UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA   (Italy)

^p UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^q Pediatrics Fondazione Policlinico Mangiagalli   (Italy)

^r FOUNDATION FOR THE COMMUNITY CONTROL OF HEREDITARY DISEASES   (Hungary)

^s PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^t HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

^u STATE UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^v CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY   (Italy)

^w JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^x University and Civil Hospital of Brescia   (Italy)

^y SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENT; AZATHIOPRINE; BETAMETHASONE; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CELECOXIB; CORTICOSTEROID DERIVATIVE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN A; DEXAMETHASONE; DICLOFENAC; ETANERCEPT; IBUPROFEN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INDOMETACIN; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; NAPROXEN; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PIROXICAM; ROFECOXIB; SALAZOSULFAPYRIDINE; SALICYLIC ACID DERIVATIVE; TACROLIMUS; UNINDEXED DRUG;

AMENORRHEA; ANURIA; BLEEDING DISORDER; BREAST FEEDING; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; CONSENSUS; DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS; EMBRYOTOXICITY; EPIDURAL HEMATOMA; FEMALE FERTILITY; FEMALE INFERTILITY; FETOTOXICITY; GONAD DYSFUNCTION; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOCALCEMIA; INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; LACTATION; LONG TERM CARE; LOW BIRTH WEIGHT; LOW DRUG DOSE; MALARIA; MALE FERTILITY; MALE INFERTILITY; MEDICAL EXPERT; MENTAL DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MUTAGENICITY; NEWBORN DEATH; NEWBORN HYPOXIA; NONHUMAN; OLIGOHYDRAMNIOS; OLIGOSPERMIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL PERIOD; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOEMBOLISM; WORKSHOP; ADULT; DRUG EFFECTS; FEMALE; FERTILITY; MALE; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADULT; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; FEMALE; FERTILITY; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; MALE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME; REPRODUCTION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 33745243801     PISSN: 14786354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/ar1957     Document Type: Review

References (213)

1. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, Derksen RH, DE Groot PG, Koike T, Meroni PL, Reber G: International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006, 4:295-306.
2. Nielsen GL, Sorensen HT, Larsen H, Pedersen L: Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. Br Med J 2001, 322:266-270.
3. Chan LY, Yuen PM: Risk of miscarriage in pregnant users of NSAIDs. More information is needed to be able to interpret study's results. Br Med J 2001, 322:1365-1366.
4. Li DK, Liu L, Odouli R: Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. Br Med J 2003, 327:368-373.
5. Kozer E, Moldovan Costei A, Boskovic R, Nulman I, Nikfar S, Koren G: Effects of aspirin consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003, 68:70-84.
6. Yussoff Dawood M: Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993, 169:1255-1265.
7. Lewis RB, Schulman JD: Influence of acetylicsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the duration of human gestation and labour. Lancet 1973, ii:1159-1161.
8. Sawdy RJ, Lye S, Fisk NM, Bennett PR: A double-blind randomised study of fetal side effects during and after short-term maternal administration of indomethacin, sulindac, and nimesulide for therapy of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, 188:1046-1051.
9. Locatelli A, Vergani P, Bellini P, Strobelt N, Ghidini A: Can a cyclooxygenase type-2 selective tocolytic agent avoid the fetal side effects of indomethacin? BJOG 2001, 108:325-326.
10. Stika CS, Gross GA, Leguizamon G, Gerber S, Levy R, Mathur A, Bernhard LM, Nelson DM, Sadovsky Y: A prospective randomized safety trial of celecoxib for treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, 187:653-660.
11. Cook JC, Jacobson CF, Gao F, Tassinari MS, Hurtt ME, DeSesso JM: Analysis of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug literature for potential developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003, 68:5-26.
12. Cappon GD, Cook JC, Hurtt ME: Relationship between cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 selective inhibitors and fetal development when administered to rats and rabbits during the sensitive periods for heart development and midline closure. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003, 68:47-56.
13. Heinonen OP, Slone D, Shapiro S: Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Littleton Publishing Sciences Group; 1977:286-295.
14. Slone D, Heinonen OP, Kaufman DW, Siskind V, Monson RR, Shapiro S: Aspirin and congenital malformations. Lancet 1976, ii:1373-1375.
15. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (eds) Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 6th edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002.
16. Källèn B: The teratogenicity of antirheumatic drugs - what is the evidence? Scand J Rheumatol 1998, 27(Suppl 107):119-124.
17. Kozer E, Shekoufeh N, Costei A, Boskovic R, Nulman I, Koren G: Aspirin consumption during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002, 187:1623-1630.
18. Martinez-Frias ML, Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Prieto L: Prenatal exposure to salicylates and gastroschisis: a case-control study. Teratology 1997, 56:241-243.
19. Stanfield KM, Bell RR, Lisowski AR, English ML, Saldeen SS, Khan KN: Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in embryonic and fetal tissues during organogenesis and late pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003, 67:54-58.
20. Momma K, Takeuchi H: Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins 1983, 26:631-643.
21. Norton ME, Merril J, Cooper BAB, Kuller JA, Clyman RI: Neonatal complications after the administration of indomethacin for preterm labor. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1602-1607.
22. Vermillion ST, Scardo JA, Lashus AG, Wiles HB: The effect of indomethacin tocolysis on fetal ductus arteriosus constriction with advancing gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997, 177:256-261.
23. Van den Veyver IB, Moise KJ Jr, Ou CN, Carpenter RJ Jr: The effect of gestational age and fetal indomethacin levels on the incidence of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus. Obstet Gynecol 1993, 82:500-503.
24. Norton ME: Fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy. Teratology 1997, 56:282-292.
25. Alano MA, Ngougmna E, Ostrea EM Jr, Konduri GG: Analysis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics 2001, 107:519-513.
26. Hickok DE, Hollenbach KA, Reilley SF, Nyberg DA: The association between decreased amniotic fluid volume and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989, 160:1525-1531.
27. van der Heijden B, Gubler MC: Renal failure in the neonate associated with in utero exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Pediatr Nephrol 1995, 9:675.
28. Llanas B, Cavert MH, Apere H, Demarquez JL: Les effets secondaires du ketoprofène après exposition intra-utérine. Intérêt du dosage plasmatique. Arch Pediatr 1996, 3:248-253.
29. Peruzzi L, Gianooglio B, Porcellini G, Conti G, Amoro A, Coppo R: Neonatal chronic kidney failure associated with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors administered during pregnancy. Minerva Uro Nefrol 2001, 53:113-116.
30. Stuart MJ, Gross SJ, Elrad H, Graeber JE: Effects of acetylsalicylic-acid ingestion on maternal and neonatal hemostasis. N Engl J Med 1982, 307:909-912.
31. Hertz-Picciotto I, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Golub M, Hooper K: The risks and benefit of taking aspirin during pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev 1990, 12:108-148.
32. Di Sessa TG, Moretti ML, Khoury A, Pulliam DA, Arheart KL, Sibai BM: Cardiac function in fetuses and newborns exposed to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994, 171:892-900.
33. Leonhardt A, Bernert S, Watzer B, Schmitz-Ziegler G, Seyberth HW: Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal aspirin concentrations and neonatal prostanoid formation. Pediatrics 2003, 111: e77-e81.
34. Horlocker TT, Bajwa ZH, Ashraf Z, Khan S, Wilson JL, Sami N, Peeters-Asdourian C, Powers CA, Schroeder DR, Decker PA, et al.: Risk assessment of hemorrhagic complications associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications in ambulatory pain clinic patients undergoing epidural steroid injection. Anesth Analg 2002, 95:1691-1697.
35. Reese J, Zhao X, Ma WG, Brown N, Maziasz TJ, Dey SK: Comparative analysis of pharmacologic and/or genetic disruption of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 function in female reproduction in mice. Endocrinology 2001, 142:3198-3206.
36. Sookvanichsilp N, Pulbutr P: Anti-implantation effects of indomethacin and celecoxib in rats. Contraception 2002, 65: 373-378.
37. Mendonca LLF, Khamashta MA, Nelson-Piercy C, Hughes GRV: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a possible cause for reversible infertility. Rheumatology 2000, 39:880-882.
38. Uhler ML, Hsu JW, Fisher SG, Zinaman MJ: The effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on ovulation: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril 2001, 76:957-961.
39. Pall M, Friden BE, Brannstrom M: Induction of delayed follicular rupture in the human by the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib: a randomized double blind study. Hum Reprod 2001, 16:1323-1328.
40. Martini AC, Molina RI, Tissera AD, Ruiz RD, De Cuneo MF: Analysis of semen from patients chronically treated with low or moderate doses of aspirin like drugs. Fertil Steril 2003, 80: 221-222.
41. Østensen M: Safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and lactation. Inflammopharmacology 1996, 4:31-41.
42. Spigset O, Hägg S: Analgesics and breast-feeding. Safety considerations. Paediatr Drugs 2000, 2:223-238.
43. Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics: The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001, 108:776-789.
44. Derksen RHW, Khamashta MA, Branch DW: Management of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:1028-1039.
45. Empson M, Lassere M, Craig J, Scott J: Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 2:CD002859.
46. Nguyen CM, Harrington RA: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists: a comparative review of their use in percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2003, 3: 23.
47. The Matisse Investigators: Subcutaneous Fondoparinux versus intravenous unfractioned heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1695-1702.
48. Turpie AG, Eriksson BI, Bauer KA, Lassen MR: New pentasaccharides for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. Chest 2003, 124:371S-378S.
49. Dempfle CEH: Minor transplacental passage of fondoparinux in vivo. N Engl J Med 2004, 350:1914-1915.
50. Olsson SB Executive Steering Committee on behalf of the SPORTIF III investigators: Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombion inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 362:1691-1698.
51. Fiessinger JN, Huisman MV, Davidson BL, Bounameaux H, Francis CW, Eriksson H, and THRIVE Treatment Study Investigators: Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005, 293:681-689.
52. Francis CW, Berkowitz SD, Comp PC, Lieberman JR, Ginsberg JS, Paiement G, and EXULT A Study Group: Comparison of ximelagatran with warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1703-1712.
53. Benediktsson R, Calder AA, Edwards CRW, Seckl JR: Placental 11b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: a key regulator of fetal glucocorticoid exposure. Clin Endocrinol 1997, 46:161-166.
54. Cowchock FS, Reese EA, Balaban D, Branch DW, Plouffe L: Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies; a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992, 166:1318-1323.
55. Pinsky L, DiGeorge AM: Cleft palate in the mouse: a teratogenic index of glucocorticoid potency. Science 1965, 147:402-403.
56. Reinisch JM, Simon NG: Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Science 1978, 202:436-438.
57. Rodriguez-Pinilla E, Martinez-Frias ML: Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case-control study. Teratology 1998, 58:2-5.
58. Carmichael SL, Shaw GM: Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies. Teratology 1999, 86:242-244.
59. Pradat P, Robert-Gnansia E, Di Tanna GL, Rosano A, Lisi A, Mastroiacovo P, Contributors to the MADRE database: First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003, 67:968-970.
60. Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M: Population-based case-control study of teratogenic potential of corticosteroids. Teratology 1997, 56:335-340.
61. Fraser FC, Sajoo A: Teratogenic potential of corticosteroids in humans. Teratology 1995, 51:45-46.
62. Park-Wyllie L, Mazzotta P, Pastuszak A, Moretti ME, Beique L, Hunnisett L, Friesen MH, Jacobson S, Kasapinovic S, Chang D, et al.: Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000, 62:385-392.
63. Källén B: Maternal drug use and infant cleft lip/palate with special reference to corticoids. Cleft Pal Craniofacial J 2003, 40:624-628.
64. Scott JR: Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977, 128:668-676.
65. Czeizel AE, Toth M: Birth weight, gestational age and medications during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998, 60:245-249.
66. Schmidt PL, Sims ME, Strassner HT, Paul RH, Mueller E, McCart D: Effect of antepartum glucorticoid administration upon neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984, 178:178-186.
67. Cederqvist LL, Merkatz IR, Litwin SD: Fetal immunoglobin synthesis following maternal immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977, 129:687-690.
68. Benediktsson R, Lindsay RS, Noble J, Seckl JR, Edwards CRW: Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: new model for adult hypertension. Lancet 1993, 341:339-341.
69. Kraus AM: Congenital cataract and maternal steroid injection. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1975, 12:107-108.
70. Coté CJ, Meuwissen HG, Pickering RJ: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics 1974, 85:324-328.
71. Price HV, Salaman JR, Laurence KM, Langmaid H: Immunusuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation 1976, 21:294-298.
72. National Institutes of Health: Report of the Consensus Development Conference on the Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcome. NIH Publication no. 95-3784. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 1994.
73. Huang WL, Haper CG, Evans SF, Newnham JP, Dunlop SA: Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astrocyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000, 19:487-493.
74. Matthews SG: Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing CNS. Pediatr Res 2000, 47:291-300.
75. Jobe AH, Wada N, Berry LM, Ikegami M, Ervin MG: Single and repetitive maternal glucocorticoid exposures reduce fetal growth in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998, 178:880-885.
76. French NP, Hagan R, Evans SF, Godfrey M, Newnham JP: Repeated antenatal corticosteroids: size at birth and subsequent development. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999, 180:114-121.
77. Abbasi S, Hirsch D, Davis J, Stouffer N, Debbs R, Gerdes JS: Effect of single versus multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids on maternal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000, 182:1243-1249.
78. Spinillo A, Viazzo F, Colleoni R, Chiara A, Cerbo RA, Fazzi E: Two-year infant neurodevelopmental outcome after single or multiple antenatal courses of corticosteroids to prevent complications of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 191:217-224.
79. National Institutes of Health: Antenatal corticosteroid revisited: repeat courses. NIH Consensus Statement 2000, 17:1-18.
80. Urban R, Lemancewicz A, Przepiesc J, Urban J, Kretowska M: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a comparative study of dexamethasone and betamethasone effects on fetal Doppler flow velocity waveforms. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reproof Biol 2005, 120:170-174.
81. Crowley P: Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000, 2:CD000065.
82. Jobe AH, Soll RF: Choice and dose of corticosteroid for antenatal treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 190:871-885.
83. Lodygensky GA, Rademaker K, Zimine S, Gex-Fabry M, Lieftink AF, Lazeyras F, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS, Huppi PS: Structural and functional brain development after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics 2005, 116: 1-7.
84. Katz FH, Duncan BR: Entry of prednisone into human milk. N Engl J Med 1975, 293:1154.
85. Öst L, Wettrell G, Bjorkhem I, Rane A: Prednisolone excretion in human milk. J Pediatrics 1985, 106:1008-1011.
86. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR: Heparin and osteoporosis during pregnancy: 2002 update. Lupus 2002, 11: 680-682.
87. Patlas N, Golomb G, Yaffe P, Pinto T, Breuer E, Ornoy A: Transplacental effcts of bisphosphonates on fetal skeletal ossification and mineralization in rats. Teratology 1999, 60:68-73.
88. Dunlop DJ, Soukop M, McEwan HP: Antenatal administration of aminopropylidene diphosphonate. Ann Rheum Dis 1990, 49-955.
89. Illidge TM, Hussey M, Godden CW: Malignant hypercalciaemia in pregnancy and antenatal administration of intravenous pamidronate. Clin Oncol 1996, 8:257-258.
90. Rutgers-Verhage AR, de Vries TW, Torringa MJL: No effects of bisphosphonates on the human fetus. Birth Defects Res A 2003, 67:203-204.
91. Siminoski K, Fitzgerald AA, Flesch G, Gross MS: Intravenous pamidronate for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy during breast feeding. J Bone Miner Res 2000, 15:2052-2055.
92. Phillips-Howard PA, Wood D: The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Safety 1996, 14:131-145.
93. Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Aymard G, Huong-DLT, Wechsler B, Vauthier D, Dermer ME, Darbois Y, Piette JC: Evidence of transplacental passage of hydroxychloroquine in humans. Arthritis Rheum 2002, 46:1123-1124.
94. Wolfe MS, Cordero J: Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. Br Med J 1985, 290:1466-1467.
95. Levy M, Buskila D, Gladman DD, Urowitz MB, Koren G: Pregnancy outcome following first trimester exposure to chloroquine. Am J Perinatol 1991, 8:174-178.
96. Parke AL: Antimalarial drugs, systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy. J Rheumatol 1988, 15:607-610.
97. Parke AL, West B: Hydoxychloroquine in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1996, 23: 1715-1718.
98. Buchanan NMM, Toubi E, Khamashta KE, Lima F, Kerslake S, Hughes GRV: Hydoxychloroquine and lupus pregnancy: review of a series of 36 cases. Ann Rheum Dis 1996, 55:486-488.
99. Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Huong DLT, Sebbough D, Wechsler B, Vauthier D, Denjoy I Lupoglazoff JM, Piette JC: Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases: a study of one hundred thirty-three cases compared with a control group. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 48:3207-3211.
100. Borden MB, Parke AL: Antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus. Use in pregnancy. Drug Safety 2001, 24:1055-1063.
101. Hart CN, Naunton RF: The ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1964, 80:407-412.
102. Akintonwa A, Gbajumo SA, Mabadeje AFB: Placental and milk transfer of chloroquine in humans. Ther Drug Monit 1988, 10: 147-149.
103. Nation RL, Hackett LP, Dusci LHJ Ilett KF: Excretion of hydroxychloroquine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984, 17:368-369.
104. Østensen M, Brown ND, Chiang PK, Aarbakke J: Hydroxychloroquine in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985, 28: 357.
105. Klinger G, Morad Y, Westall CA, Laskin C, Spitzer KA, Koren G, Ito S, Buncic RJ: Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet 2001, 358:813-814.
106. Motta M, Tincani A, Faden D, Zinzini E, Lojacono A, Marchesi A, Frassi M, Biasini C, Zatti S, Chirico G: Follow-up of infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation. J Perinatol 2005, 25:86-89.
107. Cimaz R, Brucato A, Meregalli E, Muscara M, Sergi P: Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50:3056-3057.
108. Borba EF, Turrini-Filho JR, Kuruma KA, Bertola C, Pedalini ME, Lorenzi MC, Bonfa E: Chloroquine gestational use in systemic lupus erythematosus: assessing the risk of child ototoxicity by pure tone audiometry. Lupus 2004, 13:223-227.
109. Norgard B, Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M, Olsen J, Sorensen HT: Population based case control study of the safety of sulphasalazine used during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001, 15:483-486.
110. Mogadam M, Dobbins WO, Korelitz BI, Ahmed SW: Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology 1981, 80: 72-76.
111. Järnerot G: Fertility, sterility and pregnancy in chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1982, 17:1-4.
112. Nielsen OH, Andreasson B, Bondesen S, Jarnum S: Pregnancy in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993, 18:735-742.
113. Baocco PJ, Korelitz BI: The influence of inflammatory bowel disease and its treatment on pregnancy and on fetal outcome. J Clin Gastroenterol 1984, 6:211-216.
114. Willoughby CP, Truelobe SC: Ulcerative colitis and pregnancy. Gut 1980, 21:469-474.
115. Moody GA, Probert C, Jayanthi V, Mayberry JF: The effects of chronic ill health and treatment with sulphasalazine on fertility amongst men and women with inflammatory bowel disease in Leicestershire. Int J Colorect Dis 1997, 12:220-224.
116. Hernandez-Diaz S, Werler MM, Walker AM, Mitchell AA: Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:1608-1614.
117. Järnerot G, Anderson S, Esbjörner E, Sandström B, Brodersen R: Albumin reserve for binding of bilirubin in maternal and cord serum under treatment with sulphasalazine. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981, 16:1049-1055.
118. Zwi LJ, Becroft DM: Intrauterine aplastic anemia and fetal hydrops: a case report. Pediatr Pathol 1986, 5:199-205.
119. Levi S, Libermann M, Levi AJ, Bjarnason I: Reversible congenital neutropenia associated with maternal sulphasalazine therapy. Eur J Pediat 1988, 148:174-175.
120. Esbjörner E, Järnerot G, Wranne L: Sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine serum levels in children to mothers treated with sulphasalazine during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand 1987, 76:137-142.
121. Branski D, Kerem E, Gross-Kieselstein E, Hurvitz H, Litt R, Abrahmav A: Bloody diarrhoea - a possible complication of sulphasalazine transferred through human breast milk. J Pediat Gastroenterol Nutr 1986, 5:316-317.
122. O'Morain C, Smethurst P, Doré CJ, Levi AJ: Reversible male infertility due to sulphasalazine: studies in man and rat. Gut 1984, 25:1078-1084.
123. Brent RL: Teratogen update: reproductive risks of leflunomide (Arava). A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: counseling women taking leflunomide before or during pregnancy and men taking leflunomide who are contemplating fathering a child. Teratology 2001, 63:106-112.
124. Chakravarty EF, Sanchez-Yamamoto D, Bush TM: The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcome. J Rheumatol 2003, 30:241-246.
125. Polifka JE, Friedman JM: Teratogen update: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology 2002, 65:240-261.
126. Reimers TJ, Sluss PM: 6-Mercaptopurine treatment of pregnant mice: effect on second and third generation. Science 1978, 201:65-67.
127. The Registration Committee of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association: Successful pregnancies in women treated by dialysis and kidney transplantation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1980, 87:839-845.
128. Alstead EM, Ritchie JK, Leonard-Jones JE, Farthing MJG: Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1990, 99:443-446.
129. Moskovitz DN, Bodian C, Chapman ML, Marion JF, Rubin PH, Scherl E, Present DH: The effect on the fetus of medications used to treat pregnant inflammatory bowel-disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:656-661.
130. Price HV, Salaman JR, Laurence KM, Langmaid H: Immunusuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation 1976, 21:294-298.
131. Coté CJ, Meuwissen HG, Pickering RJ: Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics 1974, 85:324-328.
132. Davison JM, Dellagrammatikas H, Parkin JM: Maternal azathioprine therapy and depressed haemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985, 92:233-239.
133. Rajapakse RO, Korelitz BI, Zlatank I, Baiocco PJ, Gleim GW: Outcome of pregnancies when fathers are treated with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000, 95:684-688.
134. Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, Rubin P, Chapman M, Present DH: The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003, 124:9-17.
135. Bennett PN: Azathioprine. In Drugs and Human Lactation. Edited by Bennett PN. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1988:286-287.
136. Dejaco C, Mittermaier C, Reinisch W, Gasche C, Waldhoer T, Moser H Stroemer G: Azathioprine treatment and male infertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2001, 121:1048-1053.
137. Pilarski LM, Yacyshyn BR, Lazarovits AI: Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and immune function from children exposed to cyclosporine or to azathioprine in utero. Transplantation 1994, 57:133-144.
138. Scott JR, Branch WD, Holman J: Autoimmune and pregnancy complications in the daughter of a kidney transplant patient. Transplantation 2002, 73:815-816.
139. Schröder H, Fogh K: Methotrexate and its polyglutamate derivates in erythrocytes during and after weekly low-dose oral methotrexate therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1988, 21:145-149.
140. Wilson JG, Scott WJ, Ritter EJ, Fradkin R: Comparative distribution and embryo toxicity of methotrexate in pregnant rats and rhesus monkeys. Teratology 1979, 19:71-98.
141. Milunsky A, Graef JW, Gaynor MF: Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations. J Pediatrics 1968, 72:790-795.
142. Chapa JB, Hibbard JU, Weber EM, Abramowicz JS, Verp MS: Prenatal diagnosis of methotrexate embryopathy. Obstet Gynecol 2003, 101:1104-1107.
143. Powell HR, Eckert H: Methotrexate-induced congenital malformations. Med J Aust 1971, 2:1076-1077.
144. Schleuning M, Clemm C: Chromosomal aberrations in a newborn whose mother received cytotoxic treatment during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1987, 317:1666-1667.
145. Pizzuto J, Aviles A, Noriega L, Niz J, Morales M, Romero F: Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy: presentation of nine cases. Cancer Treat Rep 1980, 64:679-683.
146. Kozlowski RD, Steinbrunner JV, MacKenzie AH, Clough JD, Wilke WS, Segal AM: Outcome of first-trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate in eight patients with rheumatic disease. Am J Med 1990, 88:589-592.
147. Feldkamp M, Carey JC: Clinical teratology counseling and consultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in early weeks of pregnancy. Teratology 1993, 47:533-539.
148. Donnenfeld AE, Pastuszak A, Salkoff Noah J, Schick B, Rose NC, Koren G: Methotrexate exposure prior to and during pregnancy. Teratology 1994, 49:79-81.
149. Buckley LM, Bullaboy CA, Leichtman L, Marquez M: Multiple congenital anomalies associated with weekly low-dose methotrexate treatment of the mother. Arthritis Rheum 1997, 40:971-973.
150. Østensen M, Hartmann H, Salvesen K: Low dose weekly methotrexate in early pregnancy. A case series and review of the literature. J Rheumatol 2000, 27:1872-1875.
151. Krähenmann F, Østensen M, Stallmach Th, Huch A, Chaoui R: In utero first trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate with increased fetal nuchal translucency and associated malformations. Prenat Diagn 2002, 22:489-490.
152. Rustin GJS, Booth M, Dent J, Salt S, Rustin F, Bagshawe KD: Pregnancy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours. Br Med J 1984, 288:103-106.
153. Gervaise A, Masson L, de Tayrac R, Frydman R, Fernandez H: Reproductive outcome after rethotrexate treatment of tubal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005, 60:175-176.
154. Green DM, Zevon MA, Lowrie G, Seigelstein N, Hall B: Congenital anomalies in children of patients who received chemotherapy for cancer in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:141-146.
155. Johns DG, Rutherford LD, Keighton PC, Vogel CL: Secretion of methotrexate into human milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972, 112:978-980.
156. Morris LF, Harrod MJ, Menter MA, Silverman AK: Methotrexate and reproduction in men: Case report and recommendations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993, 29:913-916.
157. Sussman A, Leonard JM: Psoriasis, methotrexate, and oligospermia. Arch Dermatol 1980, 116:215-217.
158. Aviles A, Diaz-Maqueo JC, Talavera A, Guzman R, Garcia EL: Growth and development of children of mothers treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy: current status of 43 children. Am J Hematol 1991, 36:243-248.
159. Mirkes PE: Cyclophosphamide teratogenesis. A review. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 1985, 5:75-88.
160. Greenberg LH, Tanaka KR: Congenital anomalies probably induced by cyclophosphamide. JAMA 1964, 188:423-426.
161. Toledo TM, Harper RC, Moser RH: Fetal effects during cyclophosphamide and irradiation therapy. Ann Intern Med 1971, 74:87-91.
162. Murray CL, Reichert JA, Anderson J, Twiggs LB: Multimodal cancer therapy for breast cancer in the first trimester of pregnancy. A case report. JAMA 1984, 252:2607-2608.
163. Kirshon B, Wasserstrum N, Willis R, Herman GE, McCabe ER: Teratogenic effects of first-trimester cyclophosphamide therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1988, 72:462-464.
164. Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Erlich R, Koren G: Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity in a twin exposed in utero to cyclophosphamide. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 1993, 13:139-143.
165. Zemlickis D, Lishner M, Degendorfer P, Panzarella T, Sutcliffe SB, Koren G: Fetal outcome after in utero exposure to cancer chemotherapy. Arch Intern Med 1992, 152:573-576.
166. Enns GM, Roeder E, Chan RT, Ali-Khan Catts Z, Cox VA, Golabi M: Apparent cyclophosphamide (cytoxan) embryopathy: a distinct phenotype? Am J Med Genet 1999, 86:237-241.
167. Paladini D, Vassallo M, D'Armiento MR, Cianciaruso B, Martinelli P: Prenatal detection of multiple fetal anomalies following inadvertent exposure to cyclophosphamide in the first trimester of pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004, 70:99-100.
168. Vaux KK, Kahole NC, Jones KL: Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and cytarabine embropathy: is apoptosis the common pathway? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003, 67:403-408.
169. Durodola JI: Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report. J Nat Med Ass 1979, 71:165-166.
170. Gershenson DM: Menstrual and reproductive function after treatment with combination chemotherapy for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1988, 6:270-275.
171. Green DM, Whitton JA, Stovall M, Mertens AC, Donaldson SS, Ruymann FB, Pendergrass TW, Robison LL: Pregnancy outcome of partners of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21:716-721.
172. Wiernik PH, Duncan JH: Cyclophosphamide in human milk. Lancet 1971, i:912.
173. Waxman J: Chemotherapy and the adult gonad: a review. J R Soc Med 1983, 76:144-148.
174. Boumpas DT, Austin HA, Vaughan EM, Yarboro CH, Klippel JH, Balow JE: Risk of sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cylcophosphamide therapy. Ann Intern Med 1993, 119-366-369.
175. Huong DLT, Amoura Z, Duhaut P, Sbai A, Costedoat N, Wechsler B, Piette JC: Risk of ovarian failure and fertility after intravenous cyclophosphamide. A study in 84 patients. J Rheumatol 2002; 29:2571-2576.
176. Silva CAA, Hallak J, Pasqualotto FF, Barba MF, Saito MI, Kiss MHB: Gonadal function in male adolescents and young males with juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2002, 29:2000-2005.
177. Kenney LB, Laufer MR, Grant FD, Grier H, Diller L: High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood. Cancer 2001, 91:613-621.
178. Somers EC, Marder W, Christman GM, Ognenovski V, McCune WJ: Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthritis Rheum 2005, 52:2761-2767.
179. Winter JF, Boice JD, Mulvihill JJ, Stovall M, Frederiksen K, Tawn EJ, Olsen JH: Chromosomal abnormalities among offspring of child-cancer survivors in Denmark: a population based study. Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:1282-1285.
180. Mason RJ, Thomson AW, Whiting PH, Gray ES, Brown PA, Catto GRD, Simpson JG: Cyclosporine-induced fetotoxicity in the rat: Transplantation 1985, 39:9-12.
181. Cockburn I, Krupp P, Monka C: Present experience of Sandimmun in pregnancy. Transplant Proc 1989, 21:3730-3732.
182. Hussein MM, Mooij JMV, Roujouleh H: Cyclceporine in the treatment of lupus nephritis including 2 patients treated during pregnancy. Clin Nephrol 1993, 40:160-163.
183. Armenti VT, Ahlswede KM, Ahlswede BA, Jarrell BE, Moritz MJ, Burke JF: National transplantation pregnancy registry: outcomes of 154 pregnancies in cydosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994, 57:502-506.
184. Lamarque V, Leleu MF, Monka C, Krupp P: Analysis of 629 pregnancy outcomes in transplant recipients treated with Sandimmun. Transplant Proc 1997, 29:2480.
185. Barrou BM, Gruessner AC, Sutherland DE, Gruessner RW: Pregnancy after pancreas transplantation in the cyclosporin era: report from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Transplantation 1998, 65:524-527.
186. Shaheen FAM, Al-Sulaiman MH, Al-Khader AA: Long-term nephrotoxicity after exposure to CsA in utero. Transplantation 1993, 56:224-225.
187. Bar Oz B, Hackman R, Einarson T, Koren G: Pregnancy outcome after CsA therapy during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Transplantation 2001, 71:1051-1055.
188. Moretti ME, Sgro M,. Johnson DW, Sauve RS, Woolgar MJ, Taddio A, Verjee Z, Giesbrecht E, Koren G, Ito S: Cyclosporine excretion into breast milk. Transplantation 2003, 75:2144-2146.
189. Stanley CW, Gottlieb R, Zager R Eisenberg J, Richmond R, Moritz MJ, Armenti VT: Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc 1999, 31:241-242.
190. Di Paolo S, Schena A, Morrone LF, Manfredi G, Stallone G, Derosa C, Procino A, Schena FP: Immunologic evaluation during the first year of life of infants born to cyclosporine treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000, 69:2049-2054.
191. Cimaz R, Meregalli E, Biggioggero M, Borghi O, Tincani A, Motta M, Airo P, Meroni PL: Alterations in the immune system of children from mothers treated with immunosuppressive agents during pregnancy. Toxicol Lett 2004, 149:155-162.
192. Sgro MD, Barrozino T, Mirghani HM, Sermer M, Moscato L, Akoury H, Koren G, Chitayat D: Pregnancy outcome post renal transplantation. Teratology 2002, 65:5-9.
193. Jain AB, Shapiro R, Scantlebury VP, Potdar S, Jordan ML, Flohr J, Marcos A, Fung JJ: Pregnancy after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation under tacrolimus: a single center's experience. Transplantation 2004, 77:897-902.
194. Jain AB, Reyes J, Marcos A, Mazariegos G, Eghtesad B, Fontes PA, Cacciarelli TV, Marsh JW, de Vera ME, Rafail A, et al: Pregnancy after liver transplantation with tacrolimus immunosuppression: a single center's experience update at 13 years. Transplantation 2003, 76:827-832.
195. Kainz A, Harabacz I, Cowlrick IS, Gadgil SD, Hagiwara D: Review of the course and outcome of 100 pregnancies in 84 women treated with tacrolimus. Transplantation 2000, 70: 1718-1721.
196. Miniero R, Tardivo I, Curtoni ES, Segoloni GP, La Rocca E, Nino A, Todeschini P, Tregnaghi C, Rosati A, Zanelli P, Dall'Omo AM: Pregnancy after renal transplantation in Italian patients: focus on fetal outcome. J Nephrol 2002, 15:626-632.
197. French AE, Soldin SJ, Soldin OP, Koren G: Milk transfer and neonatal safety of tacrolimus. Ann Pharmacother 2003, 37: 815-818.
198. Le Ray C, Coulomb A, Elefant E, Frydman R, Audibert F: Mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy after renal transplantation: a case of major foetal malformations. Obstet Gynecol 2004, 103:1091-1094.
199. Pergola PE, Kancharla A, Riley DJ: Kidney transplantation during the first trimester of pregnancy: immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and prednisone. Transplantation 2001, 71:994-997.
200. Armenti VT, Radomski JS, Gaughan WJ, Philips LZ, McGrory CH, Coscia LA; National Transplantation Registry: Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl 2003, 17:131-141.
201. Radder CM, Roelen DL, van de Meer-Prins, Claas FH, Kanhai HH, Brand A: The immunologic profile of infants born after maternal immunoglobulin treatment and intrauterine platelet transfusions for fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004, 191:816-820.
202. Vesga L, Terdiman JP, Mahadevan U: Adalimumab use in pregnancy. Gut 2005, 54:890.
203. Sanchez Munoz D, Hoyas Pablos E, Ramirez Martin Del Campo M, Nunez Hospital D, Guerrero Jimenez P: Term pregnancy in a patient with Crohn's disease under treatment with adalimumab. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005, 28:435.
204. Herold M, Schnohr S, Bittrich H: Efficacy and safety of a combined rituximab chemotherapy during pregnancy. J Clin Oncol. 2001, 19:3439.
205. Kimby E, Sverrisdottir A, Elinder G: Safety of rituximab therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case history. Eur J Haematol 2004, 72:292-295.
206. Goroir BP, Peppel K, Silva M, Beutler B: The biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy: studies with a CAT reporter transgene and TNF inhibitors. Eur Cytokine Netw 1992, 3:533-537.
207. Hyrich K, Symmons D, Watson K, Silman A: Pregnancy outcome in women who were exposed to anti-TNF agents: Results from a national population register. Arthritis Rheum, in press.
208. Østensen M, Eigenmann GO: Etanercept in breast milk. J Rheumatol 2004, 31:1017-1018.
209. Treacy G: Using an analogous monoclonal antibody to evaluate the reproductive and chronic toxicity potential for a humanized anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000, 19:226-228.
210. Mahadevan U, Kane S, Sandborn WJ, Cohen RD, Hanson K, Terdiman JP, Binion DG: Intentional infliximab use during pregnancy for induction or maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005, 21:733-738.
211. Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, Smith DE, Jacobs SJ, Lichtenstein GR: Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004, 99:2385-2392.
212. Förger F, Matthias T, Oppermann M, Østensen M, Helmke K: Infliximab in breast milk. Lupus 2004, 13:753.
213. Mahadevan U, Terdiman JP, Aron J, Jacobsohn S, Turek P: Infliximab and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005, 11:395-399.