Molecular regulation of an invasion-related molecule - options for tumour staging and clinical strategies

European Journal of Cancer

Volumn 42, Issue 7, 2006, Pages 811-819

  Allgayer, Heike ^a  

^a GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

AP 1; AP 2; EMSA; In vivo; Sp1; Transcription; Urokinase receptor

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; UROKINASE; UROKINASE RECEPTOR;

ARTICLE; BIOLOGY; CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER INVASION; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER RESEARCH; CANCER STAGING; CANCER THERAPY; COLORECTAL CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE MARKER; EUROPE; FRANCE; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; METASTASIS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MOLECULE; NONHUMAN; ONCOGENE; PATIENT SELECTION; PHENOTYPE; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROMOTER REGION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN DNA BINDING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM; STOMACH CANCER; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE; TUMOR;

HUMANS; NEOPLASM INVASIVENESS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; NEOPLASM STAGING; NEOPLASMS; PEPTIDE HYDROLASES; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC;

EID: 33646183017     PISSN: 09598049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.018     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Hanahan D., and Weinberg R.A. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100 1 (2000) 57-70
2. Dvorak H.F. Tumours: wounds that do not heal. N Engl J Med 315 (1986) 1650-1659
3. Liotta L.A. Tumour invasion and metastases - role of the extracellular matrix: Rhoads Memorial Award Lecture. Cancer Res 46 (1986) 1-7
4. Schmitt M., Jänicke F., and Graeff H. Tumour-associated proteases. Fibrinolysis 6 4. Suppl. (1992) 3-26
5. Blasi F. Surface receptors for urokinase plasminogen activator. Fibrinolysis 2 (1988) 73-84
6. Blasi F. Urokinase and urokinase receptor: a paracrine/autocrine system regulating cell migration and invasiveness. Bioessays 15 (1993) 105-111
7. Dano K., Andreasen P.A., Grondahl-Hansen J., Kristensen P., Nielsen L.S., and Skriver L. Plasminogen-activators, tissue degradation, and cancer. Adv Cancer Res 44 (1985) 139-266
8. Liotta L.A., Steeg P.S., and Stetler-Stevenson W.G. Cancer metastasis and angiogenesis: an imbalance of positive and negative regulation. Cell 64 (1991) 327-336
9. Markus G. The relevance of plasminogen activators to neoplastic growth. Enzyme 40 (1988) 158-172
10. Andreasen P.A., Sottrup-Jensen L., Kjoller L., Nykiaer A., Moestrup S.K., Petersen C.M., et al. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of plasminogen activators and activator/inhibitor complexes. FEBS Lett 338 3 (1994) 239-245
11. Duffy M.J. The role of proteolytic enzymes in cancer invasion and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 10 (1992) 145-155
12. Günzler W.A., Steffens G.J., Ötting F., Buse G., and Flohe L. Structural relationship between human high and low molecular mass urokinase. Hoppe-Seyler's J Physiol Chem 363 (1982) 133-141
13. Günzler W.A., Steffens G.J., Ötting F., Kim S.M.A., Frankus E., and Flohe L. The primary structure of high molecular mass urokinase from human urine. The complete amino acid sequence of the A chain. Hoppe-Seyler's J Physiol Chem 363 (1982) 1155-1165
14. Wun T., Ossowski L., and Reich E. A proenzyme form of human urokinase. J Biol Chem 257 (1982) 7262-7268
15. Wun T.C., and Reich E. Isolation and characterization of urokinase from human plasma. J Biol Chem 257 (1982) 3276-3283
16. Gronow M., and Bliem R. Production of human plasminogen activators by cell culture. Trends Biotech 1 (1983) 26-29
17. Vassalli J.D., Dayer J.M., Wohlwend A., and Belin D. Concomitant secretion of pro-urokinase and of a plasminogen activator-specific inhibitor by cultured human monocytes/macrophages. J Exp Med 159 (1984) 1653-1668
18. Stoppelli M.P., Tacchetti C., Cubellis M., Corti A., Hearing V., Cassani G., et al. Autocrine saturation of pro-urokinase receptors on human A431 cells. Cell 45 (1986) 675-684
19. Stoppelli M.P., Corti A., Soffientini A., Cassani G., Blasi F., and Assoian R.K. Differentiation-enhanced binding of the amino-terminal fragment of human urokinase plasminogen activator to a specific receptor on U937 monocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82 15 (1985) 4939-4943
20. Olson D., Pollanen J., Hoyer-Hansen G., Ronne E., Sakaguchi K., Wun T., et al. Internalization of the urokinase-plasminogen activator type-1 complex is mediated by the urokinase receptor. J Biol Chem 267 (1992) 9129-9133
21. Cubellis M.V., Wun T.C., and Blasi F. Receptor-mediated internalization and degradation of urokinase is caused by its specific inhibitor PAI-1. EMBO J 9 (1990) 1079-1085
22. Conese M., Olson D., and Blasi F.A.D. Protease nexin-1-urokinase complexes are internalized and degraded through a mechanism that requires both urokinase receptor and α2-macroglobulin receptor. J Biol Chem 269 27 (1994) 17886-17892
23. Nykjaer A., Petersen C.M., Moller B., Jensen P.H., Moestrup S.K., Holtet T.L., et al. Purified α2 macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor related protein binds urokinase-plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 complex. Evidence that the α2-macroglobulin receptor mediates cellular degradation of urokinase receptor-bound complexes. J Biol Chem 267 (1992) 14543-14546
24. Nykjaer A., Kjoller L., Cohen R.L., Lawrence D.A., Garni-Wagner B.A., Todd III R.F., et al. Regions involved in binding of urokinase-type-1 inhibitor complex and pro-urokinase to the endocytic alpha 2 macroglobulin receptor/low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein. Evidence that the urokinase receptor protects pro-urokinase against binding to the endocytic receptor. J Biol Chem 269 41 (1994) 25668-25676
25. Nykjaer A., Kjoller L., Cohen R.L., Lawrence D.A., Gliemann J., and Andreasen P.A.A.D. Both pro-uPA and uPA:PAI-1 complex bind to the α2-macroglobulin receptor/LDL receptor-related protein. Evidence for multiple independent contacts between the ligands and receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci 737 (1994) 483-485
26. 2-terminal amino acid sequence and glycosylation variants. J Biol Chem 265 11 (1990) 6453-6460
27. Ploug M., Behrendt N., Lober D., and Dano K. Protein structure and membrane anchorage of the cellular receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Sem Thromb Hem 17 (1991) 183-193
28. Estreicher A., Muhlhauser J., Carpentier J.L., Orci L., and Vassalli J.D. The receptor for urokinase type plasminogen activator polarizes expression of the protease to the leading edge of migrating monocytes and promotes degradation of enzyme inhibitor complexes. J Cell Biol 111 (1990) 783-792
29. Moller L.B. Structure and function of the urokinase receptor. Blood Coagul Fibrinol 4 (1993) 293-303
30. Moller L.B., Ploug M., and Blasi F. Structural requirements for glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor attachment in the cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Eur J Biochem 208 (1992) 493-500
31. Ploug M., Ronne E., Behrendt N., Jensen A.L., Blasi F., and Dano K. Cellular receptor for urokinase-plasminogen activator: carboxyl-terminal processing and membrane anchoring by glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol. J Biol Chem 266 (1991) 1926-1933
32. Ellis V., Behrendt N., and Dano K. Plasminogen activation by receptor-bound urokinase. J Biol Chem 266 (1991) 12752-12758
33. Min H.Y., Semnani R., Mizukami I.F., Watt K., Todd III R.F., and Liu D.Y. cDNA for Mo3, a monocyte activation antigen, encodes the human receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. J Immunol 148 (1992) 3636-3642
34. Vassalli J.D., Baccino D., and Belin D. A cellular binding site for the Mr 55.000 form of the human plasminogen activator, urokinase. J Cell Biol 100 (1985) 86-92
35. Plesner T., Ralfkiaer E., Wittrup M., Johnsen H., Pyke C., Pedersen T.L., et al. Expression of the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator in normal and neoplastic blood cells and hematopoetic tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 102 6 (1994) 835-841
36. Allgayer H., Heiss M.M., Riesenberg R., Babic R., Jauch K.W., and Schildberg F.W. Immunocytochemical phenotyping of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow by uPA-R and CK18: investigation of sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of an immunogold/alcaline phosphatase double-staining protocol. J Histochem Cytochem 45 2 (1997) 203-212
37. Langer D.J., Kuo A., Kariko K., Ahuja M., Klugherz B.D., Ivanics K.M., et al. Regulation of the endothelial cell urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor - evidence for cyclic AMP-dependent and protein kinase C-dependent pathways. Circulation Res 72 (1993) 330-340
38. Romer J., Lund L.R., Eriksen J., Pyke C., Kristensen P., and Dano K.A.D. The receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator is expressed by keratinocytes at the leading edge during re-epithelialization of mouse skin wounds. Invest Dermatol 102 4 (1994) 519-522
39. Sillaber C., Baghestanian M., Hofbauer R., Virgolini I., Bankl H.C., Fureder W., et al. Molecular and functional characterization of the urokinase receptor on human mast cells. J Biol Chem 272 (1997) 7824-7832
40. May A.E., Kanse S.M., Lund L.R., Gisler R.H., Imhof B.A., and Preissner K.T. Urokinase receptor (CD 87) regulates leukocyte recruitment via β2 integrins in vivo. J Exp Med 188 6 (1998) 1029-1037
41. Dewerchin M., Nuffelen A.V., Wallays G., Bouche A., Moons L., Carmeliet P., et al. Generation and characterization of urokinase receptor deficient mice. J Clin Invest 97 3 (1996) 870-878
42. Pedersen H., Grondahl-Hansen J., Francis D., Osterlind K., Hansen H.H., Dano K., et al. Urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 54 (1994) 120-123
43. Resnati M., Gutringer M., Valcamonica S., Sidenius N., Blasi F., and Fazioli F. Proteolytic cleavage of the urokinse receptor substitutes for the agonist-induced chemotactic effect. EMBO J 15 7 (1996) 1572-1582
44. 3 integrins of fibrosarcoma cells: dependence on extracellular matrix components. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 1682-1689
45. Wei Y., Waltz D.A., Rao N., Drummond R.J., Rosenberg S., and Chapman H.A. Identification of the urokinase receptor as an adhesion receptor for vitronectin. J Biol Chem 269 51 (1994) 32380-32388
46. Wei Y., Lukashev M., Simon D.I., Bodary S.C., Rosenberg S., Doyle M.V., et al. Regulation of integrin function by the urokinase receptor. Science 273 (1996) 1551-1555
47. Aguirre-Ghiso J.A., Kovalski K., and Ossowski L. Tumour dormancy induced by downregulation of urokinase receptor in human carcinoma involves integrin-mediated adhesion and signaling. J Cell Biol 144 (1999) 1285-1294
48. Busso N., Masur S.K., Lazega D., Waxman S., and Ossowski L. Induction of cell migration by pro-urokinase to its receptor: possible mechanism for signal transduction in human epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 126 1 (1994) 259-270
49. Tang H., Kerina D.M., Hao Q., Inagami T., and Vaughan D.E. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion proteins and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in cultured endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 273 29 (1998) 18268-18272
50. Stahl A., and Mueller B.M. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, a GPI-linked protein, is localized in caveolae. J Cell Biol 129 2 (1995) 335-344
51. Pöllänen M., Hedman K., Nielsen L.S., Dano K., and Vaheri A. Ultrastructural localization of plasma-membrane associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator at focal contacts. Cell Biol 106 (1988) 87-95
52. Del Rosso M., Anichini E., Pedersen N., Blasi F., Fibbi G., Pucci M., et al. Urokinase-urokinase receptor interaction: non-mitogenic signal transduction in human epidermal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 190 2 (1993) 347-352
53. Konakova M., Hucho F., and Schleunig W.D. Downstream targets of urokinase-type plasminogen-activator-mediated signal transduction. Eur J Biochem 253 (1998) 421-429
54. 2-integrins, and Src kinases within a single receptor complex of human monocytes. J Exp Med 181 (1995) 1381-1390
55. Jankun J., Merrick H.W., and Goldblatt P.J. Expression and localization of elements of the plasminogen activation system in benign breast disease and breast cancers. J Cell Biochem 53 (1993) 135-144
56. Sier C.F.M., Vespaget H.W., Griffionen G., Ganesh S., Vloedgraven H.J.M., and Lamers C.H.W. Plasminogen activators in normal tissue and carcinomas of the human oesophagus and stomach. Gut 34 (1993) 80-85
57. Pyke C., Kristensen P., Ralfkiaer E., Eriksen J., and Dano K. The plasminogen activation system in human colon cancer: messenger RNA for the inhibitor PAI-1 is located in endothelial cells in the tumour stroma. Cancer Res 51 (1991) 4067-4071
58. Pyke C., Kristensen P., Ralfkiaer E., Grondahl-Hansen J., Eriksen J., Blasi F., et al. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator is expressed in stromal cells and its receptor in cancer cells at invasive foci in human colon adenocarcinomas. Am J Pathol 138 (1991) 1059-1067
59. Heiss M.M., Babic R., Allgayer H., Grützner K.U., Jauch K.W., Löhrs U., et al. Tumour-associated proteolysis and prognosis: new functional risk factors in gastric cancer defined by the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system. J Clin Oncol 13 8 (1995) 2084-2093
60. Heiss M.M., Babic R., Allgayer H., Grützner K.U., Jauch K.W., Löhrs U., et al. The prognostc impact of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator system is associated with tumour differentiation in gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Onc 22 (1996) 74-77
61. Cantero D., Friess H., Deflorin J., Zimmermann A., Bründler M.A., Riesle E., et al. Enhanced expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and its receptor in pancreatic carcinoma. Br J Cancer 75 3 (1997) 388-395
62. Romer J., Pyke C., Lund L., Eriksen J., Kristensen P., Ronne E., et al. Expression of uPA and its receptor by both neoplastic and stromal cells during xenograft invasion. Int J Cancer 57 (1994) 553-560
63. Morita S., Sato A., Hayakawa H., Ihara H., Urano T., Takada Y., et al. Cancer cells overexpress mRNA of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its receptor, and inhibitors in human non-small cell lung cancer tissue: analysis by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. Int J Cancer 78 (1998) 286-292
64. Wang H., Skibber J., Juarez J., and Boyd D. Transcriptional activation of the urokinase receptor gene in invasive colon cancer. Int J Cancer 58 (1994) 650-657
65. Bianchi E., Cohen R.L., Thor III A.T., Mizukami I.F., Lawrence D.A., Ljung B.M., et al. The urokinase receptor is expressed in invasive breast cancer but not in normal breast tissue. Cancer Res 54 (1994) 861-866
66. Hollas W., Blasi F., and Boyd D. Role of the urokinase receptor in facilitating extracellular matrix invasion by cultured colon cancer. Cancer Res 51 (1991) 3690-3695
67. Sliutz G., Eder H., Koelbl H., Tempfer C., Auerbach L., Schneeberger C., et al. Quantification of uPA receptor expression in human breast cancer cell lines by cRT-PCR. Breast Cancer Res Treat 40 (1996) 257-263
68. Kariko K., Kuo A., Boyd D., Okada S., Cines D., and Barnathan E. Overexpression of urokinase receptor increases matrix invasion without altering cell migration in a human osteosarcoma cell line. Cancer Res 53 (1993) 3109-3117
69. Ossowski L. In vivo invasion of modified chorioallantoic membrane by tumour cells: the role of cell surface-bound urokinase. J Cell Biol 107 6 (1988) 2427-2445
70. Kook Y.H., Adamski J., Zelent A., and Ossowski L. The effect of antisense inhibition of urokinase receptor in human squamous cell carcinoma on malignancy. EMBO J 13 (1994) 3983-3991
71. Quattrone A., Fibbi G., Anichini E., Pucci M., Zamperini A., Capaccioli S., et al. Reversion of the invasive phenotype of transformed human fibroblasts by anti-messenger oligonucleotide inhibition of urokinase receptor gene expression. Cancer Res 55 1 (1995) 90-95
72. Mohanam S., Sawaya R., McCutcheon I., Ali-Oshman F., Boyd D., and Rao J.S. Modulation of in vitro invasion of human glioblastoma cells by urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor antibody. Cancer Res 53 (1993) 4143-4147
73. Liu G., Shuman M.A., and Cohen R.L. Co-expression of urokinase, urokinase receptor and PAI 1 is necessary for optimum invasiveness of cultured lung cancer cells. Int J Cancer 60 (1995) 501-506
74. Kim J., Yu W., Kovalski K., and Ossowski L. Requirement for specific proteases in cancer cell intravasation as revealed by a novel semiquantitative PCR-based assay. Cell 94 (1998) 353-362
75. Min H.Y., Doyle L.V., Vitt C.R., Zandonella C.L., Stratton-Thomas J.R., Shuman M.A., et al. Urokinase receptor antagonists inhibit angiogenesis and primary tumour growth in syngeneic mice. Cancer Res 56 (1996) 2428-2433
76. Schlechte W., Murano G., and Boyd D. Examination of the role of the urokinase receptor in human colon cancer mediated laminin degradation. Cancer Res 49 (1989) 6064-6069
77. Reiter L.S., Kruithof E.K.O., Cajot J.F., and Sordat B. The role of the urokinase receptor in extracellular matrix degradation by HT29 human colon carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 53 (1993) 444-450
78. Schmalfeldt B., Kuhn W., Reuning U., Pache L., Dettmar P., Schmitt M., et al. Primary tumour and metastasis in ovarian cancer differ in their content of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its receptor, and inhibitors types 1 and 2. Cancer Res 55 (1995) 3958-3963
79. Jänicke F., Schmitt M., Pache L., Ulm K., Harbeck N., Hoefler H., et al. Urokinase (uPA) and its inhibitor PAI-1 are strong and independent prognostic factors in node negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 24 (1993) 195-208
80. Heiss M.M., Allgayer H., Gruetzner K.U., Funke I., Babic R., Jauch K.W., et al. Individual development and uPA-receptor-expression of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow: a reference to early systemic disease in solid cancer. Nat Med 1 10 (1995) 1035-1039
81. Duffy M.J., Reilly D., O'Sullivan C., O'Higgins N., Fennelly J.J., and Andreasen P. Urokinase plasminogen activator, a new and independent prognostic marker in breast cancer. Cancer Res 50 (1990) 6827-6829
82. Mulcahy H.E., Duffy M.J., Gibbons D., McCarthy P., Parfrey N.A., O'Donoghue D.P., et al. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator and outcome in Dukes'B colorectal cancer. Lancet 344 (1994) 583-584
83. Ganesh S., Sier C.F.M., Heerding M.M., Griffionen G., Lamers C.B.H., and Vespaget H.W. Urokinase receptor and colorectal cancer survival. Lancet 344 (1994) 401-402
84. Nekarda H., Schmitt M., Ulm K., Wenninger A., Vogelsang H., Becker K., et al. Prognostic impact of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and its inhibitor PAI-1 in completely resected gastric cancer. Cancer Res 54 11 (1994) 2900-2907
85. Heiss M.M., Allgayer H., Gruetzner K.U., Babic R., Jauch K.W., Loehrs U., et al. Clinical value of an extended biological staging by bone marrow micrometastases and tumour-associated proteases in gastric cancer. Ann Surg 226 6 (1997) 736-744
86. Allgayer H., Heiss M.M., and Schildberg F.W. Prognostic factors in gastric cancer: a review. Br J Surg 84 (1997) 1651-1664
87. Allgayer H., Babic R., Grützner K.U., Beyer B.C.M., Tarabichi A., Schildberg F.W., et al. Tumour-associated proteases and inhibitors in gastric cancer: analysis of prognostic impact and individual risk protease patterns. Clin Exp Metastasis 16 (1998) 62-73
88. Nekarda H., Schlegel P., Schmitt M., Stark M., Mueller J.D., Fink U., et al. Strong prognostic impact of tumour-associated urokinase-type plasminogen activator in completely resected adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Clin Cancer Res 4 (1998) 1755-1763
89. Osborne M.P., and Rosen P.P. Detection and management of bone marrow micrometastases in breast cancer. Oncology 8 (1994) 25-31
90. Riethmueller G., and Johnson J. Monoclonal antibodies in the detection and therapy of micrometastatic epithelial cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 4 (1992) 647-655
91. Schlimok G., Funke I., Bock B., Schweiberer B., Witte J., and Riethmueller G. Epithelial tumour cells in bone marrow of patients with colorectal cancer: immunocytochemical detection, phenotypic characterization, and prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol 8 (1990) 831-837
92. Allgayer H., Heiss M.M., Riesenberg R., Gruetzner K.U., Tarabichi A., Babic R., et al. Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPA-R) - a potential characteristic of metastatic phenotypes in minimal residual tumour disease. Cancer Res 57 (1997) 1394-1399
93. Heiss M.M., Simon E.H., Beyer B.C.M., Grützner K.U., Tarabichi A., Babic R., et al. Minimal residual disease in gastric cancer: first evidence of an independent prognostic relevance or urokinase receptor gene expression by disseminated tumour cells in a large series of patients. J Clin Oncol 20 8 (2002) 2005-2016
94. Harbeck N., Kates R., Look M.P., Meijer-Van Gelder M.E., Klijn J.G., Kruger A., et al. Enhanced benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients classified high-risk according to uPA and PAI-1 (n = 3424). Cancer Res 62 16 (2002) 4617-4622
95. Cavallaro U., DelVecchio A., Lappi D.A., and Soria M.R.A.D. A conjugate between human urokinase and saporin, a type-1-ribosome-inactivating protein, is selectively cytotoxic to urokinase receptor-expressing cells. J Biol Chem 68 31 (1993) 23186-23190
96. Lengyel E., Wang H., Stepp E., Juarez J., Doe W., Pfarr C.M., et al. Requirement of an upstream AP-1 motif for the constitutive and phorbol ester-inducible expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene. J Biol Chem 271 (1996) 23176-23184
97. Gum R., Juarez J., Allgayer H., Mazar A., Wang Y., and Boyd D. Stimulation of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression by PMA requires a JNK1-dependent signaling module. Oncogene 17 (1998) 213-225
98. Shetty S., Kumar A., and Idell S. Posttranscriptional regulation of urokinase receptor mRNA: identification of a novel urokinase receptor mRNA binding protein in human mesothelioma cells. Mol Cell Biol 17 (1997) 1075-1083
99. Lund L.R., Ellis V., Ronne E., Pyke C., and Dano K. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the receptor for urokinase-type plasminogen activator by cytokines and tumour promoters in the human lung carcinoma cell line A549. Biochem J 310 (1995) 345-352
100. Nykjaer A., Conese M., Cremona O., Gliemann J., and Blasi F. Recycling of the urokinase receptor upon internalization of the uPA:serpin complexes. EMBO J 16 (1997) 2610-2620
101. Wagner S.N., Atkinson M.J., Thanner S., Wagner C., Schmitt M., Wilhelm O., et al. Modulation of urokinase and urokinase receptor gene expression in human renal cell carcinoma. Am J Pathol 147 1 (1995) 183-192
102. Borglum A.D., Byskov A., Ragno P., Roldan A.L., Tripputi P., Cassani G., et al. Assignment of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene (PLAUR) to chromosome 19q13.1-q13.2. Am J Hum Genet 50 (1992) 492-497
103. Roldan A., Cubellis M., Masucci M., Behrendt N., Lund L., Dano K., et al. Cloning and expression of the receptor for human urokinase plasminogen activator, a central molecule in plasmin-dependent proteolysis. EMBO J 9 (1990) 467-474
104. Pyke C., Eriksen J., Solberg H., Schnack B., Nielsen S., Kristensen P., et al. An alternatively spliced variant of mRNA for the human receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. FEBS 326 (1993) 69-74
105. Soravia E., Grebe A., De Luca P., Helin K., Suh T.T., and Degen J.L. A conserved TATA-less proximal promoter drives basal transcription from the urokinase-plasminogen activator receptor gene. Blood 86 (1995) 624-635
106. Means A.L., and Farnham P.J. Transcription initiation from the dihydrofolate reductase promoter is positioned by HIP1 binding at the initiation site. Mol Cell Biol 10 2 (1990) 653-661
107. Suh T., Nerlov K., Dano K., and Degen J.L. The murine urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene. J Biol Chem 269 42 (1994) 25992-25998
108. Lengyel E., Wang H., Gum R., Simon C., Wang Y., and Boyd D. Elevated urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor expression in a colon cancer cell line is due to a constitutively activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1-dependent signaling cascade. Oncogene 14 (1997) 2563-2573
109. Allgayer H., Wang H., Wang Y., Heiss M.M., Bauer R., Nyormoi O., et al. Transactivation of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor gene through a novel promoter motif bound with an activator-protein-2α-related factor. J Biol Chem 274 8 (1999) 4702-4714
110. Boyd D. Examination of the effects of epidermal growth factor on the production of urokinase and the expression of the plasminogen activator receptor in a human colon cancer cell line. Cancer Res 49 (1989) 2427-2432
111. Mandriota S.J., Seghezzi G., Vassalli J.D., Ferrara N., Wasi S., Mazzieri R., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor increases urokinase receptor expression in vascular endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 270 17 (1995) 9709-9716
112. Ando Y., and Jensen P.J. Protein kinase C mediates upregulation of urokinase and its receptor in the migrating keratinocytes of wounded cultures, but urokinase is not required for movement across a substratum in vitro. J Cell Physiol 167 (1996) 500-511
113. Li C., Liu J.N., and Gurewich V. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator-induced monocyte adhesion requires a carboxyl-terminal lysine and cAMP-dependent signal transduction. J Biol Chem 270 51 (1995) 30282-30285
114. Muller S.M., Okan E., and Jones P. Regulation of urokinase receptor transcription by Ras- and Rho-family GTPhases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 270 (2000) 892-898
115. Okan E., Drewett V., Shaw P.E., and Jones P. The small-GTPase Ra1A activates transcription of the urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) gene via an AP1-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 15 (2001) 1816-1824
116. Allgayer H., Wang H., Shirasawa S., Sasazuki T., and Boyd D.D. Targeted disruption of K-ras oncogene in an invasive cancer cell line down-regulates urokinase receptor expression and plasminogen-dependent proteolysis. Br J Cancer 80 12 (1999) 1884-1891
117. Allgayer H., Boyd D.D., Heiss M.M., Curley S.A., and Gallick G.E. Elevated Src kinase activity in primary colorectal cancer is a biological indicator of poor clinical prognosis. Cancer 94 (2002) 344-351
118. Boyd D.D., Wang H., Avila H., Parikh N.U., Kessler H., Magdolen V., et al. Combination of an SRC kinase inhibitor with a novel pharmacological antagonist of the urokinase receptor diminishes in vitro colon cancer invasiveness. Clin Cancer Res 10 4 (2004) 1545-1555
119. Wang Y., Dang J., Wang H., Allgayer H., Murrell G.A.C., and Boyd D. Identification of a novel nuclear factor-kappaB sequence involved in expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor. Eur J Biochem 267 (2000) 3248-3254
120. Wang H., Yang L., Jamaluddin M.S., and Boyd D.D. The Kruppel-like KLF4 transcription factor, a novel regulator of urokinase receptor expression, drives synthesis of this binding site in colonic crypt luminal surface epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 279 21 (2004) 22674-22683
121. Hapke S., Gawaz M., Dehne K., Köhler J., Marshall J.F., Graeff H., et al. β3A-integrin downregulates the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (u-PAR) through a PEA2/ets transcriptional silencing element in the u-PAR promoter. Mol Cell Biol 6 (2001) 2118-2132
122. Cmarik J.L., Min H., Hegamyer G., Zhan S., Kulesz-Martin M., Yoshinaga H., et al. Differentially expressed protein Pdcd4 inhibits tumour promoter-induced neoplastic transformation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 24 (1999) 14037-14042
123. Hsu T.C., Young M.R., Cmarik J., and Colburn N.H. Activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB-dependent transcriptional events in carcinogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 28 9 (2000) 1338-1348
124. Leupold J.H., Colburn N.H., Yang H., Lengyel E., Schildberg F.W., Heiss M.M., et al. First evidence for the new tumour suppressor Pdcd4 as a regulator of u-PAR, an invasion-related gene. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 43 (2002) 622
125. Wang H., Hicks J., Khanbolooki P., Kim S.J., Yan C., Wang Y., et al. Transgenic mice demonstrate novel promoter regions for tissue-specific expression of the urokinase receptor gene. Am J Pathol 163 2 (2003) 453-464
126. Schewe D., Heiss M.M., Boyd D.D., Wang H., Lengyel E., Hornung H.M., et al. Transcription factor binding to region -152/-135 of the urokinase receptor (u-PAR) gene. First analysis of a clinical relevance in gastrointestinal carcinomas. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 42 (2001) 618
127. Allgayer H., Wang H., Gallick G.E., Crabtree A., Mazar A., Jones T., et al. Transcriptional induction of the urokinase-receptor (u-PAR) gene by a constitutively active Src: requirement of an upstream motif (-152/-135) bound with Sp1. J Biol Chem 274 26 (1999) 18428-18437
128. Renatus M., Bode W., Huber R., Sturzebecher J., and Stubbs M.T. Structural and functional analyses of benzamidine-based inhibitors in complex with trypsin: implications for the inhibition of factor Xa, tPA, and urokinase. J Med Chem 31;41 27 (1998) 5445-5456
129. Mignatti P., Mazzieri R., and Rifkin D.B. Expression of the urokinase receptor in vascular endothelial cells is stimulated by basic fibroblast growth factor. J Cell Biol 113 5 (1991) 1193-1201
130. Wilhelm O., Weidle U., Höhl S., Rettenberger P., Schmitt M., and Graeff H. Recombinant soluble urokinase receptor as a scavenger for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). Inhibition of proliferation and invasion of human ovarian cancer cells. FEBS Lett 337 (1994) 131-134
131. Ossowski L., and Reich E. Antibodies to plasminogen activator inhibit human tumour metastasis. Cell 35 (1983) 611-619
132. Llinas P., Le Du M.H., Gardsvoll H., Dano K., Ploug M., Gilquin B., et al. Crystal structure of the human urokinase plasminogen activator receptor bound to an antagonist peptide. EMBO J 24 9 (2005) 1655-1663
133. Schewe D.M., Biller M., Maurer G., Asangani I.A., Leupold J.H., Lengyel E.R., et al. Combination analysis of activator protein-1 family members, Sp1 and an activator protein-2α-related factor binding to different regions of the urokinase receptor gene in resected colorectal cancers. Clin Cancer Res 11 24 (2005) 8538-8548