Endometriosis as a model for inflammation-hormone interactions in ovarian and breast cancers

European Journal of Cancer

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 691-703

  Ness, Roberta B ^a,b,c   Modugno, Francesmary ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH GRADUATE SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Endometriosis; Inflammation; Oestrogen; Ovarian cancer; Progesterone

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANDROGEN; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; AUTACOID; CYTOKINE; DANAZOL; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTRONE; GELATINASE A; GESTAGEN; GONADORELIN AGONIST; IBUPROFEN; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 6 RECEPTOR; INTERLEUKIN 8; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PROGESTERONE; SEX HORMONE;

ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; DRUG SAFETY; ENDOMETRIOSIS; ENZYME SYNTHESIS; HORMONAL CARCINOGENESIS; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; MUTAGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; OXIDATIVE STRESS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; TH2 CELL; TUMOR GROWTH;

BREAST NEOPLASMS; CYTOKINES; ENDOMETRIOSIS; FEMALE; HORMONES; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; OVARIAN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 33646116070     PISSN: 09598049     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.009     Document Type: Article

References (269)

1. Ames B.N., Gold L.S., and Willet W.C. The causes and prevention of cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 (1995) 5258-5265
2. O'Byrne K.J., and Dalgleish A.G. Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 85 (2001) 473-483
3. Balkwill F., and Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet 357 (2001) 539-545
4. Edwards J.G., Abrams K.R., Leverment J.N., Spyt T.J., Waller D.A., and O'Byrne K.J. Prognostic factors for malignant mesothelioma in 142 patients: validation of CALGB and EORTC prognostic scoring systems. Thorax 55 (2000) 731-735
5. Monson R.R., Yen S., and MacMahon B. Chronic mastitis and carcinoma of the breast. Lancet 2 (1976) 224-226
6. Ness R.B., Grisso J.A., Cottreau C., et al. Factors related to inflammation of the ovarian epithelium and risk of ovarian cancer. Epidemiology 11 (2000) 111-117
7. Ness R.B., and Cottreau C. Possible role of ovarian epithelial inflammation in ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91 (1999) 1459-1467
8. Cibere J., Sibley J., and Haga M. Rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of malignancy. Arthritis Rheum 40 (1997) 1580-1586
9. Brinton L.A., Gridley G., Persson I., Baron J., and Bergqvist A. Cancer risk after a hospital discharge diagnosis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 176 (1997) 572-579
10. Brinton L.A., Lamb E.J., Moghissi K.S., et al. Ovarian cancer risk associated with varying causes of infertility. Fertil Steril 82 (2004) 405-414
11. Duczman L., and Ballweg M.L. Endometriosis and cancer: what is the connection? vol. 20 (1999), Endometriosis Association Newsletter, Milwaukee (WIS)
12. Ness R.B., Cramer D.W., Goodman M.T., et al. Infertility, fertility drugs, and ovarian cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 155 (2002) 217-224
13. Cahill D.J., and Hull M.G. Pituitary-ovarian dysfunction and endometriosis. Hum Reprod Update 6 (2000) 56-66
14. Modugno F., Ness R.B., Allen G.O., Schildkraut J.M., Davis F.G., and Goodman M.T. Oral contraceptive use, reproductive history, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in women with and without endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191 (2004) 733-740
15. Schairer C., Persson I., Falkeborn M., Naessen T., Troisi R., and Brinton L.A. Breast cancer risk associated with gynecologic surgery and indications for such surgery. Int J Cancer 70 (1997) 150-154
16. Rossing M.A., Daling J.R., Weiss N.S., Moore D.E., and Self S.G. Ovarian tumors in a cohort of infertile women. New Engl J Med 331 (1994) 771-776
17. Ron E., Lunenfeld B., Menczer J., et al. Cancer incidence in a cohort of infertile women. Am J Epidemiol 125 (1987) 780-790
18. Venn A., Watson L., Lumley J., Giles G., King C., and Healy D. Breast and ovarian cancer incidence after infertility and in vitro fertilization. Lancet 346 (1995) 995-1000
19. Olson J.E., Cerhan J.R., Janney C.A., Anderson K.E., Vachon C.M., and Sellers T.A. Postmenopausal cancer risk after self-reported endometriosis diagnosis in the Iowa women's health study. Cancer 94 (2002) 1612-1618
20. Chang C.K., Chen P., Leu F.J., and Lou S.M. Florid polypoid endometriosis exacerbated by tamoxifen therapy in breast cancer. Obstet Gynecol 102 (2003) 1127-1130
21. Bese T., Simsek Y., Bese N., Ilvan S., and Arvas M. Extensive pelvic endometriosis with malignant change in tamoxifen-treated postmenopausal women. Int J Gynecol Cancer 13 (2003) 376-380
22. Heaps J.M., Nieberg R.K., and Berek J.S. Malignant neoplasms arising in endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 75 (1990) 1023-1028
23. Sainz de la Cuesta R., Eichhorn J.H., Rice L.W., Fuller Jr. A.F., Nikrui N., and Goff B.A. Histologic transformation of benign endometriosis to early epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 60 (1996) 238-244
24. Vercellini P., Parazzini F., Bolis G., et al. Endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169 (1993) 181-182
25. LaGrenade A., and Silverberg S.G. Ovarian tumors associated with atypical endometriosis. Hum Pathol 19 (1988) 1080-1084
26. Moll U.M., Chumas J.C., Chalas E., and Mann W.J. Ovarian carcinoma arising in atypical endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 75 (1990) 537-539
27. Jimbo H., Yoshikawa H., Onda T., Yasugi T., Sakamoto A., and Taketani Y. Prevalence of ovarian endometriosis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 59 (1997) 245-250
28. DePriest P.D., Banks E.R., Powell D.E., et al. Endometrioid carcinoma of the ovary and endometriosis: the association in postmenopausal women. Gynecol Oncol 47 (1992) 71-75
29. Stern R.C., Dash R., Bentley R.C., Snyder M.J., Haney A.F., and Robboy S.J. Malignancy in endometriosis: frequency and comparison of ovarian and extraovarian types. Int J Gynecol Pathol 20 (2001) 133-139
30. Mostoufizadeh M., and Scully R.E. Malignant tumors arising in endometriosis. Clin Obstet Gynecol 23 (1980) 951-963
31. Sampson J.A. Endometrial carcinoma of the ovary arising in endometrial tissue in that organ. Arch Surg 10 (1925) 1-72
32. Hitti I.F., Glasberg S.S., and Lubicz S. Clear cell carcinoma arising in extraovarian endometriosis: report of three cases and review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 39 (1990) 314-320
33. Erzen M., and Kovacic J. Relationship between endometriosis and ovarian cancer. Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 19 (1998) 553-555
34. Friedlander M.L. Prognostic factors in ovarian cancer. Semin Oncol 25 (1998) 305-314
35. Fukunaga M., Nomura K., Ishikawa E., and Ushigome S. Ovarian atypical endometriosis: its close association with malignant epithelial tumours. Histopathology 30 (1997) 249-255
36. Yoshikawa H., Jimbo H., Okada S., et al. Prevalence of endometriosis in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Obstet Invest 50 (2000) 11-17
37. Christensen S., Hagen T.M., Shigenaga M.K., and Ames B.N. Chronic inflammation, mutation and cancer. Microbes and malignancy: infection as a cause of human cancers (1999), Oxford University Press, New York
38. Mosmann T.R., and Coffman R.L. TH1 and TH2 cells: different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annu Rev Immunol 7 (1989) 145-173
39. Sheng H., Shao J., Morrow J.D., Beauchamp R.D., and DuBois R.N. Modulation of apoptosis and Bcl-2 expression by prostaglandin E2 in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Res 58 (1998) 362-366
40. Qiao L., Kozoni V., Tsioulias G.J., et al. Selected eicosanoids increase the proliferation rate of human colon carcinoma cell lines and mouse colonocytes in vivo. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1258 (1995) 215-223
41. Taketo M.M. Cyclooxygenase nfl-2 inhibitors in tumorigenesis (part II). J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 1609-1620
42. Cross M.J., and Claesson-Welsh L. FGF and VEGF function in angiogenesis: signaling pathways, biological responses and therapeutic inhibition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22 (2001) 201-207
43. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nat Med 1 (1995) 27-31
44. Clerici M., Shearer G.M., and Clerici E. Cytokine dysregulation in invasive cervical carcinoma and other human neoplasias: time to consider the TH1/TH2 paradigm. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 261-263
45. Alshafie G.A., Harris R.E., Robertson F.M., Parrett M.L., Ross M., and Abou-Issa H. Comparative chemopreventive activity of ibuprofen and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide against the development and growth of rat mammary adenocarcinomas. Anticancer Res 19 (1999) 3031-3036
46. Ip M.M., Mazzer C., Watson D., and Ip C. The effect of eicosanoid synthesis inhibitors on DMBA-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 30 (1989) 182
47. Joarder F.S., Abou-Issa H., Robertson F.M., Parrett M.L., Alshafie G., and Harris R.E. Growth arrest of DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis with ibuprofen treatment in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 38 (1997) 370
48. Lee P.P., and Ip M.M. Regulation of proliferation of rat mammary tumor cells by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 45 (1992) 21-31
49. Steele V.E., Moon R.C., Lubet R.A., et al. Preclinical efficacy evaluation of potential chemopreventive agents in animal carcinogenesis models: methods and results from the NCI chemoprevention drug development program. J Cell Biochem Suppl 20 (1994) 32-54
50. Thun M.J., Namboodiri M.M., Calle E.E., Flanders W.D., and Heat Jr. C.W. Aspirin use and risk of fatal cancer. Cancer Res 53 (1993) 1322-1327
51. Harris R.E., Chlebowski R.T., Jackson R.D., et al. Breast cancer and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: prospective results from the women's health initiative. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 6096-6101
52. Terry M.B., Gammon M.D., Zhang F.F., et al. Association of frequency and duration of aspirin use and hormone receptor status with breast cancer risk. J Am Med Assoc 291 (2004) 2433-2440
53. Coogan P.F., Rao S.R., Rosenberg L., et al. The relationship of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use to the risk of breast cancer. Prev Med 29 (1999) 72-76
54. Cotterchio M., Kreiger N., Sloan M., and Steingart A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 10 (2001) 1213-1217
55. Egan K.M., Stampfer M.J., Giovannucci E., Rosner B.A., and Colditz G.A. Prospective study of regular aspirin use and the risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88 (1996) 988-993
56. Gridley G., McLaughlin J.K., Ekbom A., et al. Incidence of cancer among patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Natl Cancer Inst 85 (1993) 307-311
57. Harris R.E., Namboodiri K.K., and Farrar W.B. Epidemiologic study of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2 (1995) 591-592
58. Harris R.E., Namboodiri K.K., and Farrar W.B. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Epidemiology 7 (1996) 203-205
59. Harris R.E., Kasbari S., and Farrar W.B. Prospective study of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and breast cancer. Oncol Rep 6 (1999) 71-73
60. Johnson T.J., Anderson K.I., Lazovich D., and Folsom A.R. Association of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use with incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 42 (2001) 763
61. Khuder S.A., and Mutgi A.B. Breast cancer and NSAID use: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 84 (2001) 1188-1192
62. Langman M.J., Cheng K.K., Gilman E.A., and Lancashire R.J. Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case-control study in general practice research database. Br Med J 320 (2000) 1642-1646
63. Neugut A.I., Rosenberg D.J., Ahsan H., et al. Association between coronary heart disease and cancers of the breast, prostate, and colon. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 7 (1998) 869-873
64. Paganini-Hill A., Chao A., Ross R.K., and Henderson B.E. Aspirin use and chronic diseases: a cohort study of the elderly. Br Med J 299 (1989) 1247-1250
65. Rosenberg L. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cancer. Prev Med 24 (1995) 107-109
66. Schreinemachers D.M., and Everson R.B. Aspirin use and lung, colon, and breast cancer incidence in a prospective study. Epidemiology 5 (1994) 138-146
67. Sharpe C.R., Collet J.P., McNutt M., Belzile E., Boivin J.F., and Hanley J.A. Nested case-control study of the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on breast cancer risk and stage. Br J Cancer 83 (2000) 112-120
68. Harris R.E., Namboodiri K., Stellman S.D., and Wynder E.L. Breast cancer and NSAID use: heterogeneity of effect in a case-control study. Prev Med 24 (1995) 119-120
69. Velicer C.M., Heckbert S.R., Lampe J.W., Potter J.D., Robertson C.A., and Taplin S.H. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. J Am Med Assoc 291 (2004) 827-835
70. Ness R.B., and Cauley J.A. Antibiotics and breast cancer - what's the meaning of this?. J Am Med Assoc 291 (2004) 880-881
71. Palmieri C., Roberts-Clark D., Assadi-Sabet A., et al. Fibroblast growth factor 7, secreted by breast fibroblasts, is an interleukin-1beta-induced paracrine growth factor for human breast cells. J Endocrinol 177 (2003) 65-81
72. Nozaki S., Sledge Jr. G.W., and Nakshatri H. Cancer cell-derived interleukin 1alpha contributes to autocrine and paracrine induction of pro-metastatic genes in breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 275 (2000) 60-62
73. Rawdanowicz T.J., Hampton A.L., Nagase H., Woolley D.E., and Salamonsen L.A. Matrix metalloproteinase production by cultured human endometrial stromal cells: identification of interstitial collagenase, gelatinase-A, gelatinase-B, and stromelysin-1 and their differential regulation by interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79 (1994) 530-536
74. Knupfer H., Schmidt R., Stanitz D., Brauckhoff M., Schonfelder M., and Preiss R. CYP2C and IL-6 expression in breast cancer. Breast 13 (2004) 28-34
75. Kozlowski L., Zakrzewska I., Tokajuk P., and Wojtukiewicz M.Z. Concentration of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in blood serum of breast cancer patients. Rocz Akad Med Bialymst 48 (2003) 82-84
76. Lin Y., Huang R., Chen L., et al. Identification of interleukin-8 as estrogen receptor-regulated factor involved in breast cancer invasion and angiogenesis by protein arrays. Int J Cancer 109 (2004) 507-515
77. Sohn B.H., Moon H.B., Kim T.Y., et al. Interleukin-10 upregulates tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene expression in mammary epithelial cells at the involution stage. Biochem J 360 (2001) 31-38
78. Galbraith G.M., Steed R.B., Sanders J.J., and Pandey J.P. Tumor necrosis factor alpha production by oral leukocytes: influence of tumor necrosis factor genotype. J Periodontol 69 (1998) 428-433
79. Grove J., Daly A.K., Bassendine M.F., and Day C.P. Association of a tumor necrosis factor promoter polymorphism with susceptibility to alcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 26 (1997) 143-146
80. Huang D.R., Pirskanen R., Matell G., and Lefvert A.K. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha polymorphism and secretion in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 94 (1999) 165-171
81. Kroeger K.M., Steer J.H., Joyce D.A., and Abraham L.J. Effects of stimulus and cell type on the expression of the -308 tumour necrosis factor promoter polymorphism. Cytokine 12 (2000) 110-119
82. Maurer M., Kruse N., Giess R., Kyriallis K., Toyka K.V., and Rieckmann P. Gene polymorphism at position -308 of the tumor necrosis factor alpha promotor is not associated with disease progression in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol 246 (1999) 949-954
83. Obayashi H., Nakamura N., Fukui M., et al. Influence of TNF microsatellite polymorphisms (TNFa) on age-at-onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Hum Immunol 60 (1999) 974-978
84. Chouchane L., Ahmed S.B., Baccouche S., and Remadi S. Polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotor region and in the heat shock protein 70 genes associated with malignant tumors. Cancer 80 (1997) 1489-1496
85. Ziv E., Cauley J., Morin P.A., Saiz R., and Browner W.S. Association between T29 → C polymorphism in the transforming growth factor beta1 gene and breast cancer among elderly women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Med Assoc 285 (2001) 2859-2863
86. Fathalla M.F. Incessant ovulation - a factor in ovarian neoplasia?. Lancet 2 (1971) 163
87. Murdoch W.J. Ovarian surface epithelium, ovulation and carcinogenesis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 71 (1996) 529-543
88. Auersperg N., Maines-Bandiera S.L., and Dyck H.G. Ovarian carcinogenesis and the biology of ovarian surface epithelium. J Cell Physiol 173 (1997) 261-265
89. Booth M., Beral V., and Smith P. Risk factors for ovarian cancer: a case-control study. Br J Cancer 60 (1989) 592-598
90. Hartge P., Hoover R., Lesher L.P., and McGowan L. Talc and ovarian cancer. J Am Med Assoc 250 (1983) 1844
91. Cook L.S., Kamb M.L., and Weiss N.S. Perineal powder exposure and the risk of ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 145 (1997) 459-465
92. Cramer D.W., Welch W.R., Scully R.E., and Wojciechowski C.A. Ovarian cancer and talc: a case-control study. Cancer 50 (1982) 372-376
93. Harlow B.L., Cramer D.W., Bell D.A., and Welch W.R. Perineal exposure to talc and ovarian cancer risk. Obstet Gynecol 80 (1992) 19-26
94. Whittemore A.S., Wu M.L., and Paffenbarger Jr. R.S. Personal and environmental characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. II. Exposures to talcum powder, tobacco, alcohol, and coffee. Am J Epidemiol 128 (1988) 1228-1240
95. Tzonou A., Polychronopoulou A., Hsieh C.C., Rebelakos A., Karakatsani A., and Trichopoulos D. Hair dyes, analgesics, tranquilizers and perineal talc application as risk factors for ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 55 (1993) 408-410
96. Risch H.A., and Howe G.R. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4 (1995) 447-451
97. Ness R.B., Goodman M.T., Shen C., and Brunham R.C. Serologic evidence of past infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, in relation to ovarian cancer. J Infect Des 187 (2003) 1147-1152
98. Rodriguez-Burford C., Barnes M.N., Oelschlager D.K., et al. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) on ovarian carcinoma cell lines: preclinical evaluation of NSAIDs as chemopreventive agents. Clin Cancer Res 8 (2002) 202-209
99. Akhmedkhanov A., Toniolo P., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Kato I., Koenig K.L., and Shore R.E. Aspirin and epithelial ovarian cancer. Prev Med 33 (2001) 682-687
100. Tzonou A., Day N.E., Trichopoulos D., et al. The epidemiology of ovarian cancer in Greece: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 20 (1984) 1045-1052
101. Cramer D.W., Harlow B.L., Titus-Ernstoff L., Bohlke K., Welch W.R., and Greenberg E.R. Over-the-counter analgesics and risk of ovarian cancer. Lancet 351 (1998) 104-107
102. Cramer DW. Hormonal and dietary factors - potential for chemopreventive of ovarian cancer. Pittsburgh, 2002.
103. Rosenberg L., Palmer J.R., Rao R.S., et al. A case-control study of analgesic use and ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 9 (2000) 933-937
104. Naylor M.S., Stamp G.W., Foulkes W.D., Eccles D., and Balkwill F.R. Tumor necrosis factor and its receptors in human ovarian cancer. Potential role in disease progression. J Clin Invest 91 (1993) 2194-2206
105. Burke F., Relf M., Negus R., and Balkwill F. A cytokine profile of normal and malignant ovary. Cytokine 8 (1996) 578-585
106. Asschert J.G., Vellenga E., Ruiters M.H., and de Vries E.G. Regulation of spontaneous and TNF/IFN-induced IL-6 expression in two human ovarian-carcinoma cell lines. Int J Cancer 82 (1999) 244-249
107. Punnonen R., Teisala K., Kuoppala T., Bennett B., and Punnonen J. Cytokine production profiles in the peritoneal fluids of patients with malignant or benign gynecologic tumors. Cancer 83 (1998) 788-796
108. Fujii A., Harada T., Yamauchi N., et al. Interleukin-8 gene and protein expression are upregulated by interleukin-1beta in normal human ovarian cells and a granulose tumor cell line. Fertil Steril 79 (2003) 151-157
109. Toutirais O., Chartier P., Dubois D., et al. Constitutive expression of TGF-beta1, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 by tumor cells as a major component of immune escape in human ovarian carcinoma. Eur Cytokine Netw 14 (2003) 246-255
110. Abdollahi T., Robertson N.M., Abdollahi A., and Litwack G. Identification of interleukin 8 as an inhibitor of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in the ovarian carcinoma cell line OVCAR3. Cancer Res 63 (2003) 4521-4526
111. Xu L., and Fidler I.J. Interleukin 8: an autocrine growth factor for human ovarian cancer. Oncol Res 12 (2000) 97-106
112. Gotlieb W.H., Abrams J.S., Watson J.M., Velu T.J., Berek J.S., and Martinez-Maza O. Presence of interleukin 10 (IL-10) in the ascites of patients with ovarian and other intra-abdominal cancers. Cytokine 4 (1992) 385-390
113. Loercher A.E., Nash M.A., Kavanagh J.J., Platscoucas C.D., and Freedman R.S. Identification of an IL-10-producing HLA-DR-negative monocyte subset in the malignant ascites of patients with ovarian carcinoma that inhibits cytokine protein expression and proliferation of autologous T cells. J Immunol 163 (1999) 6251-6260
114. Pisa P., Halapi E., Pisa E.K., et al. Selective expression of interleukin 10, interferon gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in ovarian cancer biopsies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89 (1992) 7708-7712
115. Gorelik E, Landsittel DP, Marrangoni AM, et al. Novel serum multianalyte immunobead diagnostic assay, MIDAS, for early detection of ovarian cancer. 2004, in press.
116. Danis V.A., Millington M., Hyland V.J., and Grennan D. Cytokine production by normal human monocytes: inter-subject variation and relationship to an IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism. Clin Exp Immunol 99 (1995) 303-310
117. Hurme M., and Santtila S. IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels are co-ordinately regulated by both IL-1Ra and IL-1beta genes. Eur J Immunol 28 (1998) 2598-2602
118. Tarlow J.K., Blakemore A.I., Lennard A., et al. Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 is caused by variable numbers of an 86-bp tandem repeat. Hum Genet 91 (1993) 403-404
119. Sehouli J., Mustea A., Koensgen D., and Lichtenegger W. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism in epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12 (2003) 1205-1208
120. Malik S.T., Griffin D.B., Fiers W., and Balkwill F.R. Paradoxical effects of tumour necrosis factor in experimental ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 44 (1989) 918-925
121. Moore J.W., Clark G.M., Hoare S.A., et al. Binding of oestradiol to blood proteins and aetiology of breast cancer. Int J Cancer 38 (1986) 625-630
122. Colditz G.A. Relationship between estrogen levels, use of hormone replacement therapy, and breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 814-823
123. Toniolo P.G., Levitz M., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., et al. A prospective study of endogenous estrogens and breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (1995) 190-197
124. Dorgan J.F., Longcope C., Stephenson Jr. H.E., et al. Relation of prediagnostic serum estrogen and androgen levels to breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5 (1996) 533-539
125. Berrino F., Muti P., Micheli A., et al. Serum sex hormone levels after menopause and subsequent breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 88 (1996) 291-296
126. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., et al. Plasma sex steroid hormone levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 (1998) 1292-1299
127. Hulka B.S., and Stark A.T. Breast cancer: cause and prevention. Lancet 346 (1995) 883-887
128. Key T., Appleby P., Barnes I., and Reeves G. Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Endogenous sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of nine prospective studies. JNCI Cancer Spectrum 94 (2002) 606-616
129. Hankinson S.E., Willett W.C., Manson J.E., et al. Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 87 (1995) 1297-1302
130. Beral V. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Lancet 350 (1997) 1047-1059
131. Cauley J.A., Lucas F.L., Kuller L.H., Vogt M.T., Browner W.S., and Cummings S.R. Bone mineral density and risk of breast cancer in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Med Assoc 276 (1996) 1404-1408
132. Buist D.S.M., LaCroix A.Z., Barlow W.E., White E., and Weiss N.S. Bone mineral density and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. J Clinical Epidemiology 54 (2001) 417-422
133. Chlebowski R.T., Hendrix S.L., Langer R.D., et al. Influence of estrogen plus progestin on breast cancer and mammography in healthy postmenopausal women: the women's health initiative randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 289 (2003) 3243-3253
134. Anderson G.L., Limacher M., Assaf A.R., et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women: the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 291 (2004) 1701-1712
135. Ross R.K., Paganini-Hill A., Wan P.C., and Pike M.C. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer risk: estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin. J Natl Cancer Inst 92 (2000) 328-332
136. Pike M.C., Spicer D.V., Dahmoush L., and Press M.F. Estrogens, progestogens, normal breast cell proliferation, and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 15 (1993) 17-35
137. Wang D.Y., Allen D.S., De Stavola B.L., et al. Urinary androgens and breast cancer risk: results from a long-term prospective study based in Guernsey. Br J Cancer 82 (2000) 1577-1584
138. Thomas H.V., Key T.J., Allen D.S., et al. A prospective study of endogenous serum hormone concentrations and breast cancer risk in post-menopausal women on the island of Guernsey. Br J Cancer 76 (1997) 401-405
139. Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A., Bruning P.F., Bonfrer J.M., et al. Relation of serum levels of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 145 (1997) 1030-1038
140. Cauley J.A., Lucas F.L., Kuller L.H., Stone K., Browner W., and Cummings S.R. Elevated serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations are associated with a high risk for breast cancer. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Ann Intern Med 130 (1999) 270-277
141. Wysowski D.K., Comstock G.W., Helsing K.J., and Lau H.L. Sex hormone levels in serum in relation to the development of breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 125 (1987) 791-799
142. Garland C.F., Friedlander N.J., Barrett-Connor E., and Khaw K.T. Sex hormones and postmenopausal breast cancer: a prospective study in an adult community. Am J Epidemiol 135 (1992) 1220-1230
143. Lillie E.O., Bernstein L., and Ursin G. The role of androgens and polymorphisms in the androgen receptor in the epidemiology of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 5 (2003) 164-173
144. Secreto G., Recchione C., Ballerini P., et al. Accumulation of active androgens in breast cyst fluids. Eur J Cancer 27 (1991) 44-47
145. Lipworth L., Adami H.O., Trichopoulos D., Carlstrom K., and Mantzoros C. Serum steroid hormone levels, sex hormone-binding globulin, and body mass index in the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology 7 (1996) 96-100
146. Mori M., Harabuchi I., Miyake H., Casagrande J.T., Henderson B.E., and Ross R.K. Reproductive, genetic, and dietary risk factors for ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 128 (1988) 771-777
147. Wynder E.L., Dodo H., and Barber H.R. Epidemiology of cancer of the ovary. Cancer 23 (1969) 352-370
148. Voigt L.F., Harlow B.L., and Weiss N.S. The influence of age at first birth and parity on ovarian cancer risk. Am J Epidemiol 124 (1986) 490-491
149. Risch H.A., Weiss N.S., Lyon J.L., Daling J.R., and Liff J.M. Events of reproductive life and the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 117 (1983) 128-139
150. Nasca P.C., Greenwald P., Chorost S., Richart R., and Caputo T. An epidemiologic case-control study of ovarian cancer and reproductive factors. Am J Epidemiol 119 (1984) 705-713
151. La Vecchia C., Decarli A., Franceschi S., Regallo M., and Tognoni G. Age at first birth and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 73 (1984) 663-666
152. Franceschi S., La Vecchia C., Helmrich S.P., Mangioni C., and Tognoni G. Risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer in Italy. Am J Epidemiol 115 (1982) 714-719
153. Kvale G., Heuch I., Nilssen S., and Beral V. Reproductive factors and risk of ovarian cancer: a prospective study. Int J Cancer 42 (1988) 246-251
154. Mori M., Kiyosawa H., and Miyake H. Case-control study of ovarian cancer in Japan. Cancer 53 (1984) 2746-2752
155. Rosenberg L., Shapiro S., Slone D., et al. Epithelial ovarian cancer and combination oral contraceptives. J Am Med Assoc 247 (1982) 3210-3212
156. Casagrande J.T., Louie E.W., Pike M.C., Roy S., Ross R.K., and Henderson B.E. 'Incessant ovulation' and ovarian cancer. Lancet 2 (1979) 170-173
157. Hildreth N.G., Kelsey J.L., LiVolsi V.A., et al. An epidemiologic study of epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Am J Epidemiol 114 (1981) 398-405
158. Gwinn M.L., Lee N.C., Rhodes P.H., Layde P.M., and Rubin G.L. Pregnancy, breast feeding, and oral contraceptives and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 43 (1990) 559-568
159. McGowan L., Parent L., Lednar W., and Norris H.J. The woman at risk for developing ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 7 (1979) 325-344
160. Newhouse M.L., Pearson R.M., Fullerton J.M., Boesen E.A., and Shannon H.S. A case control study of carcinoma of the ovary. Br J Prev Soc Med 31 (1977) 148-153
161. Risch H.A. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 63 (1996) 254-257
162. Risch H.A., Marrett L.D., and Howe G.R. Parity, contraception, infertility, and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 140 (1994) 585-597
163. Cramer D.W., Hutchison G.B., Welch W.R., Scully R.E., and Ryan K.J. Determinants of ovarian cancer risk. I. Reproductive experiences and family history. J Natl Cancer Inst 71 (1983) 711-716
164. Wu M.L., Whittemore A.S., Paffenbarger Jr. R.S., et al. Personal and environmental characteristics related to epithelial ovarian cancer. I. Reproductive and menstrual events and oral contraceptive use. Am J Epidemiol 128 (1988) 1216-1227
165. Joly D.J., Lilienfeld A.M., Diamond E.L., and Bross I.D. An epidemiologic study of the relationship of reproductive experience to cancer of the ovary. Am J Epidemiol 99 (1974) 190-209
166. Yen S.S. Endocrinology of pregnancy. In: Creasy R.K., and Resnik R. (Eds). Maternal-fetal medicine: principles and practice (1994), Saunders, Philadelphia 382-412
167. King R.J. Biology of female sex hormone action in relation to contraceptive agents and neoplasia. Contraception 43 (1991) 527-542
168. Rosenberg L., Palmer J.R., Zauber A.G., et al. A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Epidemiol 139 (1994) 654-661
169. Lacey Jr. J.V., Mink P.J., Lubin J.H., et al. Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and risk of ovarian cancer. J Am Med Assoc 288 (2002) 334-341
170. Anderson G.L., Judd H.L., Kaunitz A.M., et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on gynecologic cancers and associated diagnostic procedures: the women's health initiative randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 290 (2003) 1739-1748
171. Riman T., Dickman P.W., Nilsson S., et al. Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of invasive epithelial ovarian cancer in Swedish women. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (2002) 497-504
172. McNatty K.P., Makris A., Reinhold V.N., De Grazia C., Osathanondh R., and Ryan K.J. Metabolism of androstenedione by human ovarian tissues in vitro with particular reference to reductase and aromatase activity. Steroids 34 (1979) 429-443
173. Judd H.L., Judd G.E., Lucas W.E., and Yen S.S. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary: concentration of androgens and estrogens in ovarian and peripheral vein blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 39 (1974) 1020-1024
174. Lau K.M., Mok S.C., and Ho S.M. Expression of human estrogen receptor-alpha and -beta, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor mRNA in normal and malignant ovarian epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999) 5722-5727
175. Godwin A.K., Testa J.R., Handel L.M., et al. Spontaneous transformation of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells: association with cytogenetic changes and implications of repeated ovulation in the etiology of ovarian cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 84 (1992) 592-601
176. Browning M.C., and Anderson J. Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma testosterone concentration. Br Med J 1 (1977) 107
177. Murphy A., Cropp C.S., Smith B.S., Burkman R.T., and Zacur H.A. Effect of low-dose oral contraceptive on gonadotropins, androgens, and sex hormone binding globulin in nonhirsute women. Fertil Steril 53 (1990) 35-39
178. Van der Vange N., Blankenstein M.A., Kloosterboer H.J., Haspels A.A., and Thijssen J.H. Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone. Contraception 41 (1990) 345-352
179. Kuhnz W., Sostarek D., Gansau C., Louton T., and Mahler M. Single and multiple administration of a new triphasic oral contraceptive to women: pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and free and total testosterone levels in serum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165 (1991) 596-602
180. Helzlsouer K.J., Alberg A.J., Gordon G.B., et al. Serum gonadotropins and steroid hormones and the development of ovarian cancer. J Am Med Assoc 274 (1995) 1926-1930
181. Insler V., and Lunenfeld B. Pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian disease: new insights. Hum Reprod 6 (1991) 1025-1029
182. Abdel Gadir A., Khatim M.S., Mowafi R.S., Alnaser H.M., Muharib N.S., and Shaw R.W. Implications of ultrasonically diagnosed polycystic ovaries. I. Correlations with basal hormonal profiles. Hum Reprod 7 (1992) 453-457
183. Robinson S., Rodin D.A., Deacon A., Wheeler M.J., and Clayton R.N. Which hormone tests for the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome?. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99 (1992) 232-238
184. Schildkraut J.M., Schwingl P.J., Bastos E., Evanoff A., and Hughes C. Epithelial ovarian cancer risk among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 88 (1996) 549-554
185. Cottreau C.M., Ness R.B., Modugno F., Allen G.O., and Goodman M.T. Endometriosis and its treatment with danazol or lupron in relation to ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 5142-5144
186. Harada T., Iwabe T., and Terakawa N. Role of cytokines in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 76 (2001) 1-10
187. Nothnick W.B. Treating endometriosis as an autoimmune disease. Fertil Steril 76 (2001) 223-231
188. Gazvani R., and Templeton A. New considerations for the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 76 (2002) 117-126
189. Oosterlynck D.J., Cornillie F.J., Waer M., Vandeputte M., and Koninckx P.R. Women with endometriosis show a defect in natural killer activity resulting in a decreased cytotoxicity to autologous endometrium. Fertil Steril 56 (1991) 45-51
190. Wilson T.J., Hertzog P.J., Angus D., Munnery L., Wood E.C., and Kola I. Decreased natural killer cell activity in endometriosis patients: relationship to disease pathogenesis. Fertil Steril 62 (1994) 1086-1088
191. Ho H.N., Chao K.H., Chen H.F., Wu M.Y., Yang Y.S., and Lee T.Y. Peritoneal natural killer cytotoxicity and CD25+ CD3+ lymphocyte subpopulation are decreased in women with stage III-IV endometriosis. Hum Reprod 10 (1995) 2671-2675
192. Kikuchi Y., Ishikawa N., Hirata J., Imaizumi E., Sasa H., and Nagata I. Changes of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets before and after operation of patients with endometriosis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 72 (1993) 157-161
193. Haney A.F., Muscato J.J., and Weinberg J.B. Peritoneal fluid cell populations in infertility patients. Fertil Steril 35 (1981) 696-698
194. Halme J., Becker S., Hammond M.G., and Raj S. Pelvic macrophages in normal and infertile women: the role of patent tubes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142 (1982) 890-895
195. Halme J., Becker S., and Wing R. Accentuated cyclic activation of peritoneal macrophages in patients with endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 148 (1984) 85-90
196. Halme J., Becker S., and Haskill S. Altered maturation and function of peritoneal macrophages: possible role in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156 (1987) 783-789
197. Dunselman G.A., Hendrix M.G., Bouckaert P.X., and Evers J.L. Functional aspects of peritoneal macrophages in endometriosis of women. J Reprod Fertil 82 (1988) 707-710
198. Braun D.P., Muriana A., Gebel H., Rotman C., Rana N., and Dmowski W.P. Monocyte-mediated enhancement of endometrial cell proliferation in women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 61 (1994) 78-84
199. Oosterlynck D.J., Meuleman C., Waer M., and Koninckx P.R. Transforming growth factor-beta activity is increased in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol 83 (1994) 287-292
200. Akoum A., Lemay A., Paradis I., Rheault N., and Maheux R. Secretion of interleukin-6 by human endometriotic cells and regulation by proinflammatory cytokines and sex steroids. Hum Reprod 11 (1996) 2269-2275
201. Tseng J.F., Ryan I.P., Milam T.D., et al. Interleukin-6 secretion in vitro is upregulated in ectopic and eutopic endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81 (1996) 1118-1122
202. Tsudo T., Harada T., Iwabe T., et al. Altered gene expression and secretion of interleukin-6 in stromal cells derived from endometriotic tissues. Fertil Steril 73 (2000) 205-211
203. Kharfi A., Boucher A., and Akoum A. Abnormal interleukin-1 receptor type II gene expression in the endometrium of women with endometriosis. Biol Reprod 66 (2002) 401-406
204. McLaren J., Prentice A., Charnock-Jones D.S., and Smith S.K. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) concentrations are elevated in peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 11 (1996) 220-223
205. Oosterlynck D.J., Meuleman C., Sobis H., Vandeputte M., and Koninckx P.R. Angiogenic activity of peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis. Fertil Steril 59 (1993) 778-782
206. Rodgers W.H., Osteen K.G., Matrisian L.M., Navre M., Giudice L.C., and Gorstein F. Expression and localization of matrilysin, a matrix metalloproteinase, in human endometrium during the reproductive cycle. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168 (1993) 253-260
207. Gleicher N., el-Roeiy A., Confino E., and Friberg J. Is endometriosis an autoimmune disease?. Obstet Gynecol 70 (1987) 115-122
208. Sinaii N. Autoimmune and related diseases among women with endometriosis: a survey analysis. Hum Reprod 17 (2002) 2715-2724
209. Startseva N.V. Clinical immunological aspects of genital endometriosis. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 3 (1980) 23-26
210. Weed J.C., and Arquembourg P.C. Endometriosis: can it produce an autoimmune response resulting in infertility?. Clin Obstet Gynecol 23 (1980) 885-893
211. Mathur S., Peress M.R., Williamson H.O., et al. Autoimmunity to endometrium and ovary in endometriosis. Clin Exp Immunol 50 (1982) 259-266
212. el-Roeiy A., Dmowski W.P., Gleicher N., et al. Danazol but not gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists suppresses autoantibodies in endometriosis. Fertil Steril 50 (1988) 864-871
213. Kennedy S.H., Starkey P.M., Sargent I.L., Hicks B.R., and Barlow D.H. Antiendometrial antibodies in endometriosis measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after treatment with danazol and nafarelin. Obstet Gynecol 75 (1990) 914-918
214. Imai A., Takagi A., and Tamaya T. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog repairs reduced endometrial cell apoptosis in endometriosis in vitro. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182 (2000) 1142-1146
215. Cramer D.W., and Missmer S.A. The epidemiology of endometriosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 955 (2002) 11-22
216. Cramer D.W., Wilson E., Stillman R.J., et al. The relation of endometriosis to menstrual characteristics, smoking, and exercise. J Am Med Assoc 255 (1986) 1904-1908
217. Matorras R., Rodiquez F., Pijoan J.I., Ramon O., Gutierrez de Teran G., and Rodriguez-Escudero F. Epidemiology of endometriosis in infertile women. Fertil Steril 63 (1995) 34-38
218. Moen M.H., and Schei B. Epidemiology of endometriosis in a Norwegian county. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76 (1997) 559-562
219. Berube S., Marcoux S., and Maheux R. Characteristics related to the prevalence of minimal or mild endometriosis in infertile women. Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis. Epidemiology 9 (1998) 504-510
220. Grodstein F., Goldman M.B., Ryan L., and Cramer D.W. Relation of female infertility to consumption of caffeinated beverages. Am J Epidemiol 137 (1993) 1353-1360
221. Parazzini F., La Vecchia C., Negri E., and Gentile A. Menstrual factors and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer. J Clin Epidemiol 42 (1989) 443-448
222. Sangi-Haghpeykar H. Epidemiology of endometriosis to menstrual characteristics, smoking, and exercise. J Am Med Assoc 255 (1986) 1904-1908
223. Obermeyer C.M., Armenian H.K., and Azoury R. Endometriosis in Lebanon. Am J Epidemiol 124 (1986) 762-765
224. Parazzini F., Ferraroni M., Fedele L., Bocciolone L., Rubessa S., and Riccardi A. Pelvic endometriosis: reproductive and menstrual risk factors at different stages in Lombardy, northern Italy. J Epidemiol Community Health 49 (1995) 61-64
225. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio dell' endometriosi. Risk factors for pelvic endometriosis in women with pelvic pain or infertility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1999;83:195-99.
226. Signorello L.B., Harlow B.L., Cramer D.W., Spiegelman D., and Hill J.A. Epidemiologic determinants of endometriosis: a hospital-based case-control study. Ann Epidemiol 7 (1997) 267-274
227. Hadfield R.M., Yudkin P.L., Coe C.L., et al. Risk factors for endometriosis in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta): a case-control study. Hum Reprod Update 3 (1997) 109-115
228. Zeitoun K.M., and Bulun S.E. Aromatase: a key molecule in the pathophysiology of endometriosis and a therapeutic target. Fertil Steril 72 (1999) 961-969
229. Bulun S.E., Mahendroo M.S., and Simpson E.R. Polymerase chain reaction amplification fails to detect aromatase cytochrome P450 transcripts in normal human endometrium or decidua. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76 (1993) 1458-1463
230. Casey M.L., and MacDonald P.C. Origin of estrogen and the regulation of estrogen formation in postmenopausal women. In: Buchsbaum J.H. (Ed). The menopause (1983), Springer-Verlag, New York 1-8
231. MacDonald P.C., Rombaut R.P., and Siiteri P.K. Plasma precursors of estrogen. I. Extent of conversion of plasma delta-4-androstenedione to estrone in normal males and nonpregnant normal, castrate and adrenalectomized females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 27 (1967) 1103-1111
232. Wu L., Einstein M., Geissler W.M., Chan H.K., Elliston K.O., and Andersson S. Expression cloning and characterization of human. J Biol Chem 268 (1993) 12964-12969
233. Labrie Y., Durocher F., Lachance Y., et al. The human type II 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase gene encodes two alternatively spliced mRNA species. DNA Cell Biol 14 (1995) 849-861
234. Andersson S., and Moghbrabi N. Physiology and molecular genetics of 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Steroids 62 (1997) 143-147
235. Zeitoun K., Takayama K., Sasano H., et al. Deficient 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 expression in endometriosis: failure to metabolize 17 beta-estradiol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 4474-4480
236. Halme J., and Stovall D. Endometriosis and its medical management. In: Wallach E.E., and Zacur H.A. (Eds). Reproductive medicine and surgery (1995), Mosby, St Louis 692-710
237. Osteen K.G., Bruner K.L., and Sharpe-Timms K.L. Steroid and growth factor regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression and endometriosis. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 14 (1996) 247-255
238. Bruner-Tran K.L., Rier S.E., Eisenberg E., and Osteen K.G. The potential role of environmental toxins in the pathophysiology of endometriosis. Gynecol Obstet Invest 48 (1999) 45-56
239. Huang J.C., Liu D.Y., Yadollahi S., Wu K.K., and Dawood M.Y. Interleukin-1 beta induces cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression in cultured endometrial stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83 (1998) 538-541
240. Noble L.S., Takayama K., Zeitoun K.M., et al. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates aromatase expression in endometriosis-derived stromal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997) 600-606
241. Kitawaki J., Noguchi T., Amatsu T., et al. Expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 protein and messenger ribonucleic acid in human endometriotic and adenomyotic tissues but not in normal endometrium. Biol Reprod 57 (1997) 514-519
242. Reed M.J. The discriminant-function test: a marker of Th1/Th2 cell cytokine secretion and breast tumor estrogen synthesis. Mol Med Today 1 (1995) 98-103
243. Reed M.J., and Purohit A. Breast cancer and the role of cytokines in regulating estrogen synthesis: an emerging hypothesis. Endocr Rev 18 (1997) 701-715
244. Macdiarmid F., Wang D., Duncan L.J., Purohit A., Ghilchick M.W., and Reed M.J. Stimulation of aromatase activity in breast fibroblasts by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Mol Cell Endocrinol 106 (1994) 17-21
245. Adams E.F., Rafferty B., and White M.C. Interleukin 6 is secreted by breast fibroblasts and stimulates 17 beta-oestradiol oxidoreductase activity of MCF-7 cells: possible paracrine regulation of breast 17 beta-oestradiol levels. Int J Cancer 49 (1991) 118-121
246. Duncan L.J., Coldham N.G., and Reed M.J. The interaction of cytokines in regulating oestradiol 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in MCF-7 cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 49 (1994) 63-68
247. Purohit A., Duncan L.J., Wang D.Y., Coldham N.G., Ghilchick M.W., and Reed M.J. Paracrine control of oestrogen production in breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 4 (1997) 323-330
248. Singer C.F., Kronsteiner N., and Hudelist G. Interleukin 1 system and sex steroid receptor expression in human breast cancer: interleukin 1alpha protein secretion is correlated with malignant phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 9 (2003) 4877-4883
249. Danforth Jr. D.N., and Sgagias M.K. Interleukin 1 alpha blocks estradiol-stimulated growth and downregulates the estrogen receptor in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro. Cancer Res 51 (1991) 1488-1493
250. Runesson E., Ivarsson K., Janson P.O., and Brannstrom M. Gonadotropin- and cytokine-regulated expression of the chemokine interleukin 8 in the human preovulatory follicle of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 4387-4395
251. Tabibzadeh S. Cytokines and the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian-endometrial axis. Hum Reprod 9 (1994) 947-967
252. Ray A., Prefontaine K.E., and Ray P. Down-modulation of interleukin-6 gene expression by 17 beta-estradiol in the absence of high affinity DNA binding by the estrogen receptor. J Biol Chem 269 (1994) 12940-12946
253. Tazuke S.I., and Giudice L.C. Growth factors and cytokines in endometrium, embryonic development, and maternal: embryonic interactions. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 14 (1996) 231-245
254. Berg G., Ekerfelt C., Hammar M., Lindgren R., Matthiesen L., and Ernerudh J. Cytokine changes in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Reprod Immunol 48 (2002) 63-69
255. Saucedo R., Rico G., Basurto L., Ochoa R., and Zarate A. Transdermal estradiol in menopausal women depresses interleukin-6 without affecting other markers of immune response. Gynecol Obstet Invest 53 (2002) 114-117
256. Walsh B.W., Cox D.A., Sashegyi A., Dean R.A., Tracy R.P., and Anderson P.W. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in the effects of hormone replacement therapy and raloxifene on C-reactive protein in postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 88 (2001) 825-828
257. Straub R.H., Hense H.W., Andus T., Scholmerich J., Riegger G.A., and Schunkert H. Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 1340-1344
258. Purohit A., and Reed M.J. Regulation of estrogen synthesis in postmenopausal women. Steroids 67 (2002) 979-983
259. Purohit A., Singh A., Ghilchik M.W., and Reed M.J. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated aromatase activity by microtubule-stabilizing agents, paclitaxel and 2-methoxyestradiol. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261 (1999) 214-217
260. Hillier S.G., and Tetsuka M. An anti-inflammatory role for glucocorticoids in the ovaries?. J Reprod Immunol 39 (1998) 21-27
261. Ziltener H.J., Maines-Bandiera S., Schrader J.W., and Auersperg N. Secretion of bioactive interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and colony-stimulating factors by human ovarian surface epithelium. Biol Reprod 49 (1993) 635-641
262. Adashi E.Y. The potential role of interleukin-1 in the ovulatory process: an evolving hypothesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 140 (1998) 77-81
263. Smith G., Roberts R., Hall C., and Nuki G. Reversible ovulatory failure associated with the development of luteinized unruptured follicles in women with inflammatory arthritis taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Br J Rheumatol 35 (1996) 458-462
264. Subbaramaiah K., Zakim D., Weksler B.B., and Dannenberg A.J. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a novel approach to cancer prevention. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 216 (1997) 201-210
265. Mandlekar S., and Kong A.N. Mechanisms of tamoxifen-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis 6 (2001) 469-477
266. Rodriguez G.C., Nagarsheth N.P., Lee K.L., et al. Progestin-induced apoptosis in the Macaque ovarian epithelium: differential regulation of transforming growth factor-beta. J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (2002) 50-60
267. Adashi E.Y. The potential relevance of cytokines to ovarian physiology: the emerging role of resident ovarian cells of the white blood cell series. Endocr Rev 11 (1990) 454-464
268. Fukuoka M., Yasuda K., Fujiwara H., Kanzaki H., and Mori T. Interactions between interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1 in modulating progesterone and oestradiol production by human luteinized granulosa cells in culture. Hum Reprod 7 (1992) 1361-1364
269. Yan Z., Hunter V., Weed J., Hutchison S., Lyles R., and Terranova P. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha alters steroidogenesis and stimulates proliferation of human ovarian granulosal cells in vitro. Fertil Steril 59 (1993) 332-338