Fast ion generation by high-intensity laser irradiation of solid targets and applications

Fusion Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 412-439

  Borghesi, M ^a,f   Fuchs, J ^b,c   Bulanov, S V ^d   Mackinnon, A J ^e   Patel, P K ^e   Roth, M ^f  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^b Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique   (France)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^d JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY   (Japan)

^e LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^f DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Inertial confinement fusion; Ion acceleration; Laser plasma interaction

Indexed keywords

ACCELERATION; COMPUTATIONAL METHODS; HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS; INERTIAL CONFINEMENT FUSION; LASER BEAM EFFECTS; LASER PULSES; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PLASMA INTERACTIONS;

FAST ION GENERATION; HIGH-INTENSITY LASER IRRADIATION; ION ACCELERATION; LASER-PLASMA INTERACTION;

ION BEAMS;

EID: 33646739047     PISSN: 15361055     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.13182/FST06-A1159     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. E. L. CLARK et al., "Measurements of Energetic Proton Transport Through Magnetized Plasma from Intense Laser Interactions with Solids," Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 670 (2000).
2. R. A. SNAVELY et al., "Intense High-Energy Proton Beams from Petawatt-Laser Irradiation of Solids," Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 2945 (2000).
3. A. MAKSIMCHUK, S. GU, K. FLIPPO, D. UMSTADTER, and V. Y. BYCHENKOV, "Forward Ion Acceleration in Thin Films Driven by a High-Intensity Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 4108 (2000).
4. S. J. GITOMER, R. D. JONES, F. BEGAY, A. W. EHLER, J. F. KEPHART, and R. KRISTAL, "Fast Ions and Hot-Electrons in the Laser-Plasma Interaction," Phys. Fluids, 29, 2679 (1986).
5. A. P. FEWS et al., "Plasma Ion Emission from High-Intensity Picosecond Laser-Pulse Interactions with Solid Targets," Phys. Rev. Lett., 73, 1801 (1994).
6. D. GIULIETTI et al., "Production of Ultracollimated Bunches of Multi-MeV Electrons by 35 fs Laser Pulses Propagating in Exploding-Foil Plasmas," Phys. Plasmas, 9, 3655 (2002).
7. K. MATSUKADO et al., "Energetic Protons from a Few-Micron Metallic Foil Evaporated by an Intense Laser Pulse," Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 215001 (2003).
8. K. NEMOTO, A. MAKSIMCHUK, S. BANERJEE, K. FLIPPO, G. MOUROU, D. UMSTADTER, and V. Y. BYCHENKOV, "Laser-Triggered Ion Acceleration and Table Top Isotope Production," Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 595 (2001).
9. S. FRITZLER et al., "Ion Heating and Thermonuclear Neutron Production from High-Intensity Subpicosecond Laser Pulses Interacting with Underdense Plasmas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 165004 (2002).
10. K. KRUSHELNICK et al., "Multi-MeV Ion Production from High-Intensity Laser Interactions with Underdense Plasmas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 737 (1999).
11. M. S. WEI et al., "Ion Acceleration by Collisionless Shocks in High-Intensity-Laser-Underdense-Plasma Interaction," Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 155003 (2004).
12. F. AMIRANOFF, "Fast Electron Production in Ultra-Short High-Intensity Laser-Plasma Interaction and Its Consequences," Meas. Sci. Technol., 12, 1795 (2001).
13. P. GIBBON and A. R. BELL, "Collisionless Absorption in Sharp-Edged Plasmas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 68, 1535 (1992).
14. F. BRUNEL, "Not-So-Resonant, Resonant Absorption," Phys. Rev. Lett., 59, 52 (1987).
15. V. L. GINZBURG, The Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in Plasmas, Pergamon Press, New York (1964).
16. W. L. KRUER, The Physics of Laser Plasma Interaction, Addison-Wesley, New York (1988).
17. M. I. K. SANTALA et al., "Effect of the Plasma Density Scale Length on the Direction of Fast Electrons in Relativistic Laser-Solid Interactions," Phys. Rev. Lett., 84, 1459 (2000).
18. A. G. LITVAK, "Finite-Amplitude Wave Beams in a Magneto-Active Plasma," Sov. Phys. JETP, 30, 344 (1969).
19. P. SPRANGLE, C. M. TANG, and E. ESAREY, "Relativistic Self-Focusing of Short-Pulse Radiation Beams in Plasmas," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 15, 145 (1987).
20. A. B. BORISOV, A. V. BOROVSKIY, V. V. KOROBKIN, A. M. PROKHOROV, C. K. RHODES, and O. B. SHIRYAEV, "Stabilization of Relativistic Self-Focusing of Intense Subpicosecond Ultraviolet Pulses in Plasmas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 65, 1753 (1990).
21. P. MONOT, T. AUGUSTE, P. GIBBON, F. JAKOBER, and G. MAINFRAY, "Experimental Demonstration of Relativistic Self-Channeling of a Multiterawatt Laser-Pulse in an Underdense Plasma," Phys. Rev. Lett., 74, 2953 (1995).
22. M. BORGHESI et al., "Relativistic Channeling of a Picosecond Laser Pulse in a Near-Critical Preformed Plasma," Phys. Rev. Lett., 78, 879 (1997).
23. A. PUKHOV and J. MEYER-TER-VEHN, "Relativistic Magnetic Self-Channeling of Light in Near-Critical Plasma: Three-Dimensional Particle-in-Cell Simulation," Phys. Rev. Lett., 76, 3975 (1996).
24. P. E. YOUNG and P. R. BOLTON, "Propagation of Subpicosecond Laser Pulses Through a Fully Ionized Plasma," Phys. Rev. Lett., 77, 4556 (1996).
25. Z. M. SHENG, K. NISHIHARA, T. HONDA, Y. SENTOKU, K. MIMA, and S. V. BULANOV, "Anisotropic Fomentation Instability of Intense Laser Beams in Plasmas Near the Critical Density," Phys. Rev. E, 6406, 066409 (2001).
26. W. L. KRUER and K. ESTABROOK, "JXB Heating by Very Intense Laser-Light," Phys. Fluids, 28, 430 (1985).
27. S. C. WILKS, W. L. KRUER, M. TABAK, and A. B. LANGDON, "Absorption of Ultra-Intense Laser-Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 1383 (1992).
28. A. PUKHOV, Z. M. SHENG, and J. MEYER-TER-VEHN, "Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Laser Channels," Phys. Plasmas, 6, 2847 (1999).
29. Y. SENTOKU, T. E. COWAN, A. KEMP, and H. RUHL, "High Energy Proton Acceleration in Interaction of Short Laser Pulse with Dense Plasma Targets," Phys. Plasmas, 10, 2009 (2003).
30. S. P. HATCHETT et al., "Electron, Photon, and Ion Beams from the Relativistic Interaction of Petawatt Laser Pulses with Solid Targets," Phys. Plasmas, 7, 2076 (2000).
31. S. C. WILKS et al., "Energetic Proton Generation in Ultra-Intense Laser-Solid Interactions," Phys. Plasmas, 8, 542 (2001).
32. P. MORA, "Plasma Expansion into a Vacuum," Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 185002 (2003).
33. A. V. GUREVICH and L. P. PITAEVSKII, Sov. Phys. JETP, 36, 274 (1972).
34. J. E. CROW, P. L. AUER, and J. E. ALLEN, "Expansion of a Plasma into a Vacuum," J. Plasma Phys., 14, 65 (1975).
35. A. V. GUREVICH, L. V. PARIISKAYA, and L. P. PITAEVSKII, "Self-Similar Motion of a Rarefied Plasma," Sov. Phys. JETP, 22, 449 (1966).
36. V. F. KOVALEV and V. Y. BYCHENKOV, "Analytic Solutions to the Vlasov Equations for Expanding Plasmas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 185004 (2003).
37. D. S. DOROZHKINA and V. E. SEMENOV, "Exact Solution of Vlasov Equations for Quasineutral Expansion of Plasma Bunch into Vacuum," Phys. Rev. Lett., 81, 2691 (1998).
38. M. PASSONI and M. LONTANO, "One-Dimensional Model of the Electrostatic Ion Acceleration in the Ultraintense Laser-Solid Interaction," Laser Part. Beams, 22, 163 (2004).
39. S. V. BULANOV, T. Z. ESIRKEPOV, J. KOGA, T. TAJIMA, and D. FARINA, "Concerning the Maximum Energy of Ions Accelerated at the Front of a Relativistic Electron Cloud Expanding into Vacuum," Plasma Phys. Rep., 30, 18 (2004).
40. S. BETTI, F. CECCHERINI, F. CORNOLTI, and F. PEGORARO, "Expansion of a Finite Size Plasma in Vacuum," Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 47, 521 (2005).
41. M. PASSONI, V. T. TIKHONCHUK, M. LONTANO, and V. Y. BYCHENKOV, "Charge Separation Effects in Solid Targets and Ion Acceleration with a Two-Temperature Electron Distribution," Phys. Rev. E, 69, 026411 (2004).
42. V. F. KOVALEV, V. Y. BYCHENKOV, and V. T. TIKHONCHUK, "Particle Dynamics During Adiabatic Expansion of a Plasma Bunch," J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 95, 226 (2002).
43. L. GREMILLET, G. BONNAUD, and F. AMIRANOFF, "Filamented Transport of Laser-Generated Relativistic Electrons Penetrating a Solid Target," Phys. Plasmas, 9, 941 (2002).
44. J. J. SANTOS et al., "Fast Electron Transport in Ultraintense Laser Pulse Interaction with Solid Targets by Rear-Side Self-Radiation Diagnostics," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 025001 (2002).
45. J. R. DAVIES, "Electric and Magnetic Field Generation and Target Heating by Laser-Generated Fast Electrons," Phys. Rev. E, 68, 056404 (2003).
46. F. A. BIBI, J. P. MATTE, and J. C. KIEFFER, "Fokker-Planck Simulations of Hot Electron Transport in Solid Density Plasma," Laser Part. Beams, 22, 97 (2004).
47. J. J. HONRUBIA, A. ANTONICCI, and D. MORENO, "Hybrid Simulations of Fast Electron Transport in Conducting Media," Laser Part. Beams, 22, 129 (2004).
48. R. J. KINGHAM and A. R. BELL, "An Implicit Vlasov-Fokker-Planck Code to Model Non-Local Electron Transport in 2-D with Magnetic Fields," J. Comput. Phys., 194, 1 (2004).
49. J. FUCHS et al., "Spatial Uniformity of Laser-Accelerated Ultrahigh-Current MeV Electron Propagation in Metals and Insulators," Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 255002 (2003).
50. A. J. MACKINNON et al., "Enhancement of Proton Acceleration by Hot-Electron Recirculation in Thin Foils Irradiated by Ultraintense Laser Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, 215006 (2002).
51. H. RUHL, T. COWAN, and J. FUCHS, "The Generation of Micro-Fiducials in Laser-Accelerated Proton Flows, Their Imaging Property of Surface Structures and Application for the Characterization of the Flow," Phys. Plasmas, 11, L17 (2004).
52. P. GIBBON, F. N. BEG, E. L. CLARK, R. G. EVANS, and M. ZEPF, "Tree-Code Simulations of Proton Acceleration from Laser-Irradiated Wire Targets," Phys. Plasmas, 11, 4032 (2004).
53. J. DENAVIT, "Absorption of High-Intensity Subpicosecond Lasers on Solid Density Targets," Phys. Rev. Lett., 69, 3052 (1992).
54. A. ZHIDKOV, M. UESAKA, A. SASAKI, and H. DAIDO, "Ion Acceleration in a Solitary Wave by an Intense Picosecond Laser Pulse," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 215002 (2002).
55. L. O. SILVA, M. MARTI, J. R. DAVIES, R. A. FONSECA, C. REN, F. S. TSUNG, and W. B. MORI, "Proton Shock Acceleration in Laser-Plasma Interactions," Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 015002 (2004).
56. E. D'HUMIERES, E. LEFEBYRE, L. GREMILLET, and V. MALKA, "Proton Acceleration Mechanisms in High-Intensity Laser Interaction with Thin Foils," Phys. Plasmas, 12, 062704 (2005).
57. A. PUKHOV, "Three-Dimensional Simulations of Ion Acceleration from a Foil Irradiated by a Short-Pulse Laser," Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 3562 (2001).
58. H. RUHL et al., "Computer Simulation of the Three-Dimensional Regime of Proton Acceleration in the Interaction of Laser Radiation with a Thin Spherical Target," Plasma Phys. Rep., 27, 363 (2001).
59. F. PEGORARO et al., "Ion Acceleration Regimes in Underdense Plasmas," IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 28, 1177 (2000).
60. Y. SENTOKU et al., "High-Energy Ion Generation in Interaction of Short Laser Pulse with High-Density Plasma," Appl. Phys. B. Lasers Opt., 74, 207 (2002).
61. Y. SENTOKU et al., "High Density Collimated Beams of Relativistic Ions Produced by Petawatt Laser Pulses in Plasmas," Phys. Rev. E, 62, 7271 (2000).
62. T. Z. ESIRKEPOV et al., "Ion Acceleration by Superintense Laser Pulses in Plasmas," JETP Lett., 70, 82 (1999).
63. T. ESIRKEPOV, M. BORGHESI, S. V. BULANOV, G. MOUROU, and T. TAJIMA, "Highly Efficient Relativistic-Ion Generation in the Laser-Piston Regime," Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 175003 (2004).
64. T. Z. ESIRKEPOV et al., "Proposed Double-Layer Target for the Generation of High-Quality Laser-Accelerated Ion Beams," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 175003 (2002).
65. Y. MURAKAMI et al., "Observation of Proton Rear Emission and Possible Gigagauss Scale Magnetic Fields from Ultra-Intense Laser Illuminated Plastic Target," Phys. Plasmas, 8, 4138 (2001).
66. V. I. VEKSLER, in Proc. CERN Symp. High Energy Accelerators and Pion Physics, Geneva, Switzerland, 1956, Vol. 1, p. 80.
67. V. I. VEKSLER, At. Energy, 2, 427 (1957).
68. M. ASHOUR-ABDALLA, J. N. LEBOEUF, T. TAJIMA, J. M. DAWSON, and C. F. KENNEL, "Ultrarelativistic Electromagnetic Pulses in Plasmas," Phys. Rev. A, 23, 1906 (1981).
69. G. A. ASKAR'YAN, At. Energy, 4, 71 (1958).
70. S. WEINBERG, Gravitation and Cosmology, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1972).
71. E. M. LIFSHITZ, J. Phys. USSR, 10, 116 (1946).
72. J. D. ZUEGEL et al., "Laser Challenges for Fast Ignition," Fusion Sci. Technol., 49, 453 (2006).
73. J. BADZIAK et al., "Generation of Energetic Protons from Thin Foil Targets Irradiated by a High-Intensity Ultrashort Laser Pulse," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 498, 503 (2003).
74. F. N. BEG et al., "A Study of Picosecond Laser-Solid Interactions up to 10(19) W cm(-2)," Phys. Plasmas, 4, 447 (1997).
75. K. KRUSHELNICK et al., "Energetic Proton Production from Relativistic Laser Interaction with High Density Plasmas," Phys. Plasmas, 7, 2055 (2000).
76. M. ZEPF et al., "Fast Particle Generation and Energy Transport in Laser-Solid Interactions," Phys. Plasmas, 8, 2323 (2001).
77. M. ZEPF et al., "Proton Acceleration from High-Intensity Laser Interactions with Thin Foil Targets," Phys. Rev. Lett., 90, 064801 (2003).
78. M. HEGELICH et al., "MeV Ion Jets from Short-Pulse-Laser Interaction with Thin Foils," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 085002 (2002).
79. J. BADZIAK et al., "Fast Proton Generation from Ultrashort Laser Pulse Interaction with Double-Layer Foil Targets," Phys. Rev. Lett., 87, 215001 (2001).
80. A. J. MACKINNON et al., "Effect of Plasma Scale Length on Multi-MeV Proton Production by Intense Laser Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 1769 (2001).
81. F. N. BEG et al., "Target Charging Effects on Proton Acceleration During High-Intensity Short-Pulse Laser-Solid Interactions," Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 2766 (2004).
82. M. ROTH et al., "Energetic Ions Generated by Laser Pulses: A Detailed Study on Target Properties," Phys. Rev. Spec. Top. Accel. Beams, 5, 061301 (2002).
83. S. KARSCH et al., "High-Intensity Laser Induced Ion Acceleration from Heavy-Water Droplets," Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 015001 (2003).
84. M. SCHNURER, S. TER-AVETISYAN, S. BUSCH, M. P. KALACHNIKOV, E. RISSE, W. SANDNER, and P. V. NICKLES, "MeV-Proton Emission from Ultrafast Laser-Driven Microparticles," Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt., 78, 895 (2004).
85. N. V. KLASSEN, L. VAN DER ZWAN, and J. CYGLER, "GafChromic MD-55: Investigated as a Precision Dosimeter," Med. Phys., 24, 1924 (1997).
86. W. L. McLAUGHLIN et al., "Novel Radiochromic Films for Clinical Dosimetry," Radiat. Prot. Dosimet., 66, 263 (1996).
87. M. A. STOYER et al., "Nuclear Diagnostics for Petawatt Experiments," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72, 767 (2001).
88. F. H. SEGUIN et al., "Spectrometry of Charged Particles from Inertial-Confinement-Fusion Plasmas," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74, 975 (2003).
89. M. ALLEN, P. K. PATEL, A. MACKINNON, D. PRICE, S. WILKS, and E. MORSE, "Direct Experimental Evidence of Back-Surface Ion Acceleration from Laser-Irradiated Gold Foils," Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 265004 (2004).
90. S. FRITZLER et al., "Proton Beams Generated with High-Intensity Lasers: Applications to Medical Isotope Production," Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 3039 (2003).
91. J. FUCHS et al., "Comparison of Laser Ion Acceleration from the Front and Rear Surfaces of Thin Foils," Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 045004 (2005).
92. P. McKENNA et al., "Characterization of Proton and Heavier Ion Acceleration in Ultrahigh-Intensity Laser Interactions with Heated Target Foils," Phys. Rev. E, 70, 036405 (2004).
93. I. SPENCER et al., "Laser Generation of Proton Beams for the Production of Short-Lived Positron Emitting Radioisotopes," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 183,449 (2001).
94. A. MAKSIMCHUK et al., "High-Energy Ion Generation by Short Laser Pulses," Plasma Phys. Rep., 30, 473 (2004).
95. M. KALUZA, J. SCHREIBER, M. I. K. SANTALA, G. D. TSAKIRIS, K. EIDMANN, J. MEYER-TER-VEHN, and K. J. WITTE, "Influence of the Laser Prepulse on Proton Acceleration in Thin-Foil Experiments," Phys. Rev. Lett., 93, 045003 (2004).
96. T. FUJII et al., "MeV-Order Proton and Carbon Ion Acceleration by Irradiation of 60 fs TW Laser Pulses on Thin Copper Tape," Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 1524 (2003).
97. I. SPENCER et al., "Experimental Study of Proton Emission from 60-fs, 200-mJ High-Repetition-Rate Tabletop-Laser Pulses Interacting with Solid Targets," Phys. Rev. E, 67, 046402 (2003).
98. H. KISHIMURA et al., "Enhanced Generation of Fast Protons from a Polymer-Coated Metal Foil by a Femtosecond Intense Laser Field," Appl. Phys. Lett., 85, 2736 (2004).
99. Y. OISHI et al., "Dependence on Laser Intensity and Pulse Duration in Proton Acceleration by Irradiation of Ultrashort Laser Pulses on a Cu Foil Target," Phys. Plasmas, 12, 073102 (2005).
100. M. ALLEN et al., "Proton Spectra from Ultraintense Laser-Plasma Interaction with Thin Foils: Experiments, Theory, and Simulations," Phys. Plasmas, 10, 3283 (2003).
101. P. McKENNA et al., "Broad Energy Spectrum of Laser-Accelerated Protons for Spallation-Related Physics," Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 084801 (2005).
102. H. RUHL and P. MULSER, "Relativistic Vlasov Simulation of Intense Fs Laser Pulse-Matter Interaction," Phys. Lett. A, 205, 388 (1995).
103. M. BORGHESI et al., "Multi-MeV Proton Source Investigations in Ultraintense Laser-Foil Interactions," Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 055003 (2004).
104. J. SCHREIBER et al., "Source-Size Measurements and Charge Distributions of Ions Accelerated from Thin Foils Irradiated by High-Intensity Laser Pulses." Appl. Phys. B Lasers Opt., 79, 1041 (2004).
105. L. ROMAGNANI et al., "Dynamics of Electric Fields Driving Laser-Acceleration of Multi-MeV Protons," Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 195001 (2005).
106. P. K. PATEL et al., "Isochoric Heating of Solid-Density Matter with an Ultrafast Proton Beam," Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 125004 (2003).
107. T. E. COWAN et al., "Ultralow Emittance, Multi-MeV Proton Beams from a Laser Virtual-Cathode Plasma Accelerator," Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 204801 (2004).
108. E. L. CLARK et al., "Energetic Heavy-Ion and Proton Generation from Ultraintense Laser-Plasma Interactions with Solids," Phys. Rev. Lett., 85, 1654 (2000).
109. E. BRESCHI, M. BORGHESI, M. GALIMBERTI, D. GLULLETTI, L. A. GIZZI, and L. ROMAGNANI, "A New Algorithm for Spectral and Spatial Reconstruction of Proton Beams from Dosimetric Measurements," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res, A Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 522, 190 (2004).
110. E. BRESCHI et al., "Spectral and Angular Characterization of Laser-Produced Proton Beams from Dosimetric Measurements," Laser Part. Beams, 22, 393 (2004).
111. T. E. COWAN, "Laser Generation of Accelerator Quality Proton Beams," High Brightness Beams, World Scientific, Singapore (2000).
112. P. McKENNA et al., "Demonstration of Fusion-Evaporation and Direct-Interaction Nuclear Reactions Using High-Intensity Laser-Plasma- Accelerated Ion Beams," Phys. Rev. Lett., 91, 075006 (2003).
113. M. TEMPORAL, J. J. HONRUBIA, and S. ATZENI, "Numerical Study of Fast Ignition of Ablatively Imploded Deuterium-Tritium Fusion Capsules by Ultra-Intense Proton Beams," Phys. Plasmas, 9, 3098 (2002).
114. N. S. P. KING et al., "An 800-MeV Proton Radiography Facility for Dynamic Experiments," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 424, 84 (1999).
115. C. W. MENDEL, Jr., and J. N. OLSEN, "Charge-Separation Electric Fields in Laser Plasmas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 34, 859 (1975).
116. J. A. COBBLE, R. P. JOHNSON, T. E. COWAN, N. RENARD-LE GALLOUDEC, and M. ALLEN, "High Resolution Laser-Driven Proton Radiography," J. Appl. Phys., 92, 1775 (2002).
117. A. J. MACKINNON et al., "Proton Radiography as an Electromagnetic Field and Density Perturbation Diagnostic," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 75, 3531 (2004).
118. M. KOENIG et al., "High Pressures Generated by Laser Driven Shocks: Applications to Planetary Physics," Nucl. Fusion, 44, S208 (2004).
119. S. LE PAPE et al., "Novel Diagnostic of Shock Fronts in Low-Z Dense Plasmas," Astrophys. Space Sci., 298, 313 (2005).
120. M. BORGHESI et al., "Electric Field Detection in Laser-Plasma Interaction Experiments via the Proton Imaging Technique," Phys. Plasmas, 9, 2214 (2002).
121. M. BORGHESI et al., "Proton Imaging Detection of Transient Electromagnetic Fields in Laser-Plasma Interactions," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74, 1688 (2003).
122. M. BORGHESI et al., "Measurement of Highly Transient Electrical Charging Following High-Intensity Laser-Solid Interaction," Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 1529 (2003).
123. M. BORGHESI et al., "Macroscopic Evidence of Soliton Formation in Multiterawatt Laser-Plasma Interaction," Phys. Rev. Lett., 88, 135002 (2002).
124. A. J. MACKINNON, P. K. PATEL, D. W. PRICE, D. HICKS, M. BORGHESI, and L. ROMAGNANI, "First Observation of Moire Fringes in a Proton Beam Generated by a 100 fs Laser Pulse," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74, 1917 (2003).
125. A. J. MACKINNON, P. K. PATEL, D. W. PRICE, D. HICKS, L. ROMAGNANI, and M. BORGHESI, "Proton Moire Fringes for Diagnosing Electromagnetic Fields in Opaque Materials and Plasmas," Appl. Phys. Lett., 82, 3188 (2003).
126. F. N. BEG et al., "High-Intensity-Laser-Driven Z Pinches," Phys. Rev. Lett., 92, 095001 (2004).
127. M. BORGHESI et al., "Plasma Ion Evolution in the Wake of a High-Intensity Ultrashort Laser Pulse," Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 145003 (2005).
128. D. H. H. HOFFMANN et al., "Plasma Physics with Intense Laser and Ion Beams," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 161, 9 (2000).
129. J. BAILEY et al., "Observation of K-Alpha X-Ray-Satellites from a Target Heated by an Intense Ion-Beam," Laser Part. Beams, 8, 555 (1990).
130. M. ROTH et al., "Fast Ignition by Intense Laser-Accelerated Proton Beams," Phys. Rev. Lett., 86, 436 (2001).
131. S. ATZENI, M. TEMPORAL, and J. J. HONRUBIA, "A First Analysis of Fast Ignition of Precompressed ICF Fuel by Laser-Accelerated Protons," Nucl. Fusion, 42, L1 (2002).
132. M. I. K. SANTALA et al., "Production of Radioactive Nuclides by Energetic Protons Generated from Intense Laser-Plasma Interactions," Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 19 (2001).
133. J. M. YANG et al., "Nuclear Reactions in Copper Induced by Protons from a Petawatt Laser-Foil Interaction," Appl. Phys. Lett., 84, 675 (2004).
134. P. McKENNA et al., "Effect of Target Heating on Ion-Induced Reactions in High-Intensity Laser-Plasma Interactions," Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 2763 (2003).
135. K. W. D. LEDINGHAM, P. McKENNA, and R. P. SINGHAL, "Applications for Nuclear Phenomena Generated by Ultra-Intense Lasers," Science, 300, 1107 (2003).
136. K. W. D. LEDINGHAM et al., "High Power Laser Production of Short-Lived Isotopes for Positron Emission Tomography," J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 37, 2341 (2004).
137. K. L. LANCASTER et al., "Characterization of Li-7(p,n)Be-7 Neutron Yields from Laser Produced Ion Beams for Fast Neutron Radiography," Phys. Plasmas, 11, 3404 (2004).
138. L. J. PERKINS et al., "The Investigation of High Intensity Laser Driven Micro Neutron Sources for Fusion Materials Research at High Fluence," Nucl. Fusion, 40, 1 (2000).
139. J. M. YANG et al., "Neutron Production by Fast Protons from Ultraintense Laser-Plasma Interactions," J. Appl. Phys., 96, 6912 (2004).
140. P. A. NORREYS et al., "Neutron Production from Picosecond Laser Irradiation of Deuterated Targets at Intensities of 10(19) W cm(-2)," Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 40, 175 (1998).
141. L. DISDIER, J. P. GARCONNET, G. MALKA, and J. L. MIQUEL, "Fast Neutron Emission from a High-Energy Ion Beam Produced by a High-Intensity Subpicosecond Laser Pulse," Phys. Rev. Lett., 82, 1454 (1999).
142. H. HABARA et al., "Fast Ion Acceleration in Ultraintense Laser Interactions with an Overdense Plasma," Phys. Rev. E, 69, 036407 (2004).
143. H. HABARA et al., "Momentum Distribution of Accelerated Ions in Ultra-Intense Laser-Plasma Interactions via Neutron Spectroscopy," Phys. Plasmas, 10, 3712 (2003).
144. H. HABARA et al., "Ion Acceleration from the Shock Front Induced by Hole Boring in Ultraintense Laser-Plasma Interactions," Phys. Rev. E, 70, 046414 (2004).
145. C. TOUPIN, E. LEFEBVRE, and G. BONNAUD, "NeutronEmission from a Deuterated Solid Target Irradiated by an Ultraintense Laser Pulse," Phys. Plasmas, 8, 1011 (2001).
146. T. DITMIRE et al., "High-Energy Ions Produced in Explosions of Superheated Atomic Clusters," Nature, 386, 54 (1997).
147. G. GRILLON et al., "Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Dynamics in Low-Density Molecular-Cluster lets Irradiated by Intense Ultrafast Laser Pulses," Phys. Rev. Lett., 89, 065005 (2002).
148. W. T. CHU, B. A. LUDEWIGT, and T. R. RENNER, "Instrumentation for Treatment of Cancer Using Proton and Light-Ion Beams," Rev. Sci. Instrum., 64, 2055 (1993).
149. V. S. KHOROSHKOV and K. K. ONOSOVSKY, "State-of-the-Art in Proton Therapy Techniques," Instrum.Exp. Tech., 38, 149(1995).
150. G. KRAFT, "Tumortherapy with Ion Beams," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 454, 1 (2000).
151. R. R. WILSON, "Radiological Use of Fast Protons," Radiology, 47, 487 (1946).
152. U. AMALDI, "Cancer Therapy with Particle Accelerators," Nucl. Phys. A, 654, 375C (1999).
153. U. AMALDI et al., "LIBO - A Linac-Booster for Protontherapy: Construction and Tests of a Prototype," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip., 521, 512 (2004).
154. W. WIESZCZYCKA and W. H. SCHARF, Proton Radiotherapy Accelerators, World Scientific, River Edge, New Jersey (2001).
155. S. V. BULANOV, T. Z. ESIRKEPOV, V. S. KHOROSHKOV, A. V. KUNETSOV, and F. PEGORARO, "Oncological Hadrontherapy with Laser Ion Accelerators," Phys. Lett. A, 299, 240 (2002).
156. S. V. BULANOV and V. S. KHOROSHKOV, "Feasibility of Using Laser Ion Accelerators in Proton Therapy," Plasma Phys. Rep., 28, 453 (2002).
157. E. FOURKAL and C. MA, "Laser-Accelerated Carbon Ion Beams for Radiation Therapy," Med. Phys., 30, 1448 (2003).
158. E. FOURKAL, R. PRICE, C. MA, and A. POLLACK, "Energy and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Using Laser Accelerated Proton Beams," Med. Phys., 31, 1884 (2004).
159. V. MALKA et al., "Practicability of Protontherapy Using Compact Laser Systems," Med. Phys., 31, 1587 (2004).
160. E. FOURKAL, J. LI, M. DING, T. TAJIMA, and C. MA, "Particle Selection System for Laser-Accelerated Proton Therapy," Med. Phys., 29, 1326 (2002).
161. E. FOURKAL, J. S. LI, M. DING, T. TAJIMA, and C. M. MA, "Particle Selection for Laser-Accelerated Proton Therapy Feasibility Study," Med. Phys., 30, 1660 (2003).
162. H. OTTEVAERE, B. VOLCKAERTS, J. LAMPRECHT, J. SCHWIDER, A. HERMANNE, I. VERETENNICOFF, and H. THIENPONT, "Two-Dimensional Plastic Microlens Arrays by Deep Lithography with Protons: Fabrication and Characterization," J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt., 4, S22 (2002).
163. J. MELNGAILIS, A. A. MONDELLI, I. L. BERRY, and R. MOHONDRO, "A Review of Ion Projection Lithography," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 16, 927 (1998).
164. I. RAJTA, I. GOMEZ-MORILLA, M. H. ABRAHAM, and A. Z. KISS, "Proton Beam Micromachining on PMMA, Foturan and CR-39 Materials," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 210, 260 (2003).
165. L. TORRISI et al., "Implantation of Ions Produced by the Use of High Power Iodine Laser," Appl. Surf. Sci., 217, 319 (2003).
166. J. KRASA et al., "Highly Charged Ions Generated with Intense Laser Beams," Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms, 205, 355 (2003).
167. J. MEIJER, B. BURCHARD, K. IVANOVA, B. E. VOLLAND, I. W. RANGELOW, M. RUB, and G. DEBOY, "High-Energy Ion Projection for Deep Ion Implantation as a Low Cost High Throughput Alternative for Subsequent Epitaxy Processes," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 22, 152 (2004).
168. J. M. MIAO and H. L. HARTNAGEL, "High-Energy Ion Implantation: An Alternative Technology for Micromachining Three-Dimensional GaAs Structures," Sens. Actuator A Phys., 114, 505 (2004).