Platelet dysfunction in Uremia;Thrombozytopathie und blutungskomplikationen bei Urämie

Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift

Volumn 118, Issue 5-6, 2006, Pages 134-150

  Hörl, Walter H ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

Bleeding; Platelet dysfunction; Thrombocytopenia; Thrombosis; Uremia

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CYCLIC AMP; DESMOPRESSIN; HEPARIN; HIRUDIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; PROSTACYCLIN; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN; TRANEXAMIC ACID;

ANEMIA; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLOOD CLOTTING; CRYOPRECIPITATE; DIALYSIS; HEMODIALYSIS; HUMAN; KIDNEY FAILURE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE COUNT; THROMBOCYTE DYSFUNCTION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; UREMIA;

HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; MODELS, CARDIOVASCULAR; THROMBOSIS; UREMIA;

EID: 33646373411     PISSN: 00435325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-006-0574-5     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. Morgagni GB (1764) Opera Omnia. Typographia Remondiniana, Venezia
2. Boccardo P, Remuzzi G, Galbusera M (2004) Platelet dysfunction in renal failure. Semin Thromb Hemost 30: 579-589
3. Hakim RM, Schafer AI (1985) Hemodialysis-associated platelet activation and thrombocytopenia. Am J Med 78: 575-580
4. O'Shea SI, Ortel TL, Kovalik EC (2003) Alternative methods of anticoagulation for dialysis-dependent patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Dial 16: 61-67
5. Himmelfarb J, Holbrook D, McMonagle E, Ault K (1997) Increased reticulated platelets in dialysis patients. Kidney Int 51: 834-839
6. Bonomini M, Sirolli V, Reale M, Arduini A (2001) Involvement of phosphatidylserine exposure in the recognition and phagocytosis of uremic erythrocytes. Am J Kidney Dis 37: 807-814
7. Fox JE (1996) Platelet activation: new aspects. Haemostasis 26 [Suppl 4]: 102-131
8. Shattil SJ, Kashiwagi H, Pampori N (1998) Integrin signaling: the platelet paradigm. Blood 91: 2645-2657
9. Heemskerk JW, Vuist WM, Feijge MA, Reutelingsperger CP, Lindhout T (1997) Collagen but not fibrinogen surfaces induce bleb formation, exposure of phosphatidylserine, and procoagulant activity of adherent platelets: evidence for regulation by protein tyrosine kinase-dependent Ca2+ responses. Blood 90: 2615-2625
10. Schroit AJ, Madsen JW, Tanaka Y (1985) In vivo recognition and clearance of red blood cells containing phosphatidylserine in their plasma membranes. J Biol Chem 260: 5131-5138
11. Fadok VA, Savill JS, Haslett C, Bratton DL, Doherty DE, Campbell PA, et al (1992) Different populations of macrophages use either the vitronectin receptor or the phosphatidylserine receptor to recognize and remove apoptotic cells. J Immunol 149: 4029-4035
12. Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Frasch SC, Warner ML, Henson PM (1998) The role of phosphatidylserine in recognition of apoptotic cells by phagocytes. Cell Death Differ 5: 551-562
13. Pritsche HM, von Sommoggy S, Vogel GE, Haas-Denk S (1977) Thrombozyten bei akut blutungsgefährdeten Risikopatienten unter Hämodialyse mit Minimalheparinisierung. Med Welt 28: 906-911
14. Vonend E, Bottcher D, Knodler U, Heinze V (1974) Changes of plasma coagulatiion and blood platelet function in patients with kidney insufficiency and their modification through homodialysis, kidney transplantation and acetylsalicylic acid. Med Welt 25: 91-98
15. Castaldi PA, Rozenberg MC, Stewart JH (1966) The bleeding disorder of uraemia. A qualitative platelet defect. Lancet 2: 66-69
16. Stewart JH, Castaldi PA (1967) Uraemic bleeding: a reversible platelet defect corrected by dialysis. Q J Med 36: 409-423
17. Eknoyan G, Wacksman SJ, Glueck HI, Will JJ (1969) Platelet function in renal failure. N Engl J Med 280: 677-681
18. Horowitz HI (1970) Uremic toxins and platelet function. Arch Intern Med 126: 823-826
19. Losowsky MS, Walls WD (1971) Abnormalities of haemostasis in renal failure. JR Coll Physicians Lond 5: 148-156
20. Remuzzi G (1988) Bleeding in renal failure. Lancet 1: 1205-1208
21. Castillo R, Lozano T, Escolar G, Revert L, Lopez J, Ordinas A (1986) Defective platelet adhesion on vessel subendothelium in uremic patients. Blood 68: 337-342
22. Steiner RW, Coggins C, Carvalho AC (1979) Bleeding time in uremia: a useful test to assess clinical bleeding. Am J Hematol 7: 107-117
23. Coutre S, Leung L (1995) Novel antithrombotic therapeutics targeted against platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa. Annu Rev Med 46: 257-265
24. Kroll MH, Harris TS, Moake JL, Handin RI, Schafer AI (1991) von Willebrand factor binding to platelet GpIb initiates signals for platelet activation. J Clin Invest 88: 1568-1573
25. Calvete JJ (1994) Clues for understanding the structure and function of a prototypic human integrin: the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. Thromb Haemost 72: 1-15
26. Bray PF (1994) Inherited diseases of platelet glycoproteins: considerations for rapid molecular characterization. Thromb Haemost 72: 492-502
27. Escolar G, Diaz-Ricart M, Cases A (2005) Uremic platelet dysfunction: past and present. Curr Hematol Rep 4: 359-367
28. Sloand EM, Sloand JA, Prodouz K, Klein HG, Yu MW, Harvath L, Fricke W (1991) Reduction of platelet glycoprotein Ib in uraemia. Br J Haematol 77: 375-381
29. Mezzano D, Tagle R, Panes O, Perez M, Downey P, Munoz B, Aranda E, Barja P, Thambo S, Gonzalez F, Mezzano S, Pereira J (1996) Hemostatic disorder of uremia: the platelet defect, main determinant of the prolonged bleeding time, is correlated with indices of activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Thromb Haemost 76: 312-321
30. Walkowiak B, Pawlowska Z, Michalak E, Cierniewski CS (1994) Expression of fibrinogen receptors on platelets of uremic patients is correlated with the content of GPIIb and plasma level of creatinine. Thromb Haemost 71: 164-168
31. Zwaginga JJ, Ijsseldijk MJ, Beeser-Visser N, de Groot PG, Vos J, Sixma JJ (1990) High von Willebrand factor concentration compensates a relative adhesion defect in uremic blood. Blood 75: 1498-1508
32. Deykin D (1983) Uremic bleeding. Kidney Int 24: 698-705
33. Casonato A, Pontara E, Vertolli UP, Steffan A, Durante C, De Marco L, Sartorello F, Girolami A (2001) Plasma and platelet von Willebrand factor abnormalities in patients with uremia: lack of correlation with uremic bleeding. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 7: 81-86
34. Gralnick HR, McKeown LP, Williams SB, Shafer BC, Pierce L (1988) Plasma and platelet von Willebrand factor defects in uremia. Am J Med 85: 806-810
35. Gawaz MP, Loftus JC, Bajt ML, Frojmovic MM, Plow EF, Ginsberg MH (1991) Ligand bridging mediates integrin alpha lib beta 3 (platelet GPIIB-IIIA) dependent homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell interactions. J Clin Invest 88: 1128-1134
36. Gawaz MP, Ward RA (1991) Effects of hemodialysis on platelet-derived thrombospondin. Kidney Int 40: 257-265
37. Himmelfarb J, Nelson S, McMonagle E, Holbrook D, Benoit SE, Michelson AD, Ault K (1998) Elevated plasma glycocalicin levels and decreased ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 32: 132-138
38. Moal V, Brunet P, Dou L, Morange S, Sampol J, Berland Y (2003) Impaired expression of glycoproteins on resting and stimulated platelets in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 1834-1841
39. Benigni A, Boccardo P, Galbusera M, Monteagudo J, De Marco L, Remuzzi G, Ruggeri ZM (1993) Reversible activation defect of the platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex in patients with uremia. Am J Kidney Dis 22: 668-676
40. Gawaz MP, Dobos G, Spath M, Schollmeyer P, Gurland HJ, Mujais SK (1994) Impaired function of platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa in end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 5: 36-46
41. Sohal AS, Gangji AS, Crowther MA, Treleaven D (2005) Uremic bleeding: Pathophysiology and clinical risk factors. Thromb Res 30 [Epub ahead of print]
42. Lindsay RM, Moorthy AV, Koens F, Linton AL (1975) Platelet function in dialyzed and non-dialyzed patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol 4: 52-57
43. Lindsay RM, Friesen M, Koens F, Linton AL, Oreopoulos D, de Veber G (1976) Platelet function in patients on long term peritoneal dialysis. Clin Nephrol 6: 335-339
44. Lindsay RM, Friesen M, Aronstam A, Andrus F, Clark WF, Linton AL (1978) Improvement of platelet function by increased frequency of hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 10: 67-70
45. Jorgensen KA, Ingeberg S (1979) Platelets and platelet function in patients with chronic uremia on maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 23: 233-236
46. Pietrzak I, Komarnicki M, Zaremba-Drobnik D (2001) Platelet aggregation and prostaglandin metabolism in uremic patients. Am J Kidney Dis 38: S111-114
47. Vonend E, Böttcher D, Fischer J, Heinze V (1975) Thrombozytenfunktionsstörungen bei Dauerdialysepatienten. Hemmung der Thrombozytenaggregation als Maß für die Wirkung von Urämietoxinen. Med Welt 43: 1965-1970
48. Rabiner SF, Hrodek O (1968) Platelet factor 3 in normal subjects and patients with renal failure. J Clin Invest 47: 901-912
49. Lindsay RM, Dennis BN, Bergstrom JC, Jonsson C, Furst P (1981) Platelet function as an assay for uremic toxins. Artif Organs 4: 82-89
50. Remuzzi G, Benigni A, Dodesini P, Schieppati A, Livio M, De Gaetano G, et al (1983) Reduced platelet thromboxane formation in uremia. Evidence for a functional cyclooxygenase defect. J Clin Invest 71: 762-768
51. Smith MC, Dunn MJ (1981) Impaired platelet thromboxane production in renal failure. Nephron 29: 133-137
52. Albertazzi A, Di Paolo B, Di Marco T, Palmieri P, Evangelista M, Spisni C, et al (1985) Evoked potentials in uremia: basal and follow-up data. Life Support Syst 3: 1-5
53. Macconi D, Vigano G, Bisogno G, Galbusera M, Orisio S, Remuzzi G, et al (1992) Defective platelet aggregation in response to platelet-activating factor in uremia associated with low platelet thromboxane A2 generation. Am J Kidney Dis 19: 318-325
54. Sloand JA, Sloand EM (1997) Studies on platelet membrane glycoproteins and platelet function during hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 799-803
55. Remuzzi G, Cavenaghi AE, Mecca G, Donati MB, de Gaetano G (1977) Prostacyclin-like activity and bleeding in renal failure. Lancet 2: 1195-1197
56. Kyrle PA, Stockenhuber F, Brenner B, Gossinger H, Korninger C, Pabinger I, Sunder-Plassmann G, Balcke P, Lechner K (1988) Evidence for an increased generation of prostacyclin in the microvasculature and an impairment of the platelet alpha-granule release in chronic renal failure. Thromb Haemost 60: 205-208
57. Defreyn G, Dauden MV, Machin SJ, Vermylen J (1980) A plasma factor in uraemia which stimulates prostacyclin release from cultured endothelial cells. Thromb Res 19: 695-699
58. Radomski MW, Palmer RM, Moncada S (1990) An L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway present in human platelets regulates aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 5193-5197
59. Thuraisingham RC, Cramp HA, McMahon AC, et al (1997) Increased superperoxide and nitric oxide production results in peroxynitrite formation in uremic vasculature. J Am Soc Nephrol 8: 340 A
60. Neri I, Marietta M, Piccinini F, Volpe A, Facchinetti F (1998) The L-arginine-nitric oxide system regulates platelet aggregation in pregnancy. J Soc Gynecol Investig 5: 192-196
61. Noris M, Benigni A, Boccardo P, Aiello S, Gaspari F, Todeschini M, Figliuzzi M, Remuzzi G (1993) Enhanced nitric oxide synthesis in uremia: implications for platelet dysfunction and dialysis hypotension. Kidney Int 44: 445-450
62. Noris M, Remuzzi G (1999) Uremic bleeding: closing the circle after 30 years of controversies? Blood 94: 2569-2574
63. Brunini TM, Yaqoob MM, Novaes Malagris LE, Ellory JC, Mann GE, Mendes Ribeiro AC (2003) Increased nitric oxide synthesis in uraemic platelets is dependent on L-arginine transport via system y(+)L. Pflügers Arch 445: 547-50
64. Thuraisingham RC, Raine AE (1999) Maintenance of normal agonist-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in uraemic and hypertensive resistance vessels. Nephrol Dial Transplant 14: 70-75
65. Descamps-Latscha B, Herbelin A, Nguyen AT, Roux-Lombard P, Zingraff J, Moynot A, Verger C, Dahmane D, de Groote D, Jungers P, et al (1995) Balance between IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and their specific inhibitors in chronic renal failure and maintenance dialysis. Relationships with activation markers of T cells, B cells, and monocytes. J Immunol 154: 882-892
66. Pereira BJ, Dinarello CA (1994) Production of cytokines and cytokine inhibitory proteins in patients on dialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9: 60-71
67. Kenet G, Freedman J, Shenkman B, Regina E, Brok-Simoni F, Holzman F, Vavva F, Brand N, Michelson A, Trolliet M, Loscalzo J, Inbal A (1997) Plasma glutathione peroxidase deficiency and platelet insensitivity to nitric oxide in children with familial stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19: 2017-2023
68. Remuzzi G, Perico N, Zoja C, Corna D, Macconi D, Vigano G (1990) Role of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in the bleeding tendency of uremia. J Clin Invest 86: 1768-1771
69. da Silva CD, Brunini TM, Reis PF, Moss MB, Santos SF, Roberts NB, Ellory JC, Mann GE, Mendes-Ribeiro AC (2005) Effects of nutritional status on the 1-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in platelets from hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 68: 2173-2179
70. Brunini TM, Roberts NB, Yaqoob MM, Reis PF, Ellory JC, Mann GE, Mendes-Ribeiro AC (2002) Activation of L-arginine transport in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic renal failure. Pflügers Arch 445: 147-151
71. Horowitz HI, Stein IM, Cohen BD, White JG (1970) Further studies on the platelet-inhibitory effect of guanidinosuccinic acid and its role in uremic bleeding. Am J Med 49: 336-345
72. Hogman M, Frostell C, Arnberg H, Hedenstierna G (1993) Bleeding time prolongation and NO inhalation. Lancet 341: 1664-1665
73. Gries A, Bode C, Peter K, Herr A, Bohrer H, Motsch J, Martin E (1998) Inhaled nitric oxide inhibits human platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and fibrinogen binding in vitro and in vivo. Circulation 97: 1481-1487
74. Aiello S, Noris M, Todeschini M, Zappella S, Foglieni C, Benigni A, et al (1997) Renal and systemic nitric oxide synthesis in rats with renal mass reduction. Kidney Int 52: 171-181
75. Madore F, Prud'homme L, Austin JS, Blaise G, Francoeur M, Leveille M, et al (1997) Impact of nitric oxide on blood pressure in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 30: 665-671
76. Yokokawa K, Kohno M, Yoshikawa J (1996) Nitric oxide mediates the cardiovascular instability of haemodialysis patients. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 5: 359-363
77. Yokokawa K, Mankus R, Saklayen MG, Kohno M, Yasunari K, Minami M, et al (1995) Increased nitric oxide production in patients with hypotension during hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 123: 35-37
78. Martensson L, Hegbrant J, Thysell H (1997) Generation of nitrate during dialysis as a measure of nitric oxide synthesis. Artif Organs 21: 163-167
79. Matsumoto A, Hirata Y, Kakoki M, Nagata D, Momomura S, Sugimoto T, et al (1999) Increased excretion of nitric oxide in exhaled air of patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci (Lond) 96: 67-74
80. Yokokawa K, Tahara H, Kohno M, Mandal AK, Yanagisawa M, Takeda T (1993) Heparin regulates endothelin production through endothelium-derived nitric oxide in human endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 92: 2080-2085
81. Simon DI, Stamler JS, Loh E, Loscalzo J, Francis SA, Creager MA (1995) Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on bleeding time in humans. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26: 339-342
82. Fliser D (2005) Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA): the silent transition from an 'uraemic toxin' to a global cardiovascular risk molecule. Eur J Clin Invest 35: 71-79
83. Rink TJ (1988) Cytosolic calcium in platelet activation. Experientia 44: 97-100
84. Ware JA, Johnson PC, Smith M, Salzman EW (1986) Effect of common agonists on cytoplasmic ionized calcium concentration in platelets. Measurement with 2-methyl-6-methoxy 8-nitroquinoline (quin2) and aequorin. J Clin Invest 77: 878-886
85. Gura V, Creter D, Levi J (1982) Elevated thrombocyte calcium content in uremia and its correction by 1 alpha (OH) vitamin D treatment. Nephron 30: 237-239
86. Moosa A, Greaves M, Brown CB, MacNeil S (1990) Elevated platelet-free calcium in uraemia. Br J Haematol 74: 300-305
87. Van Geet C, Van Damme-Lombaerts R, Vanrusselt M, de Mol A, Proesmans W, Vermylen J (1990) Recombinant human erythropoietin increases blood pressure, platelet aggregability and platelet free calcium mobilisation in uraemic children: a possible link? Thromb Haemost 64: 7-10
88. Ware JA, Clark BA, Smith M, Salzman EW (1989) Abnormalities of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in platelets from patients with uremia. Blood 73: 172-176
89. Zhou XJ, Vaziri ND (2002) Defective calcium signalling in uraemic platelets and its amelioration with long-term erythropoietin therapy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 17: 992-997
90. Bogin E, Massry SG, Harary I (1981) Effect of parathyroid hormone on rat heart cells. J Clin Invest 67: 1215-1227
91. Vlachoyannis J, Schoeppe W (1982) Adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP content of human platelets in uraemia. Eur J Clin Invest 12: 379-381
92. Yamanishi J, Kawahara Y, Fukuzaki H (1983) Effect of cyclic AMP on cytoplasmic free calcium in human platelets stimulated by thrombin: direct measurement with quin2. Thromb Res 32: 183-188
93. Leithner C, Kovarik J, Sinzinger H, Woloszczuk W (1984) Parathyroid hormone does not inhibit platelet aggregation. Lancet 1: 367-368
94. Schiffl H (1990) Correlation of blood pressure in end-stage renal disease with platelet cytosolic free-calcium concentration. Klin Wochenschr 68: 718-722
95. Schneider W, Szanto T, Truat G (1974) Cyclic adenosine monophosphate and renal failure (author's transl). Klin Wochenschr 52: 1175-1176
96. Haslam RJ, Rosson GM (1975) Effects of adenosine on levels of adenosine cyclic 3′,5′-monophosphate in human blood platelets in relation to adenosine incorporation and platelet aggregation. Mol Pharmacol 11: 528-544
97. Colwell JA, Halushka PV, Sarji K, Levine J, Sagel J, Nair RM (1976) Altered platelet function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 25: 826-831
98. Goldberg ML, Bohannon NV, Brooks RM, Tsalikian E, Lorenzi M, Forsham PH (1977) Plasma cyclic nucleotide levels in juvenile-onset diabetes. Diabetes 26: 936-943
99. Turitto VT, Baumgartner HR (1979) Platelet interaction with subendothelium in flowing rabbit blood: effect of blood shear rate. Microvasc Res 17: 38-54
100. Blasberg P, Wurzinger LJ, Schmidt-Schönbein H (1983) Microheology of thrombocyte deposition: effect of stimulation, flow direction, and red cells. In: Schettler G, Nerem RM, Schmidt-Schönbein H, Mörl H, Diehm C (eds) Fluids dynamics as a localizing factor for artherosclerosis. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 103-105
101. Vigano G, Benigni A, Mendogni D, Mingardi G, Mecca G, Remuzzi G (1991) Recombinant human erythropoietin to correct uremic bleeding. Am J Kidney Dis 18: 44-49
102. Hellem AJ, Borchgrevink CF, Ames SB (1961) The role of red cells in haemostasis: the relation between haematocrit, bleeding time and platelet adhesiveness. Br J Haematol 7: 42-50
103. Gaarder A, Jonsen J, Laland S, Hellem A, Owren PA (1961) Adenosine diphosphate in red cells as a factor in the adhesiveness of human blood platelets. Nature 192: 531-532
104. Born GV (1962) Aggregation of blood platelets by adenosine diphosphate and its reversal. Nature 194: 927-929
105. Born GV, Wehmeier A (1979) Inhibition of platelet thrombus formation by chlorpromazine acting to diminish haemolysis. Nature 282: 212-213
106. Maurin N, Fitzner S, Fritz H, Gladziwa U, Hagel J, Stefanidis I (1995) Influence of recombinant human erythropoietin on hematological and hemostatic parameters with special reference to microhemolysis. Clin Nephrol 43: 196-200
107. Clyne N, Lins LE, Egberg N (1995) Long-term effects of erythropoietin treatment on the coagulation system during standardized hemodialysis. Clin Nephrol 43: 260-267
108. Macdougall IC, Davies ME, Hallett I, Cochlin DL, Hutton RD, Coles GA, et al (1991) Coagulation studies and fistula blood flow during erythropoietin therapy in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 6: 862-867
109. Wirtz JJ, van Esser JW, Hamulyak K, Leunissen KM, van Hooff JP (1992) The effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on hemostasis and fibrinolysis in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol 38: 277-282
110. Lins LE, Hedenborg G, Jacobson SH, Samuelson K, Tedner B, Zetterholm UB, et al (1992) Blood pressure reduction during hemodialysis correlates to intradialytic changes in plasma volume. Clin Nephrol 37: 308-313
111. McDonald TP, Cottrell MB, Clift RE, Cullen WC, Lin FK (1987) High doses of recombinant erythropoietin stimulate platelet production in mice. Exp Hematol 15: 719-721
112. Berridge MV, Fraser JK, Carter JM, Lin FK (1988) Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on megakaryocytes and on platelet production in the rat. Blood 72: 970-977
113. Eschbach JW, Abdulhadi MH, Browne JK, Delano BG, Downing MR, Egrie JC, et al (1989) Recombinant human erythropoietin in anemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Results of a phase III multicenter clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 111: 992-1000
114. van Geet C, Hauglustaine D, Verresen L, Vanrusselt M, Vermylen J (1989) Haemostatic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin in chronic haemodialysis patients. Thromb Haemost 61: 117-121
115. Taylor JE, Henderson IS, Stewart WK, Belch JJ (1991) Erythropoietin and spontaneous platelet aggregation in haemodialysis patients. Lancet 338: 1361-1362
116. Gordge MP, Leaker B, Patel A, Oviasu E, Cameron JS, Neild GH (1990) Recombinant human erythropoietin shortens the uraemic bleeding time without causing intravascular haemostatic activation. Thromb Res 57: 171-182
117. Akizawa T, Kinugasa E, Kitaoka T, Koshikawa S (1991) Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin and correction of anemia on platelet function in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 58: 400-406
118. Cases A, Escolar G, Reverter JC, Ordinas A, Lopez-Pedret J, Revert L, et al (1992) Recombinant human erythropoietin treatment improves platelet function in uremic patients. Kidney Int 42: 668-672
119. Kaupke CJ, Butler GC, Vaziri ND (1993) Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on platelet production in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 3: 1672-1679
120. Papayannopoulou T, Brice M, Fairer D, Kaushansky K (1996) Insights into the cellular mechanisms of erythropoietin-thrombopoietin synergy. Exp Hematol 24: 660-669
121. Zwaginga JJ, Ijsseldijk MJ, de Groot PG, Kooistra M, Vos J, van Es A, et al (1991) Treatment of uremic anemia with recombinant erythropoietin also reduces the defects in platelet adhesion and aggregation caused by uremic plasma. Thromb Haemost 66: 638-647
122. Diaz-Ricart M, Etebanell E, Cases A, Lopez-Pedret J, Castillo R, Ordinas A, et al (1999) Erythropoietin improves signaling through tyrosine phosphorylation in platelets from uremic patients. Thromb Haemost 82: 1312-1317
123. Moia M, Mannucci PM, Vizzotto L, Casati S, Cattaneo M, Ponticelli C (1987) Improvement in the haemostatic defect of uraemia after treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Lancet 2: 1227-1229
124. Livio M, Gotti E, Marchesi D, Mecca G, Remuzzi G, de Gaetano G (1982) Uraemic bleeding: role of anaemia and beneficial effect of red cell transfusions. Lancet 2: 1013-1015
125. Fernandez F, Goudable C, Sie P, Ton-That H, Durand D, Sue JM, et al (1985) Low haematocrit and prolonged bleeding time in uraemic patients: effect of red cell transfusions. Br J Haematol 59: 139-148
126. Tsukada J, Misago M, Kikuchi M, Sato T, Ogawa R, Oda S, et al (1990) The effect of high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin on megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet production in splenectomized mice. Br J Haematol 76: 260-268
127. Homoncik M, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Schmid M, Ferlitsch A, Peck-Radosavljevic M (2004) Erythropoietin increases platelet reactivity and platelet counts in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 20: 437-443
128. Zwaginga JJ, de Groot PG, Kooistra MP, van Es A, Koomans HA, Struyvenberg A, et al (1991) Recombinant human erythropoietin improves, independent of its effects on hematokrit, platelet adherence in flowing blood of uremic patients. Thromb Haemost 65: 1112
129. Sharpe PC, Desai ZR, Morris TC (1994) Increase in mean platelet volume in patients with chronic renal failure treated with erythropoietin. J Clin Pathol 47: 159-161
130. Jakubowski JA, Thompson CB, Vaillancourt R, Valeri CR, Deykin D (1983) Arachidonic acid metabolism by platelets of differing size. Br J Haematol 53: 503-511
131. Martin JF, Trowbridge EA, Salmon G, Plumb J (1983) The biological significance of platelet volume: its relationship to bleeding time, platelet thromboxane B2 production and megakaryocyte nuclear DNA concentration. Thromb Res 32: 443-460
132. Martin JF, Bath PM, Burr ML (1991) Influence of platelet size on outcome after myocardial infarction. Lancet 338: 1409-1411
133. Tassies D, Reverter JC, Cases A, Calls J, Escolar G, Ordinas A (1998) Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin treatment on circulating reticulated platelets in uremic patients: association with early improvement in platelet function. Am J Hematol 59: 105-109
134. Malyszko J, Suchowierska E, Malyszko JS, Mysliwiec M (2002) A comprehensive study on hemostasis in CAPD patients treated with erythropoietin. Perit Dial Int 22: 582-592
135. Gordge MP, Patel A, Faint RW, Rylance PB, Neild GH (1990) Blood hyperviscosity and its relationship to progressive renal failure in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabet Med 7: 880-886
136. Raine AE (1988) Hypertension, blood viscosity, and cardiovascular morbidity in renal failure: implications of erythropoietin therapy. Lancet 1: 97-100
137. Baskin S, Lasker N (1990) Erythropoietin-associated hypertension. N Engl J Med 323: 999-1000
138. Heidenreich S, Rahn KH, Zidek W (1991) Direct vasopressor effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on renal resistance vessels. Kidney Int 39: 259-265
139. Singbartl G (1994) Adverse events of erythropoietin in long-term and in acute/short-term treatment. Clin Investig 72: S36-S43
140. Serradell M, Diaz-Ricart M, Cases A, Zurbano MJ, Aznar-Salatti J, Lopez-Pedret J, et al (2001) Uremic medium disturbs the hemostatic balance of cultured human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 86: 1099-1105
141. Fuste B, Serradell M, Escolar G, Cases A, Mazzara R, Castillo R, et al (2002) Erythropoietin triggers a signaling pathway in endothelial cells and increases the thrombogenicity of their extracellular matrices in vitro. Thromb Haemost 88: 678-685
142. Vaziri ND, Zhou XJ, Smith J, Oveisi F, Baldwin K, Purdy RE (1995) In vivo and in vitro pressor effects of erythropoietin in rats. Am J Physiol 269: F838-845
143. Tepel M, Wischniowski H, Zidek W (1992) Erythropoietin induced transmembrane calcium influx in essential hypertension. Life Sci 51: 161-167
144. Marrero MB, Venema RC, Ma H, Ling BN, Eaton DC (1998) Erythropoietin receptor-operated Ca2+ channels: activation by phospholipase C-gamma 1. Kidney Int 53: 1259-1268
145. Krawczyk W, Marczewski K, Ledwozyw A (1995) Level of the C3c complement in uremic patients hemodialyzed with three different dialyzer membranes, prior to the dialysis seance. Clin Nephrol 44: 340
146. Malyszko JS, Malyszko J, Pawlak K, Pawlak D, Buczko W, Mysliwiec M (2000) Importance of serotonergic mechanisms in the thrombotic complications in hemodialyzed patients treated with erythropoietin. Nephron 84: 305-311
147. Malyszko J (1993) Serotonergic mechanisms are involved in the hemostatic action of erythropoietin in uremic patients. Int J Clin Lab Res 23: 42-44
148. Turi S, Soos J, Torday C, Bereczki C, Havass Z (1994) The effect of erythropoietin on platelet function in uraemic children on haemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol 8: 727-732
149. Ambrus JL, Ambrus CM, Dembinsky W, Sykes D, Kulaylat MN, Patel R, et al (1999) Thromboembolic disease susceptibility related to red cell membrane fluidity in patients with polycythemia vera and effect of phlebotomies. J Med 30: 299-304
150. Tefferi A, Solberg LA, Silverstein MN (2000) A clinical update in polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Am J Med 109: 141-149
151. Wannamethee G, Perry IJ, Shaper AG (1994) Haematocrit, hypertension and risk of stroke. J Intern Med 235: 163-168
152. Shibata J, Hasegawa J, Siemens HJ, Wolber E, Dibbelt L, Li D, et al (2003) Hemostasis and coagulation at a hematocrit level of 0.85: functional consequences of erythrocytosis. Blood 101: 4416-4422
153. Sagedal S, Hartmann A, Osnes K, Bjørnsen S, Torremocha J, Fauchald P, Kofstad J, Brosstad F (2006) Intermittent saline flushes during haemodialysis do not alleviate coagulation and clotformation in stable patients receiving reduced doses of dalteparin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 21: 444-449
154. Ulusoy S, Kaynar K, Gul S, Ukinc K (2004) Renal failure due to Bardet-Biedl syndrome. A case report. Med Princ Pract 13: 380-382
155. Weigert AL, Schafer AI (1998) Uremic bleeding: pathogenesis and therapy. Am J Med Sci 316: 94-104
156. Opatrny K Jr, Zemanova P, Mares J, Vit L, Opatrna S, Sefrna F, et al (2002) Fibrinolysis defect in long-term hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation to metabolic disorders. Am J Nephrol 22: 429-436
157. Banbury MK, Brizzio ME, Rajeswaran J, Lytle BW, Blackstone EH (2006) Transfusion increases the risk of postoperative infection after cardiovascular surgery. J Am Coll Surg 202: 131-138
158. Erber WN, Perry DJ (2006) Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive haemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 19: 97-112
159. Pantanowitz L, Kruskall MS, Uhl L (2003) Cryoprecipitate. Patterns of use. Am J Clin Pathol 119: 874-881
160. Liu YK, Kosfeld RE, Marcum SG (1984) Treatment of uraemic bleeding with conjugated oestrogen. Lancet 2: 887-890
161. Livio M, Mannucci PM, Vigano G, Mingardi G, Lombardi R, Mecca G, et al (1986) Conjugated estrogens for the management of bleeding associated with renal failure. N Engl J Med 315: 731-735
162. Vigano G, Gaspari F, Locatelli M, Pusineri F, Bonati M, Remuzzi G (1988) Dose-effect and pharmacokinetics of estrogens given to correct bleeding time in uremia. Kidney Int 34: 853-858
163. Zoja C, Vigano G, Bergamelli A, Benigni A, de Gaetano G, Remuzzi G (1988) Prolonged bleeding time and increased vascular prostacyclin in rats with chronic renal failure: effects of conjugated estrogens. J Lab Clin Med 112: 380-386
164. Heistinger M, Stockenhuber F, Schneider B, Pabinger I, Brenner B, Wagner B, et al (1990) Effect of conjugated estrogens on platelet function and prostacyclin generation in CRF. Kidney Int 38: 1181-1186
165. Bonazzola S, Noris M, Todeschini M, Zappella S, Zoja C, Corna D, Gaspari F, Marchetti G, Remuzzi G (1998) 17β-estradiol fully corrects abnormal primary hemostasis in experimental uremia by effectively limiting vascular endothelial overexpression of nitric oxide forming enzymes. J Am Soc Nephrol 9: 3088A
166. Zoja C, Noris M, Corna D, Vigano G, Perico N, de Gaetano G, et al (1991) L-arginine, the precursor of nitric oxide, abolishes the effect of estrogens on bleeding time in experimental uremia. Lab Invest 65: 479-483
167. Sabovic M, Zupan IP, Salobir B, Zupan I, Cernelc P, Lavre J, et al (2005) The effect of long-term, low-dose tranexamic acid treatment on platelet dysfunction and haemoglobin levels in haemodialysis patients. Thromb Haemost 94: 1245-1250
168. Vujkovac B, Lavre J, Sabovic M (1998) Successful treatment of bleeding from colonic angiodysplasias with tranexamic acid in a hemodialysis patient. Am J Kidney Dis 31: 536-538
169. Vujkovac B, Sabovic M (2000) Treatment of subdural and intracerebral haematomas in a haemodialysis patient with tranexamic acid. Nephrol Dial Transplant 15: 107-109
170. Sabovic M, Lavre J, Vujkovac B (2003) Tranexamic acid is beneficial as adjunctive therapy in treating major upper gastrointestinal bleeding in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 1388-1391
171. Casserly LF, Dember LM (2003) Thrombosis in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial 16: 245-256
172. Hörl WH (1998) Genesis of the uraemic syndrome: role of uraemic toxins. Wien Klin Wochenschr 110: 511-520
173. Bevers EM, Comfurius P, Zwaal RF (1991) Platelet procoagulant activity: physiological significance and mechanisms of exposure. Blood Rev 5: 146-154
174. Bevers EM, Comfurius P, van Rijn JL, Hemker HC, Zwaal RF (1982) Generation of prothrombin-converting activity and the exposure of phosphatidylserine at the outer surface of platelets. Eur J Biochem 122: 429-436
175. Zwaal RF, Comfurius P, Bevers EM (1992) Platelet procoagulant activity and microvesicle formation. Its putative role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1180: 1-8
176. Bonomini M, Dottori S, Amoroso L, Arduini A, Sirolli V (2004) Increased platelet phosphatidylserine exposure and caspase activation in chronic uremia. J Thromb Haemost 2: 1275-1281
177. Lozano M, Oppenheimer F, Cofan F, Rosinyol L, Mazzara R, Escolar G, Ordinas A (2001) Platelet procoagulant activity induced in vivo by muromonab-CD3 infusion in uremic patients. Thromb Res 104: 405-411
178. Chuang YC, Chen JB, Yang LC, Kuo CY (2003) Significance of platelet activation in vascular access survival of haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 18: 947-954
179. Sirolli V, Strizzi L, Di Stante S, Robuffo I, Procopio A, Bonomini M (2001) Platelet activation and platelet-erythrocyte aggregates in end-stage renal disease patients on hemodialysis. Thromb Haemost 86: 834-839
180. Borawski J, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M (2002) Inflammatory markers and platelet aggregation tests as predictors of hemoglobin and endogenous erythropoietin levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 91: 671-681
181. Rinder HM, Bonan JL, Rinder CS, Ault KA, Smith BR (1991) Activated and unactivated platelet adhesion to monocytes and neutrophils. Blood 78: 1760-1769
182. Napoleone E, Di Santo A, Lorenzet R (1997) Monocytes upregulate endothelial cell expression of tissue factor: a role for cell-cell contact and cross-talk. Blood 89: 541-549
183. Faraday N, Braunstein JB, Heldman AW, Bolton ED, Chiles KA, Gerstenblith G, et al (2004) Prospective evaluation of the relationship between platelet-leukocyte conjugate formation and recurrent myocardial ischemia in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Platelets 15: 9-14
184. Furman MI, Barnard MR, Krueger LA, Fox ML, Shilale EA, Lessard DM, et al (2001) Circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates are an early marker of acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 38: 1002-1006
185. Nijm J, Wikby A, Tompa A, Olsson AG, Jonasson L (2005) Circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil-platelet aggregates in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 95: 452-456
186. Ando M, Iwata A, Ozeki Y, Tsuchiya K, Akiba T, Nihei H (2002) Circulating platelet-derived microparticles with procoagulant activity may be a potential cause of thrombosis in uremic patients. Kidney Int 62: 1757-1763
187. Kobayashi K, Maeda K, Koshikawa S, Kawaguchi Y, Shimizu N, Naito C (1980) Antithrombotic therapy with ticlopidine in chronic renal failure patients on maintenance hemodialysis - a multicenter collaborative double blind study. Thromb Res 20: 255-261
188. Domoto DT, Bauman JE, Joist JH (1991) Combined aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in the prevention of recurrent hemodialysis vascular access thrombosis. Thromb Res 62: 737-743
189. Sreedhara R, Himmelfarb J, Lazarus JM, Hakim RM (1994) Anti-platelet therapy in graft thrombosis: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Kidney Int 45: 1477-1483
190. Kooistra MP, van Es A, Marx JJ, Hertsig ML, Struyvenberg A (1994) Low-dose aspirin does not prevent thrombovascular accidents in low-risk haemodialysis patients during treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin. Nephrol Dial Transplant 9: 1115-1120
191. Kaufman JS, O'Connor TZ, Zhang JH, Cronin RE, Fiore LD, Ganz MB, Goldfarb DS, Peduzzi PN; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Hemodialysis Access Graft Thrombosis (2003) Randomized controlled trial of clopidogrel plus aspirin to prevent hemodialysis access graft thrombosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 14: 2313-2321
192. Goicoechea M, Caramelo C, Ochando A, Andrea C, Garvia R, Ortiz A (2000) Antiplatelet therapy alters iron requirements in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 36: 80-87
193. Greinacher A (1998) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: pathophysiology and clinical concerns. Baillieres Clin Haematol 11: 461-474
194. Warkentin TE (1999) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: a ten-year retrospective. Annu Rev Med 50: 129-147
195. Weismann RE, Tobin RW (1958) Arterial embolism occurring during systemic heparin therapy. AMA Arch Surg 76: 219-25; 225-227
196. Rhodes GR, Dixon RH, Silver D (1973) Heparin induced thrombocytopenia with thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations. Surg Gynecol Obstet 136: 409-416
197. Amiral J, Bridey F, Dreyfus M, Vissoc AM, Fressinaud E, Wolf M, Meyer D (1992) Platelet factor 4 complexed to heparin is the target for antibodies generated in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 68: 95-96
198. Kelton JG (2002) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: an overview. Blood Rev 16: 77-80
199. Baglin TP (2001) Heparin induced thrombocytopenia thrombosis (HIT/T) syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Pathol 54: 272-274
200. Fabris F, Ahmad S, Cella G, Jeske WP, Walenga JM, Fareed J (2000) Pathophysiology of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Clinical and diagnostic implications - a review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 124: 1657-1666
201. Warkentin TE, Levine MN, Hirsh J, Horsewood P, Roberts RS, Gent M, et al (1995) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. N Engl J Med 332: 1330-1335
202. Reilly RF (2003) The pathophysiology of immune-mediated heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Semin Dial 16: 54-60
203. Yamamoto S, Koide M, Matsuo M, Suzuki S, Ohtaka M, Saika S, Matsuo T (1996) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 28: 82-85
204. Greinacher A, Zinn S, Wizemann, Birk UW (1996) Heparin-induced antibodies as a risk factor for thromboembolism and haemorrhage in patients undergoing chronic haemodialysis. Lancet 348: 764
205. Sitter T, Spannagl M, Banas B, Schiffl H (1998) Prevalence of heparin-induced PF4-heparin antibodies in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 79: 245-246
206. Luzzatto G, Bertoli M, Cella G, Fabris F, Zaia B, Girolami A (1998) Platelet count, anti-heparin/platelet factor 4 antibodies and tissue factor pathway inhibitor plasma antigen level in chronic dialysis. Thromb Res 89: 115-122
207. Amiral J, Wolf M, Fischer A, Boyer-Neumann C, Vissac A, Meyer D (1996) Pathogenicity of IgA and/or IgM antibodies to heparin-PF4 complexes in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 92: 954-959
208. Tazzari PL, Ricci F, Vitale M, Malferrari F, Salama A, Schwind P, et al (2002) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: detection of antiheparin/PF4 antibodies by means of heparin/PF4-coated beads and flow cytometry. Transfus Med 12: 193-198
209. Boon DM, van Vliet HH, Zietse R, Kappers-Klunne MC (1996) The presence of antibodies against a PF4-heparin complex in patients on haemodialysis. Thromb Haemost 76: 480
210. O'Shea SI, Sands JJ, Nudo SA, Oriel (2002) TL Frequency of anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies in hemodialysis patients and correlation with recurrent vascular access thrombosis. Am J Hematol 69: 72-73
211. Roe SD, Cassidy MJ, Haynes AP, Byrne JL (1998) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and thrombosis in a haemodialysis-dependent patient with systemic vasculitis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13: 3226-3229
212. Pena de la Vega L, Miller RS, Benda MM, Grill DE, Johnson MG, McCarthy JT, et al (2005) Association of heparin-dependent antibodies and adverse outcomes in hemodialysis patients: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc 80: 995-1000
213. Chong BH, Pitney WR, Castaldi PA (1982) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: association of thrombotic complications with heparin-dependent IgG antibody that induces thromboxane synthesis in platelet aggregation. Lancet 2: 1246-1249
214. Visentin GP, Ford SE, Scott JP, Aster RH (1994) Antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia/thrombosis are specific for platelet factor 4 complexed with heparin or bound to endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 93: 81-88
215. Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Tavor S, Praprotnik S, Boffa MC, Weksler B, et al (2002) Anti-platelet factor 4/heparin antibodies from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia provoke direct activation of microvascular endothelial cells. Int Immunol 14: 121-129
216. Burgess JK, Lindeman R, Chesterman CN, Chong BH (1995) Single amino acid mutation of Fc gamma receptor is associated with the development of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 91: 761-766
217. Home MK 3rd, Alkins BR (1996) Platelet binding of IgG from patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. J Lab Clin Med 127: 435-442
218. Newman PM, Chong BH (2000) Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: new evidence for the dynamic binding of purified anti-PF4-heparin antibodies to platelets and the resultant platelet activation. Blood 96: 182-187
219. Palomo I, Pereira J, Alarcon M, Diaz G, Hidalgo P, Pizarro I, et al (2005) Prevalence of heparin-induced antibodies in patients with chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis. J Clin Lab Anal 19: 189-195
220. Fischer KG (2002) Hirudin in renal insufficiency. Semin Thromb Hemost 28: 467-482
221. Pöschel KA, Bucha E, Esslinger HU, Ulbricht K, Nortersheuser P, Stein G, Nowak G (2004) Anticoagulant efficacy of PEG-Hirudin in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Kidney Int 65: 666-674
222. Henny CP, ten Gate H, Surachno S, Stevens P, Buller HR, den Hartog M, ten Gate JW (1985) The effectiveness of a low molecular weight heparinoid in chronic intermittent haemodialysis. Thromb Haemost 54: 460-462
223. Ireland H, Lane DA, Flynn A, Anastassiades E, Curtis JR (1986) The anticoagulant effect of heparinoid Org 10172 during haemodialysis: an objective assessment. Thromb Haemost 55: 271-275
224. Von Bonsdorff M, Stiekema J, Harjanne A, Alapiessa U (1990) A new low molecular weight heparinoid Org 10172 as anticoagulant in hemodialysis. Int J Artif Organs 13: 103-108
225. Greinacher A, Philippen KH, Kemkes-Matthes B, Mockl M, Mueller-Eckhardt C, Schaefer K (1993) Heparin-associated thrombocytopenia type II in a patient with end-stage renal disease: successful anticoagulation with the low-molecular-weight heparinoid Org 10172 during haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 8: 1176-1177
226. Polkinghorne KR, McMahon LP, Becker GJ (2002) Pharmacokinetic studies of dalteparin (fragmin), enoxaparin (clexane), and danaparoid sodium (orgaran) in stable chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 40: 990-995
227. Apsner R, Buchmayer H, Lang T, Unver B, Speiser W, Sunder-Plassmann G, Hörl WH (2001) Simplified citrate anticoagulation for high-flux hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 38: 979-987
228. Apsner R, Buchmayer H, Gruber D, Sunder-Plassmann G (2005) Citrate for long-term hemodialysis: prospective study of 1,009 consecutive high-flux treatments in 59 patients. Am J Kidney Dis 45: 557-564
229. Druml W (2002) Anticoagulation in continuous renal replacement procedures. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 78-80
230. Bauer E, Derfler K, Joukhadar C, Druml W (2005) Citrate kinetics in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis therapy. Am J Kidney Dis 46: 903-907
231. al-Eryani AY, al-Momen AK, Fayed DF, Allam AK (1995) Successful heparin desensitization after heparin-induced anaphylactic shock. Thromb Res 79: 523-526
232. Ueda A, Nagase S, Morito N, Yotsumoto M, Ohba S, Hasegawa Y, et al (2001) Anaphylactoid reaction induced by low-molecular-weight heparin in a hemodialysis patient. Nephron 87: 93-94
233. Tholl U, Greinacher A, Overdick K, Anlauf M (1997) Life-threatening anaphylactic reaction following parathyroidectomy in a dialysis patient with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12: 2750-2755
234. Hewitt RL, Akers DL, Leissinger CA, Gill JI, Aster RH (1998) Concurrence of anaphylaxis and acute heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in a patient with heparin-induced antibodies. J Vasc Surg 28: 561-565
235. Tejedor Alonso MA, Lopez Revuelta K, Garcia Bueno MJ, Casas Losada ML, Rosado Ingelmo A, Gruss Vergara E, et al (2005) Thrombocytopenia and anaphylaxis secondary to heparin in a hemodialysis patient. Clin Nephrol 63: 236-240