Platelet Activation: New Aspects

Pathophysiology of Haemostasis and Thrombosis

Volumn 26, Issue , 1996, Pages 102-131

  Fox, Joan E B ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Adhesion receptors; G Proteins; Platelet activation

Indexed keywords

CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEIN; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE;

CONFERENCE PAPER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION;

ANIMALS; ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR; GTP-BINDING PROTEINS; HUMANS; INTEGRINS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MULTIGENE FAMILY; PHOSPHORYLATION; PLATELET ACTIVATION; PLATELET ADHESIVENESS; PLATELET MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS; PROTEIN PROCESSING, POST-TRANSLATIONAL; PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES; RAS PROTEINS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SRC HOMOLOGY DOMAINS;

EID: 0029951184     PISSN: 14248832     EISSN: 14248840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000217291     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Brass LF, Hoxie JA. Manning DR: Signaling through G proteins and G protein-coupled receptors during platelet activation. Thromb Haemost 1993;70:217-223.
2. Brass LF, Hoxie JA. Kieber-Emmons T, Manning DR, Poncz M. Woolkalis M: Agonist receptors and G proteins as mediators of platelet activation: in: Authi KS (ed.) Mechanisms of Platelet Activation and Control. Plenum Press, 1993, 17-36.
3. Mann KG. Tracy PB. Krishnaswamy S. Jenny RJ. Odegaard BH. Nesheim ME: Platelets and coagulation; in: Verstraete M, Vcrmylen J. Lijnen HR. Arnout J (eds.): Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1987. Leuven University Press. 1987. 505-523.
4. Fox JEB: Shedding of adhesion receptors from the surface of activated platelets. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994;5:291-304.
5. Shattil SJ, Hoxie JA, Cunningham M, Brass LF: Changes in the platelet membrane glycoprotein Ilb-IIIa complex during platelet activation. J Biol Chem 1985:260:11107-11114.
6. Cohen I, Gabbay J, Glaser T, Oplatka A: Fibrin-blood platelet interaction in a contracting clot. Br J Haematol 1975:31:45-50.
7. Fox JEB: The Platelet Cytoskeleton. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1993:70:884-893.
8. Valencia A, Chardin P, Wittinghofer A, Sander C: The Ras protein family: Evolutionary tree and role of conserved amino acids. Biochemistry 1991:30:4637-4648.
9. Boguski MS. McCormick F: Proteins regulating Ras and its relatives. Nature 1993:366:643-654.
10. Glomset JA, Farnsworth CC: Role of protein modification reactions in programming interactions between Ras-related GTPases and cell membranes. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1994:10:181-205.
11. Ohtsuka T, Shimizu K, Yamamori B. Kuroda S. Takai Y: Activation of brain B-Raf protein kinase by Rap IB small GTP-binding protein. J Biol Chem 1996;271:1258-1261.
12. Zhang Z. Vuori K, Wang H-G, Reed JC, Ruoslahti E: Integrin activation by R-ras. Cell 1996;85:61-69.
13. Hall A: Small GTP-binding proteins and the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1994:10:31-54.
14. Ridley AJ. Hall A: The small GTP-binding protein rho regulates the assembly of focal adhesions and actin stress bigers in response to growth factors. Cell 1992:70:389-399.
15. Bokocli GM. Der CJ: Emerging concepts in the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins. FASEB J 1993:7:750-759.
16. Lancaster CA. Taylor-Harris PM. Self AJ. Brill S, van Erps HE. Hall A: Characterization of rhoGAP. J Biol Chem 1994:269:1137-1142.
17. Settleman J. Albright CF. Foster LC. Weinberg RA: Association between GTPase activators for Rho and Ras families. Nature 1992;359:153-154.
18. Bollag G. McCormick F: Regulators and effectors of ras proteins. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1991:7:601-632.
19. McGlade J, Brunkhorst B. Anderson D. Mbamalu G, Settleman J, Dedhar S, Rozakis-Adcock M, Chen LB, Pawson T: The N-terminal region of GAP regulates cytoskcletal structure and cell adhesion. EMBO J 1993;12:3073-3081.
20. Duchesne M, Schweighoffer F. Parker F, Clerc F, Frobert Y, Thang MN, Tocque B: Identification of the SH3 domain of GAP as an essential sequence for Ras-GAP-mediated signaling. Science 1993:259:525-528.
21. Briggs SD, Bryant SB. Jove R. Sanderson SD, Smithgall TD: The Ras GTPase-activating protein (GAP) is an SH3 domain-binding protein and substrate for the Src-related tyrosine kinase, Hck. J Biol Chem 1995;270:14718-14724.
22. Bonfini L. Karlovich CA, Dasgupta C. Banerjee U: The Son of sevenless gene product: A putative activator of Ras. Science 1992:255:603-605.
23. Egan SE, Giddings BW, Brooks MW, Buday L, Sizeland AM, Weinberg RA: Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation. Nature 1993:363:45-51.
24. Katzav S, Martin-Zanca D, Barbaeid M: vav, a novel human oncogene derived from a locus ubiquitously expressed in hematopoietic cells. EMBO J 1989:8:2283-2290.
25. Coppola S, Bryant S, Koda T, Conway D, Barbacid M: Mechanism of activation of the vav protooncogene. Cell Growth Diff 1991:2:95-105.
26. Bustelo XR, Ledbetter JA, Barbacid M: Product of vav proto-oncogene defines a new class of tyrosine protein kinase substrates. Nature 1992;356:68-71
27. Margolis B, Hu P, Katzav S, Li W. Oliver JM, Ullrich A, Weiss A, Schlessinger J: Tyrosine phosphorylation of vav proto-oncogene product containing SH2 domain and transcription factor motifs. Nature 1992;356:71-74.
28. Hart MJ, Eva A, Evans T, Aaronson SA, Cerione RA: Catalysis of guanine nucleotide exchange on the CDC42Hs protein by the dbl oncogene product. Nature 1991;354:311-314.
29. Hart MJ. Eva A, Zangrilli D. Aaronson SA, Evans T, Cerione RA, Zheng Y: Cellular transformation and guanine nucleotide exchange activity are catalyzed by a common domain on the dbl oncogene product. J Biol Chem 1994;269:62-65.
30. Olson MF, Toksoz D. Hall A: Small GTP-binding proteins and growth factor signaling pathways Keystone Symposia, Tamarron, Colorado, U.S.A.: Keystone Symposia 1996;32.
31. Ye Z-S, Baltimore D: Binding of Vav to Grb2 through dimerization of Src homology 3 domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:12629-12633.
32. Smit L, van der Horst G, Borst J: Sos, Vav and C3G participate in B cell receptor-induced signaling pathways and differentially associate with Shc-Grb2, Crk, and Crk-L adaptors. J Biol Chem 1996:271:8564-8569.
33. Lowenstein EJ, Daly RJ, Batzer AG, Li W, Margolis B, Lammers R, Ullrich A, Skolnik EY, Bar-Sag D, Schlessinger J: The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling. Cell 1992;70:431-442.
34. Schlaepfer DD. Hanks SK, Hunter T, van der Geer P: Integrin-mediated signal transduction linked to Ras pathway by GRB2 binding to focal adhesion kinase. Nature 1994;372:786-791.
35. van der Geer P, Pawson T: The PTB domain: A new protein module implicated in signal transduction. Trends Biochem Sci 1995;20:277-280.
36. Rozakis-Adcock M. McGlade J. Mbamalu G. Pelicci G. Daly R. Li W, Batzer A, Thomas S, Brugge J, Pelicci PG, Schlessinger J, Pawson T: Association of the She and Grb2/Sem5 SH2-containing proteins is implicated in activation of the Ras pathway by tyrosine kinases. Nature 1992;360:689-692.
37. Pelicci G, Lanfrancone L, Grignani F, McGlade J, Cavallo F, Fomi G, Nicoletti I, Grignani F, Pawson T, Pelicci PG: A novel transforming protein (SHC) with an SH2 domain is implicated in mitogenic signal transduction. Cell 1992;70:93-104.
38. Kavanaugh WM, Williams LT: An alternative to SH2 domains for binding tyrosine-phosporylated proteins. Science 1994;266:1862-1865.
39. Blaikie P. Immanuel D, Wu J, Li N, Yajnik V. Margolis B: A region in She distinct from SH2 domain can bind tyrosine-phosporylated growth factor receptors. J Biol Chem 1994,269:32031-32034.
40. Songyang Z. Margolis B, Chaudhuri M, Shoelson SE, Cantley LC: The phosphotyrosine interaction domain of SHC recognizes tyrosine-phosphoryiated NPXY motif. J Biol Chem 1995;270:14863-14866.
41. Moodie SA, Willumsen BM, Weber MJ, Wolfman A: Complexes of Ras-GTP with Raf-1 and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Science 1993;260:1658-1661.
42. Stokoe D. Macdonald SG, Cadwallader K, Symons M, Hancock JF: Activation of Raf as a result of recruitment to the plasma membrane. Science 1994;264:1463-1467.
43. Pelech SL, Sanghera JS: MAP Kinases: Charting the regulatory pathways. Science 1992:257:1355-1356.
44. Nishida E, Gotoh Y: The MAP kinase cascade is essential for diverse signal transduction pathways. Trends Biol Sci 1993;18:128-131.
45. Cobb MH, Goldsmith EJ: How MAP kinases are regulated. J Biol Chem 1995;270:14843-14846.
46. Anderson NG, Mailer JL, Tonks NK, Sturgill TW: Requirements for integration of signals from two distinct phosphorylation pathways for activation of MAP kinase. Nature 1990;343:651-653.
47. Stoyanov B. Volinia S, Hanck T, Rubio I, Loubtchenkov M. Malek D, Stoyanova S, Vanhaesebroeck B, Dhand R, Nürnberg B, Gierschik P, Seedorf K. Hsuan JJ. Waterfield MD: Cloning and characterization of a G protein-activated human phosphoinositide-3 kinase. Science 1995;269:690-693.
48. Thomason PA. James SR, Casey PJ. Downes CP: A G-protein pg-subunit-responsive phos phoinositide 3-kinase activity in human platelet cytosol. J Biol Chem 1994:269:16525-16528.
49. Zhang J. King WG, Dillon S, Hall A, Feig L. Rittenhouse SE: Activation of platelet phosphati dylinositide 3-kinase requires the small GTP-binding protein Rho. J Biol Chem 1993:268:22251-22254.
50. Zhang J. Zhang J, Benovic JL. Sugai M. Wetzker R. Gout I. Rittenhouse SE: Sequestration of a G-protein pg subunit or ADP-ribosylation of Rho can inhibit thrombin-induced activation of platelet phosphoinositidc 3-kinases. J Biol Chem 1995:270:6589-6594.
51. Zhang J. Zhang J. Shattil SJ, Cunningham MC, Rittenhouse SE: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase y and p85/phosphoinositide 3-kinase in platelets. J Biol Chem 1996:271:6265-6272.
52. Ren X-D. Bokoch GM. Traynor-Kaplan A. Jenkins GH, Anderson RA, Schwartz MA: Physical association of the small GTPase Rho with a 68-kDa phospatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase in Swiss 3T3 cells. Mol Biol Cell 1996:7:435-442.
53. Stossel TP: From signal to pseudopod: How cells control cytoplasmic actin assembly. J Biol Chem 1989:264:18261-18264.
54. Leung T. Manser E. Tan L. Lim L: A novel serine/threonine kinase binding the ras-rclated rhoA GTPase which translocates the kinase to peripheral membranes. J Biol Chem 1995:270:29051-29054.
55. Ishizaki T. Maekawa M. Fujisawa K. Okawat K, Iwamatsut A, Fujita A, Watanabe N, Saito Y, Kakizuka A. Morii N. Narumiya S: Sma11 GTP-binding proteins and growth factor signaling pathways Keystone Symposia, Tamarron, Colorado U.S.A.: Keystone Symposia 1996:31.
56. Kimura K. Ito M, Amano M, Chihara K, Fukata Y, Nakafuku M. Chihara K, Fukata Y. Nakafuku M. Yamamori B, Feng J. Nakano T, Okawa K, Iwamatsu A: Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho-kinase). Science 1996:273:245-248.
57. Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M, Burridge K: Rho-stimulated contractility drives the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 1996:133:1403-1415.
58. Hartwig JH, Bokoch GM, Carpenter CL. Janmey PA, Taylor LA. Toker A. Stossel TP: Thrombin receptor ligation and activated Rac uncap actin filament barbed ends through phos phoinositide synthesis in permeabilized human platelets. Cell 1995:82:643-653.
59. Zheng Y, Baghrodia S. Cerione RA: Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinasc activity by Cdc42Hs binding to p85. J Biol Chem 1994;269:18727-18730.
60. Tolias KF. Cantley LC, Carpenter CL: Rho family GTPases bind to phosphoinositide kinases. J Biol Chem 1995:270:17656-17659.
61. Manser E, Leung T, Salihuddin H. Zhao Z-S. Lim L: A brain serin/threonine protein kinase activated by Cdc42 and Racl. Nature 1994;367:40-46.
62. Martin GA, Bollag G. McCormick F, Abo A: A novel serine kinase activated by rac l/CDC42Hs-dependent autophosphorylation is related to PAK65 and STE20. EMBO.J 1995:14:1970-1978.
63. Manser E. Chong C. Zhao Z-S. Leung T, Michael G. Hall C. Llm L: Molecular cloning of a new member of the p21-Cdc42/Rac-activated kinase (PAK) family. J Biol Chem 1995;270:25070-25078.
64. c42/rac l-activated serin/threonine kinase that is rapidly activated by thrombin in platelets. J Biol Chem 1995;270:26690-26697.
65. Rouse J. Cohen P. Trigon S, Morange M. Alonso-Llamazares A. Zamanillo D, Hunt T, Nebreda A: A novel kinase cascade triggered by stress and heat shock that stimulates MAPKAP kinase-2 and phosphorylation of the small heat shock proteins. Cell 1994;78:1027-1037.
66. Freshney NW. Rawlinson L, Guesdon F. Jones E, Cowley S. Hsuan J, Saklatvala J: Interleukin-1 activtes a novel protein kinase cascade that results in the phosphorylation of Hsp27. Cell 1994:78:1039-1049.
67. Zhang S. Han J. Sells MA. Chcrnoff J. Knaus UG. Ulevitch RJ. Bokoch GM: Rho family GTPases regulate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase through the downstream mediator Pak 1. J Biol Chem 1995;270:23934-23936.
68. Burbelo PD, Drechsel D, Hall A: A conserved binding motif defines numerous candidate target proteins for both Cdc42 and Rac GTPases. J Biol Chem 1995:270:29071-29074.
69. Symons M. Derry JMJ, Kariak B, Jiang S, Lemahieu V, McCormick F, Francke U, Abo A: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein, a novel effector for the GTPase CDC42Hs. is implicated in actin polymerization. Cell 1996:84:723-734.
70. Remold-O'Donnell E, Rosen FS. Kenney DM: Defects in Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome blood cells. Blood 1996:87:2621-2631.
71. Lerea KM. Tonks NK. Krebs EG. Fischer ED. Glomset: Vanadate and molybdate increase tyrosine phosphorylation in a 50-kilodalton protein and stimulate secretion in elcctropermeabilized platelets. Biochemistry 1989:28:9286-9292.
72. Gaudette DC. Holub BJ: Effect of Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, on U46619-induced phosphoinositide in human platelets. Biochem Biophys Res 1990:170:238-242.
73. Inazu T. Taniguchi T. Yanagi S, Yamamura H: Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and aggregation of intact human platelets by vanadate with H7O9. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990:170:259-263.
74. Asahi M. Yanagi S. Ohta S, Inazu T. Sakai K, Takeuchi F. Taniguchi T. Yamamura H: Thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation is inhibited by protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors. ST638 and genistein. FASEB J 1992:309:10-14.
75. Bachelot C, Cano E. Grelac F. Salcun S, Druker BJ, Levy-Toledano S, Fischer S. Rendu F: Functional implications of tyrosine protein phosphorylation in platelets. Biochem J 1992;284:923-928.
76. Rendu F, Eldor A, Grelac F. Bachelot C, Gazit A. Gilon C, Levy-Toledano S, Levitzki A: Inhibition of platelet activation by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1992:44:881-888.
77. Pumiglia KM. Lau LF. Huang C-K. Burroughs S. Feinstein MB: Activation of signal transduction in platelets by the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor pervanadate (vanadyl hydroperoxide). Biochem J 1992;286:441-449.
78. Blake RA. Walker TR. Watson SP: Activation of human platelets by peroxovanadate is associated with tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cy and formation of inositol phosphates. Biochem J 1993;290:471-475.
79. 2 entry in human platelets. FASEB J 1993;315:242-246.
80. Shock DD, He K, Wencel-Drake JD. Parise LV: Ras is present in platelets and activated in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Blood 1995;86 (suppl.):451a (Abstr. 1791).
81. Klinz F-J, Seifert R, Schwaner I, Gausepohl H. Frank R, Schultz G: Generation of specific antibodies against the rapl A, rap IB and rap2 small GTP-binding proteins: Analysis of rap and rap proteins in membranes from mammalian cells. Eur J Biochem 1992;207:207-213.
82. Hoshijima M, Kikuchi A, Kawata M. Ohmori T, Hashimoto E, Yamamura H. Takai Y: Phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase of a human platelet Mr 22.000 GTP-binding protein (smg p21) having the same putative effector domain as the ras gene products. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1988;157:851-860.
83. Lapetina EG. Laçai JC, Reep BR. Vedia LMY: A ras-related protein is phosphorylatcd and translocated by agonists that increase cAMP levels in human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86:3131-3134.
84. White TE. Lacal J-C. Reep B. Fischer TH, Lapetina E, White GI: Thrombolamban. the 22-kDa platelet substrate of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, is immunologically homologous with the Ras family of GTP-binding proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990:87:758-762.
85. Berger G. Quarck R. Tenza D. Levy-Toledano S, De Gunzburg J, Cramer EM: Ultrastructural localization of the small GTP-binding protein Rapl in human platelets and megakaryocytes. Br J Haematol 1994;88:372-382.
86. Polakis PG. Weber RF. Nevins B. Didsbury JR. Evans T. Snyderman R: Identification of the red and racl gene products, low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins from human platelets. J Biol Chem 1989:264:16383-16389.
87. Nemoto Y, Namba T. Teru-uchi T. Ushikubi F. Morii N, Narumiya S: A rho gene product in human blood platelets. J Biol Chem 1992:267:20916-20920.
88. Src, CDC42Hs and Rap IB with the cytoskeleton of aggregated platelets is a reversible process regulated by calcium. FEBS Lett 1995;363:231-234.
89. Papkoff J. Chen R-H, Blenis J, Forsman J: p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase are selectively phosphorylated and activated during thrombin-induced platelet activation and aggregation. Mol Cell Biol 1994:14:463-472.
90. Nakashima S. Yuji C, Nakamura M. Miyoshi N, Kohno M, Nozawa Y: Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by thrombin in human platelets: Possible involvement in late arachidonic acid release. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1994;198:497-503.
91. Saklatvala J. Rawlinson L. Waller RJ. Sarsfield S, Lee JC, Morton LF. Barnes MJ. Farndale RW: Role for p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in platelet aggregation caused by collagen or a thromboxane analogue. J Biol Chem 1996:271:6586-6589.
92. Zhu Y, O'Neill S. Saklatvala J, Tassi L, Mendelsohn ME: Phosphorylated HSP27 associates with the activation-dependent cytoskeleton in human platelets. Blood 1994;84:3715-3723.
93. Morii N, Teru-uchi T, Tominaga T. Kumagai N, Kozaki S. Ushikubi F, Narumiya S: A rho gene product in human blood platelets. II. Effects of the ADP-ribosylation by botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase on platelet aggregation. J Biol Chem 1992;267:20921-20926.
94. Torti M, Ramaschi G, Sinigaglia F, Lapetina EG. Balduini C: Association of the low molecular weight GTP-binding protein rap2B with the cytoskeleton during platelet aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993:90:7553-7557.
95. Torti M. Ramaschi G. Sinigaglia F. Lapetina E. Balduini C: Glycoprotein Ilb-IIIa and the trans location of Rap2B to the platelet cytoskeleton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994:91:4239-4243.
96. Fischer TH, Gatling MN, McCormick F, Duffy CM, White GC II: Incorporation of Rap lbinto the platelet cytoskeleton is dependent on thrombin activation and extracellular calcium. J Biol Chem 1994:269:17257-17261.
97. rasGAP association with Fyn, Lyn, and Yes in thrombin-activated platelets. J Biol Chem 1992;267:5025-5028.
98. vav, in platelets. J Biol Chem 1996:271:7544-7550.
99. 3-(GP-IIb-IIIa) tyrosine phosphorylation induced by platelet aggregation. J Biol Chem 1996;271:10811-10815.
100. c-src-specific tyrosine kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986:83:852-856.
101. fyn in human platelets. Oncogene 1990:5:597-602.
102. Huang M-M. Bolen JB, Barnwell JW. Shattil SH. Brugge JS: Membrane glycoprotein IV (CD36) is physically associated with the Fyn, Lyn and Yes protein tyrosine kinases in human platelets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991;88:7844-7848.
103. c-src Nature 1991;351:69-72.
104. Okada M. Nada S. Yamanashi Y. Yamamoto T, Nakagawa H: CSK: A protein-tyrosine kinase involved in regulation of src family kinases. J Biol Chem 1991;266:24249-24252.
105. lck at Try-505 and down regulates its catalytic activity. EMBOJ 1992;11:2919-2924.
106. Taniguchi T. Kobayashi T. Kondo J. Takahashi K. Nakamura H. Suzuki J. Nagai K. Yamada T. Nakamura S, Yamamura H: Molecular cloning of a porcine gene syk that encodes a 72-kDa protein-tyrosine kinase showing high susceptibility to proteolysis. J Biol Chem 1991;266:15790-15796.
107. s activated by wheat germ agglutinin in platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992;185:1128-1132.
108. + mobilization in platelets. J Biol Chem 1993:268:2277-2279.
109. syk is activated by thromboxane A2 mimetic U44069 in platelets. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993:197:62-67.
110. syk by platelet agonists and the integrin αIIb β3. J Biol Chem 1994;269:28859-28864.
111. Parsons JT, Schaller MD. Hildebrand J. Tzeng-Homg L, Richardson A. Otey C: Focal adhesion kinase: structure and signaling. J Cell Science 1994:19 (Supplement): 109-113.
112. FAK a structurally distinctive protein-tyrosine kinase associated with focal adhesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:5192-5196.
113. FAK, to cellular focal adhesions. J Cell Biol 1993:123:993-1005.
114. Guan J-L. Trevithick JE. Hynes RO: Fibronectin/integrin interaction induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 120-kDa protein. Cell Reg 1991;2:951-964.
115. FAK accompanies cell adhesion to extracellular matrix: a role in cytoskeletal assembly. J Cell Biol 1992;119:893-903.
116. FAK in platelets. J Cell Biol 1992;119:905-912.
117. Fischer EH, Charbonneau H, TonksNK: Protein tyrosine phosphates: A diverse family of intracellular and transmembrane enzymes. Science 1991:253:401-406.
118. Frangioni JV. Oda A. Smith M, Sulzman EW. Neel BG: Calpain catalyzed cleavage and subcellular relocation of protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase IB (PTP-1B) in human platelets. EMBOJ 1993;12:4843-4858.
119. Fox JEB. Taylor RG. Taffarel M, Boyles JK, Goll DE: Evidence that activation of platelet cal pain is induced as a consequence of binding of adhesive ligand to the integrin, glycoprotein Ilb-IIIa. J Cell Biol 1993:120:1501-1507.
120. 3 through cytoskeletal reorganization and tyrosine phosphorylation in human platelets. J Biol Chem 1995;270:11927-11934.
121. Plutzky J, Neel BG. Rosenberg RD: Isolation of sic homology 2-containing tyrosine phosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;89:1123-1127.
122. Shen S-H. Bastien L. Posner BI. Chretien P: A protein-tyrosine phosphatase with sequence similarity to the SH2 domain of the protein-tyrosine kinases. Nature 1991;352:736-739.
123. Matthews RJ, Bowne DB. Flores D. Thomas ML: Characterization of hematopoietic intracellular protein tyrosine phosphatases: Description of a phosphatase containing an SH2 domain and another enriched in proline-, glutamic acid-, serine-, and threonine-rich sequences. Mol Cell Biol 1992:12:2396-2405.
124. Li RY, Gaits F, Ragab A. Ragab-Thomas JMF. Chap H: Tyrosine phosphorylation of an SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase is coupled to platelet thrombin receptor via a pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G-protein. EMBO J 1995;14:2519-2526.
125. Li RY. Gaits F. Ragab A. Ragab-Thomas JMF, Chap H: Translocation of an SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphate (SH-PTP1) to the cytoskeleton of thrombin-activated platelets. FEBS Lett 1994:343:89-93.
126. Falet H. Ramos-Morales F, Bachelot C, Fischer S, Rendu F: Association of the protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPIC with the protein tyrosine kinase c-Src in human platelets. FEBS Lett 1996:383:165-169.
127. Kon-Kozlowski M. Pani G. Pawson T. Siminovitch KA: The tyrosine phosphatase PTPIC associates with Vav. Grb2. and mSosl in hematopoietic cells. .J Biol Che 1996:271:3856-3862.
128. Koch WJ, Hawes BE, Allen LF, Lefkowitz RJ: Direct evidence that Gi-coupled receptor stimulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase is mediated by Gβγ activation of p2Iras. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994:91:12706-12710.
129. Faure M, Voyno-Yasenetskaya TA, Bourne HR: cAMP and bg subunits of heterotirmeric G proteins stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in COS-7 cells. J Biol Chem 1994;269:7851-7854.
130. Van Biesen T, Hawes BE, Luttrell DK, Krueger KM, Touhara K. Porfiri E, Sakaue M. Luttrell LM, Lefkowitz RJ: Receptor-tyrosine-kinase-and Gbg-mediated MAP kinase activation by a common signalling pathway. Nature 1995;376:781-784.
131. Wan Y, Kurosaki T, Huang X-Y: Tyrosine kinases in activation of the MAP kinase cascade by G-protein-coupled receptors. Nature 1996;380:541-544.
132. Clark EA. Brugge JS: Tyrosine phosphorylation: in: Watson SP. Authi KS (eds.): Platelets: A Practical Approach. IRL Press, 1996, 199-216.
133. Wong S, Reynolds AB. Papkoff J: Platelet activation leads to increased c-src kinase activity and association of c-src with an 85-kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein. Oncogene 1992;7:2407-2415.
134. c-srcto integrin-dependent cytoskeletal complexes in thrombin-stimulated platelets. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13:1863-1871.
135. c-src: Implications for regulation. Science 1986;231:1431-1434.
136. i7r. Cell 1987;49:75-82.
137. Clark EA, Brugge JS: Integrins and signal transduction pathways: The road taken. Science 1995;268:233-239.
138. ras activating protein with the membrane skeleton. J Biol Chem 1993;268:25973-25984.
139. fyn in human platelets. Mol Cell Biol 1990:10:3806-3809.
140. Fox JEB, Boyles JK, Berndt MC, Steffen PK, Anderson LK: Identification of a membrane skeleton in platelets. J Cell Biol 1988;106:1525-1538.
141. Hartwig JH, DeSisto M: The cytoskeleton of the resting human blood platelet: structure of the membrane skeleton and its attachment to actin filaments. J Cell Biol 1991; 112:407-425.
142. syk to the cytoskeleton in thrombin-stimulated platelets. J Biol Chem 1994;269:32796-32799.
143. Yoshida M, Westlin WF, Wang N, Ingber DE, Rosenzweig A, Resnick N, Gimrone MA, Jr.: Leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium induces E-selectin linkage to the actin cytoskeleton. J Cell Biol 1996:133:445-455.
144. syk in human platelets. J Biol Chem 1995;270: 15119-15124.
145. c-src in human platelets. J Biol Chem 1994;269:27093-27099.
146. Yang B. Jung D, Motto D. Meyer J. Korctzky G. Campbell KP: SH3 domain-mediated interaction of dystroglycan and Grb2. J Biol Chem 1995:270:11711-11714.
147. Schwartz MA. Schaller MD. Ginsberg MH: Integrins: Emerging paradigms of signal transduction. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1995:11:549-599.
148. Richardson A. Parsons JT: Signal transduction through integrins: A central role for focal adhesion kinase? Bioessays 1995:17:229-238.
149. Jockusch BM. Bubeck P. Giehl K. Kroemker M. Moschncr J. Rothkegel M. Rudiger M. Schluter K. Stanke G. Winkler J: The molecular architecture of focal adhesions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 1995;11:379-416.
150. Chen Q. Kinch MS. Lin TH. Burridge K. Juliano RL: Integrin-mediated cell adhesion activates mitogen-activated protein kinases. J Biol Chem 1994;269:26602-26605.
151. Nobes CD, Hall A: Rho, Rac. and Cdc42 GTPase regulate the assembly of multi molecular focal complexes associated with actin stress fibers, lamellipodia, and filopodia. Cell 1995:81:53-62.
152. Schaller MD, Otey CA, Hildebrand JD. Parsons JT: Focal adhesion kinase and paxillin bind to peptides mimicking β integrin cytoplasmic domains. J Cell Biol 1995:130:1181-1187.
153. 3 forms a complex with protein tyrosine kinases in intact platelets. Biochem J 1995:309:481-490.
154. 60c-src, phos pholipase C. inositol-lipid, and diacylglycérol kinases with the cytoskeletons of thrombin-sti mulatcd platelets. J Biol Chem 1991;266:15705-15709.
155. Zhang J. Fry MJ. Waterfield MD. Jaken S. Liao L, Fox JEB. Rittenhouse SE: Activated phos phoinositide 3-kinasc associates with membrane skeleton in thrombin-exposed platelets. J Biol Chem 1992:267:4686-4692.
156. c-src to the cytoskeleton during platelet aggregation. EMBO J 1992;11:855-861.
157. Guinebaull C, Payrastre B. Racaud-Sultan C. Mazarguil H, Breton M, Mauco G. Plantavid M. Chap H: Integrin-dependent translocation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase to the cytoskeleton of thrombin-activated platelets involves specific interactions of p85a with actin filaments and focal adhesion kinase. J Cell Biol 1995;129:831-842.
158. FAK J Cell Biol 1993;122:473-483.
159. Haimovich B. Lipfert L. Brugge JS. Shattil SJ: Tyrosine phosphorylation and cytoskeletal reorganization in platelets are triggered by interaction of integrin receptors with their immobilized ligands. J Biol Chem 1993;268:15868-15877.
160. Clark EA. Trikha M. Markland FS. Brugge JS: Structurally distinct disintegrins contortostatin and multisquamatin differentially regulate platelet tyrosine phosphorylation. .J Biol Chem 1994;269:21940-21943.
161. Pelletier AJ. Kunicki T. Ruggeri ZM. Quaranta V: The activation state of the integrin affects outside-in signals leading to cell spreading and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 1995:270:18133-18140.
162. Miyamoto S. Akiyama SK. Yamada KM: Synergistic roles for receoptor occupancy and aggregation in integrin transmembrane function. Science 1995;267:883-885.
163. Hannigan GE, Lcung-Hagesteijn C, Fitz-Gibbon L, Coppolino MG. Radeva G, Filmus J. Bell JC. Dedhar S: Regulation of cell adhesion and anchorage-dependent growth by a new b -integrin-linkcd protein kinase. Nature 1996:379:91-96.
164. Hoshi M. Ohta K. Gotoh Y. Mori A. Murofushi H. Sakai H. Nishida E: Mitogen-activated-protein-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins, microtubule-associated protein 2 and microtubule-associated protein 4, induces an alteration in their function. Eur J Biochem 1992:203:43-52.
165. 2 is phosphorylated and activated by MAP kinase. Cell 1993:72:269-278.
166. 2) by thrombin and thrombin receptor agonist peptide in human platelets. J Biol Chem 1995;270:14816-14823.
167. Kawata M. Kikuchio A. Hoshijima M. Yamamoto K. Hashimoto E. Yamamura H. Takai Y: Phosphorylation of sing p21, a ras p21-like GTP-binding protein, by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase in a cell-free system and in response to prostaglandin E in intact human platelets. J Biol Chem 1989:264:15688-15695.
168. Reinhard M. Giehl K. Abel K. Haffner C. Jarchau T. Hoppe V. Jockusch BM. Walter U: The proline-rich focal adhesion and microfilament protein VASP is a ligand for profilins. EMBO J 1995:14:1583-1589.
169. Haffner C, Jarchau T, Reinhard M, Hoppe J. Lohmann SM, Walter U: Molecular cloning, structural analysis and functional expression of the proline-rich focal adhesion and microfilament-associated protein VASP. EMBO J 1995;14:19-27.
170. Fox JEB, Shattil SJ. Kinlough-Rathbone RL. Richardson M. Packham MA. Sanan DA: The platelet cytoskeleton stabilizes the interaction between allbb3 and its ligand and induces selective movements of ligand-occupied integrin. J Biol Chem 1996:271:7004-7011.
171. Kovacsovics TJ. Bachelot C. Toker A. Vlahos CJ. Duckworth B. Cantley LC. Hartwig JH: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition spares actin assembly in activating platelets, but reverses platelet aggregation. J Biol Chem 1995:270:11358-11366.