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For a recent review see:. Millan M.J. Psychopharmacology 179 (2005) 30-53
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Millan, M.J.1
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Smith, G. Lecture presented at the International Symposium on Advances in Synthetic, Combinatorial and Medicinal Chemistry (ASCMC), Moscow, Russia, 5-8 May 2004.
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Smith, G.; Mikkelsen, G.; Andersen, K.; Greve, D.; Ruhland, T.; Wren, S. P. WO 03053942.
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Smith, G.1
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Chen, Y.; Freskos, J. N.; Gasiecki, A. F.; Grapperhaus, M. L.; Hansen, D. W.; Heintz, R. M.; Khanna, I. K.; Kolodziej, S. A.; Mategani, S.; Massa, M. A.; McDonald, J. J.; Mischke, D. A.; Nagay, M. A.; Perrone, E.; Schnmidt, M. A.; Spangler, D. P.; Talley, J. J.; Trevidi, M.; Wynn, T. A.; Becker, D. P.; Rico, J. G. WO 04000811.
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33745219501
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note
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5 Selected Experimental Details for Key reaction steps. Step (a): To a solution of 4-chloro-2-fluoro-nitrobenzene 4 (5.0 g, 28.5 mmol) in DMF (56 mL) and triethylamine (7.9 mL, 57.0 mmol) was added (R)-2-methylpiperazine (2.85 g, 28.5 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 80 °C for 3 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Drying the combined organic layers over sodium sulfate, followed by filtration, evaporation and purification on silica gel (eluting with DCM-MeOH) afforded 5 (7.13 g, 98%) as a light red solid. Step (c): To a mixture of 6 (9.28 g, 24.0 mmol) in acetic acid (270 mL) was added iron powder (8.1 g, 145 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 60 °C overnight. After cooling to rt, the mixture was evaporated and slurried in ethyl acetate. It was then filtered and the filtrate poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. Drying the combined organic layers over sodium sulfate, followed by filtration, evaporation and purification on silica gel (eluting with EtOAc-heptane) afforded 7 (6.56 g, 77%) as a light yellow gum. Step (d): To a solution of 7 (5.4 g, 15 mmol) in 1,2-dimethoxyethane (63 mL) was successively added cesium iodide (3.93 g, 15.0 mmol), iodine (1.92 g, 8.0 mmol), cuprous iodide (893 mg, 5.0 mmol) and isoamylnitrite (9.53 mL, 91 mmol) and the resulting mixture was heated at 60 °C for 1.5 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was partitioned between ammonium chloride (saturated solution) and ethyl acetate and then the whole mixture filtered through celite. The organic layer was then separated, washed with sodium sulfite (5% solution), dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, evaporated and purified on silica gel (eluting with EtOAc-heptane) to afford 8 (4.93 g, 69%) as a light yellow gum. Step (e): A solution of 8 (4.87 g, 10 mmol) in dioxane (21 mL) was added to a mixture of copper iodide (99 mg, 1 mmol), 4-methoxythiophenol (1.77 g, 12 mmol), N-methylglycine (184 mg, 2 mmol) and potassium hydroxide pellets (1.69 g, 26 mmol). The resulting light brown suspension was then heated under reflux overnight. After cooling to rt, the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. Drying the combined organic layers over sodium sulfate, followed by filtration, evaporation and purification on silica gel (eluting with EtOAc-heptane) afforded 10 (3.13 g, 63%) as a colourless gum.
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