Economic achievement, inequalities and health disparities: The intervening role of early health status

Research in Social Stratification and Mobility

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 21-40

  Palloni, Alberto ^a   Milesi, Carolina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Childhood health; Cognitive skills; Earnings; Inequality; Non cognitive skills

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645957098     PISSN: 02765624     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rssm.2005.02.001     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Alexander K.L. The clouded crystal ball: Trends in educational stratification. Sociology of Education 34 Extra Issue (2001) 169-177
2. Averett S., and Korenman S. The economic reality of the beauty myth. Journal of Human Resources 31 2 (1996) 304-330
3. Barker D.J.P. Mothers, babies and health in later life. 2nd ed. (1998), Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
4. Behrman, J. R., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (2002). The returns to increasing body weight (PIER Working Paper 01-052). Penn Institute for Economic Research, University of Pennsylvania, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=297919.
5. Ben-Shlomo Y., and Kuh D. A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives. International Journal of Epidemiology 31 2 (2002) 285-293
6. Biddle J.E., and Hamermesh D.S. Beauty, productivity, and discrimination: Lawyers' looks and lucre. Journal of Labor Economics 16 1 (1998) 172-201
7. Boardman J.D., Hummer R.A., Padilla Y.C., and Powers D. Low birth weight, social factors, and developmental outcomes among children in the United States. Demography 39 2 (2002) 353-368
8. Bordieu P. The forms of Capital. In: Richardson J.G. (Ed). Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education (1986), Greenwood Press, Westport, Connecticut 241-257
9. Bowles S., and Gintis H. Schooling in capitalist America: Educational reform and contradictions of economic life (1976), Basic Books, New York
10. Bowles S., Gintis H., and Osborne M. The determinants of earnings: Skills, preferences, and schooling (2000), Department of Economics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst
11. Bowles S., and Nelson V. The 'inheritance of IQ' and the intergenerational reproduction of economic inequality. Review of Economics and Statistics 56 1 (1974) 39-51
12. Brooks-Gunn J., Duncan G.J., and Britto P.R. Are socioeconomic gradients for children similar to those for adults? Achievement and health in the United States. In: Keating D.P., and Hertzman C. (Eds). Developmental health and the wealth of nations social, biological, and educational dynamics (1999), Guilford Press, New York 94-124
13. Cameron S., and Heckman J. The non-equivalence of the high school equivalents. Journal of Labor Economics 11 1 (1993) 1-47
14. Carneiro, P., & Heckman, J. (2003). Human capital policy (NBER Working Paper No. 9495). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
15. Carneiro, P., Heckman, J. J., & Masterov, D. V. (2003). Labor market discrimination and racial differences in premarket factors (NBER Working Paper No. 10068). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
16. Case, A., Lubotsky, D., & Paxson, C. (2001). Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient (NBER Working Paper No. 8344). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
17. Conley D., and Bennett N.G. Is biology destiny? Birth weight and life chances. American Sociological Review 65 3 (2000) 458-467
18. Conley D., and Bennett N.G. Race and the inheritance of low birth weight. Social Biology 47 1-2 (2000) 77-93
19. Conley D., and Bennett N.G. Birth weight and income: Interactions across generations. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42 4 (2001) 450-465
20. Cramer J.C. Racial and ethnic differences in birthweight: The role of income and financial assistance. Demography 32 2 (1995) 231-247
21. Currie, J., & Hyson, R. (1999). Is the impact of health shocks cushioned by socioeconomic status? The case of low birthweight (NBER Working Paper No. 6999). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
22. DiPrete T.A., and Grusky D.B. Structure and trend in the process of stratification for American men and women. American Journal of Sociology 96 1 (1990) 107-143
23. Duncan O.D. A Socioeconomic index for all occupations. In: Reiss A.J. (Ed). Occupations and Social Status (1961), The Free Press, New York 109-138
24. Dunifon R., and Duncan G.J. Long-run effects of motivation on labor-market success. Social Psychology Quarterly 61 1 (1998) 33-48
25. Edwards L.N., and Grossman M. The relationship between children's health and intellectual development. In: Mushkin S.J., and Dunlop D.W. (Eds). Health, what is it worth? Measures of health benefits (1979), Pergamon Press, New York 273-314
26. Elgen I., and Sommerfelt K. Low birthweight children: coping in school?. Acta Paediatrica 91 8 (2002) 939-945
27. Fall C., Hindmarsh P., Dennison E., Kellingray S., Barker D., and Cooper C. Programming of growth hormone secretion and bone mineral density in elderly men: A hypothesis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 83 1 (1998) 135-139
28. Farkas G. Cognitive skills and noncognitive traits and behaviors in stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology 29 (2003) 541-562
29. Floud R., Wachter K., and Gregory A. Height, health and history: Nutritional status in the United Kingdom, 1750-1980 (1990), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
30. Fogel R.W. Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy. American Economic Review 84 3 (1994) 369-395
31. Fogel R.W., and Costa D.L. A theory of technophysio evolution, with some implications for forecasting population, health care costs, and pension costs. Demography 34 1 (1997) 49-66
32. Freeman, R. B. (1997). When earnings diverge: Causes, consequences, and cures to the new inequality in the U.S. (National Policy Association Report #284). Washington, DC: National Policy Association.
33. Garn S.M., Sullivan T.V., and Hawthorne V.M. Educational level, fatness, and fatness differences between husbands and wives. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50 (1989) 740-745
34. Goldsmith A.H., Veum J.R., and Darity Jr. W. The impact of psychological and human capital on wages. Economic Inquiry 35 4 (1997) 815-829
35. Gortmaker S.L., Must A., Perrin J.M., Sobol A.M., and Dietz W.H. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. The New England Journal of Medicine 329 14 (1993) 1008-1012
36. Greco L., Power C., and Peckham C. Adult outcome of normal children who are short or underweight at age 7 years. British Medical Journal 310 6981 (1995) 696700
37. Grodsky E., and Pager D. The structure of disadvantage: Individual and occupational determinants of the Black-White wage gap. American Sociological Review 46 4 (2001) 542-567
38. Grossman M. The demand for health: A theoretical and empirical investigation (1972), National Bureau of Economic Research, New York
39. Guo G., and Stearns E. The social influences on the realization of genetic potential for intellectual development. Social Forces 80 3 (2002) 881-910
40. Guzman, L. P., Hampden-Thompson, G. M., & Lippman, L. (2003, August). A cross-national analysis of the relationship between parental involvement and student literacy. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association. Atlanta, GA.
41. Haas, S. (2004). From the cradle to the grave: Health and socioeconomic status over the life course. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Wisconsin-Madison.
42. Hack M., Klein N.K., and Taylor H.G. Long-term developmental outcomes of low birth weight infants. The Future of Children 5 1 (1995) 176-196
43. Hack M., Flannery D.J., Schluchter M., Cartar L., Borawski E., and Klein N. Outcomes in young adulthood for very-low-birth-weight infants. New England Journal of Medicine 346 3 (2002) 149-157
44. Hamermesh D.S., and Biddle J.E. Beauty and the labor market. American Economic Review 54 1 (1994) 1174-1194
45. Harper B. Beauty, stature and the labour market: A British Cohort Study. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62 Special Issue (2000) 771-800
46. Harrison, R. J., & Bennett, C. E. (1995). Racial and ethnic diversity. In R. Farley (Ed.), State of the Union: America in the 1990s, Vol. 2, Social trends (pp. 141-210). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
47. Heckman J.J. Policies to foster human capital. Research in Economics 54 1 (2000) 3-56
48. Heckman, J., Hsee, J., & Rubinstein, Y. (1999). The GED as a mixed signal: The effect of cognitive skills and personality skills on human capital and labor market outcomes. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Chicago.
49. Heckman J., and Rubinstein Y. The importance of noncognitive skills: Lessons from the GED testing program. American Economic Review 91 2 (2001) 145-149
50. Hertzman C. Population health and development. In: Keating D.P., and Hertzman C. (Eds). Developmental health and the wealth of nations (1999), Guilford Press, New York 21-40
51. Hirschman C., and Snipp C.M. The state of the American dream: Race and socioeconomic inequality in the United States, 1970-1990. In: Moen P., Dempster-McClain D., and Walker H.A. (Eds). A nation divided: Diversity, inequality, and community in American society (1999), Cornell University Press, Ithaca 89-107
52. Hodge R.W., Siegel P.M., and Rossi P.H. Occupational prestige in the United States: 1925-1963. In: Bendix R., and Lipset S.M. (Eds). Class, status, and power: Social stratification in comparative perspective. 2nd ed. (1966), The Free Press, New York 322-334
53. Hout M. Occupational mobility of black men: 1962-1973. American Sociological Review 49 3 (1984) 308-322
54. Hout M. More universalism, less structural mobility: The American occupational structure in the 1980s. American Journal of Sociology 93 6 (1988) 1358-1400
55. Hout M., Raftery A.E., and Bell E.O. Making the grade: Educational stratification in the United States, 1925-1989. In: Shavit Y., and Blossfeld H.-P. (Eds). Persistent inequality: Changing educational attainment in thirteen countries (1993), Westview Press, Boulder, CO 25-50
56. Hummer R.A. Racial differentials in infant mortality in the U.S.: An examination of social and health determinants. Social Forces 72 2 (1993) 529-554
57. Iceland J. Poverty in America. A handbook (2003), University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London
58. Jefferis B.J.M.H., Power C., and Hertzman C. Birth weight, childhood socioeconomic environment, and cognitive development in the 1958 British birth cohort study. British Medical Journal 325 7359 (2002) 305-308
59. Jencks C. Who gets ahead? (1979), Basic Books, New York
60. In: Jencks C., and Phillips M. (Eds). The Black-White test score gap (1998), Brookings Institution Press, Washington, DC
61. Judge T.A., and Cable D.A. The effect of physical height on workplace success and income: Preliminary test of a theoretical model. Journal of Applied Psychology 89 3 (2004) 428-441
62. Kaestner, R., & Corman, H. (1995). The impact of child health and family inputs on child cognitive development (NBER Working Paper No. 5257). Cambridge, MA: NBER.
63. Keating D.P., and Hertzman C. Developmental health and the wealth of nations (1999), Guilford Press, New York
64. Keister L.A., and Moller S. Wealth inequality in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000) 63-81
65. King J.C. The biology of race (1981), University of California Press, Berkeley
66. Koivusilta L., Rimpela A., and Rimpela M. Health status: Does it predict choice in further education?. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 49 2 (1995) 131-138
67. Koivusilta L., Rimpela A., and Rimpela M. Health related lifestyle in adolescence predicts adult educational level: A longitudinal study from Finland. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 52 12 (1998) 794-801
68. Korenman, S., Miller, J. E., & Sjaastad, J. E. (1994). Long term poverty and child development in the United States: Results from the NLSY (IRP Discussion Paper No. 1044-94). Madison: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin.
69. Kposowa A.J., and Preston P.J. Linking racism to birth weight disparities in the United States. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 16 (1998) 181-224
70. Kramer M.S. Determinants of low birth weight: Methodological assessment and meta analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 65 5 (1987) 663-737
71. Krieger N., Rowley D.L., Herman A., Avery B., and Phillips M.T. Racism, sexism, and social class: implications for studies of health disease, and well being. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 9 Suppl. 6 (1993) 82-122
72. Lichtenstein P., Harris J.R., Pedersen N.L., and McClearn G.E. Socioeconomic status and physical health, how are they related? An empirical study based on twins reared apart and twins reared together. Social Science and Medicine 36 4 (1993) 441-450
73. Lim, N. (2002). Who has more soft skills?: Employers' subjective ratings of work qualities of racial and ethnic groups (Labor and Population Program, Working Series 02-10). Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
74. Loh E.S. The economic effects of physical appearance. Social Science Quarterly 74 2 (1993) 420-438
75. Long J.E. The effects of tastes and motivation on individual income. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48 2 (1995) 338-351
76. Lubotsky, D. (2001). Family resources, behavior, and children's cognitive development. Unpublished Manuscript. Research Program in Development Studies, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University.
77. Lucas A. Programming by early nutrition in man. In: Bock G.R., and Whelan J. (Eds). The childhood environment and adult disease (1991), John Wiley, Chichester, NY 38-55
78. Lucas A. Role of nutritional programming in determining adult morbidity. Archives of disease in childhood 71 4 (1994) 288-290
79. Lundberg O. Childhood living conditions, health status, and social mobility: A contribution to the health selection debate. European Sociological Review 7 2 (1991) 149-162
80. Manton K.G., and Gu X. Changes in the prevalence of chronic disability in the United States black and nonblack population above age 65 from 1982 to 1999. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 11 (2001) 6354-6359
81. Martel L.F., and Biller H.B. Stature and stigma: The biopsychosocial development of short males (1987), Lexington Books, Lexington, MA
82. Martorell R., Stein A.D., and Schroeder D.G. Early nutrition and later adiposity. Journal of Nutrition 131 3 (2001) 874S-880S
83. Matte T.D., Bresnahan M., Begg M.D., and Susser E. Influence of variation in birth weight within normal range and within sibships on IQ at age 7 years: Cohort Study. British Medical Journal 323 7308 (2001) 310-314
84. Mays V.M., Ponce N.A., Washington D.L., and Cochran S.D. Classification of race and ethnicity: Implications for public health. Annual Review of Public Health 24 (2003) 83-110
85. McClelland D.C., and Franz C.E. Motivational and other sources of work accomplishments in mid-life: A longitudinal study. Journal of Personality 60 4 (1992) 679-707
86. McLean R.A., and Moon M. Health, obesity, and earnings. American Journal of Public Health 70 9 (1980) 1006-1009
87. Moss P., and Tilly C. 'Soft' skills and race: An investigation of black men's employment problems. Work and Occupations 23 3 (1996) 252-276
88. Mulligan C. Parental priorities and economic inequality (1997), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
89. Neal D.A., and Johnson W.R. The role of premarket factors in black-white wage differences. The Journal of Political Economy 104 5 (1996) 869-895
90. Nollen S.D., and Gaertner K.N. Effects of skill and attitudes on employee performance and earnings. Industrial Relations 30 3 (1991) 435-455
91. O'Brien C.M. Health and environmental effects on the academic readiness of school-age children. Developmental Psychology 32 3 (1996) 515-522
92. Osborne, M. (2000). The power of personality: Labor market rewards and the transmission of earnings. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Massachusetts-Amherst.
93. Parker S., Greer S., and Zuckerman B. Double jeopardy: The impact of poverty on early child development. The Pediatric Clinic of North America 35 6 (1988) 1227-1240
94. Palloni, A., & Partin, M. (1994). Trends and determinants of black-white differentials in infant mortality in the United States since 1964 (Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs Working Paper 23). Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Robert M. La Follette Institute of Public Affairs.
95. Palloni, A., & Milesi, C. (2004). Some empirical evidence for the role of early health on social stratification. Unpublished Manuscript. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
96. Persico, N., Postlewaite, A., & Silverman, D. (2001). The effect of adolescent experience on labor market outcomes: The case of height (PIER Working Paper 01050). Penn Institute for Economic Research, University of Pennsylvania. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2931221.
97. Persico N., Postlewaite A., and Silverman D. The effect of adolescent experience on labor market outcomes: The case of height. Journal of Political Economy 112 51 (2004) 1019-1053
98. Preston S.H., and Campbell C. Differential fertility and the distribution of traits: The case of IQ. American Journal of Sociology 98 5 (1993) 997-1019
99. Power C., Li L., and Manor O. A prospective study of limiting longstanding illness in early adulthood. International Journal of Epidemiology 29 1 (2000) 131-139
100. Rahkonen O., Lahelma E., and Huuhka M. Past or present? Childhood living conditions and current socioeconomic status as determinants of adult health. Social Science and Medicine 44 3 (1997) 327-336
101. Raudenbush S., and Kasim R. Cognitive skill and economic inequality: Findings from the National Adult Literacy Survey. Harvard Educational Review 68 1 (1998) 33-79
102. Register C.A., and Williams D.R. Wage effects of obesity among young workers. Social Science Quarterly 70 1 (1990) 130-141
103. Ricciuti A.E., and Scarr S. Interaction of early biological and family risk factors in predicting cognitive development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 11 1 (1990) 1-12
104. Richards M., Hardy R., Kuh D., and Wadsworth M.E.J. Birth weight and cognitive function in the British 1946 Birth Cohort: Longitudinal population based study. British Medical Journal 322 7280 (2001) 199-203
105. Rogers R.G., Hummer R.A., Nam C.B., and Peters K. Demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors affecting ethnic mortality by cause. Social Forces 74 4 (1996) 1419-1438
106. Rosenzweig M.R., and Wolpin K.I. Are there increasing returns to the intergenerational production of human capital? Maternal schooling and child intellectual achievement. Journal of Human Resources 29 2 (1994) 670-693
107. Sargent J.D., and Blanchflower D.G. Obesity and stature in adolescence and earnings in young adulthood-Analysis of a British Birth Cohort. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 148 7 (1994) 681-687
108. Scarr S. Effects of birth weight on later intelligence. Social Biology 29 3-4 (1982) 230-237
109. Schaffer R.H. The early experience assumption: Past, present, and future. International Journal of Behavioral Development 24 1 (2000) 5-14
110. Scrimshaw N.S. Nutrition and health from womb to tomb. Food and Nutrition Bulletin 18 1 (1997) 1-19
111. Seidman D.S., Laor A., Gale R., Stevenson D., Mashiach S., and Danon Y.L. Birth weight and intellectual performance in late adolescence. Obstetrics & Gynecologists 79 4 (1992) 543-546
112. Shakotko, R., Edwards, L., & Grossman, M. (1981). An exploration of the dynamic relationship between health and cognitive development in adolescence. In J. van der Gaag, & M. Perlman (Eds.), Health, economics, and health economics: Proceedings of the World Congress on Health Economics. Leiden, the Netherlands, September 1980 (pp. 305-326). New York: North-Holland.
113. Shriberg L.D., Friel-Patti S., Flipsen Jr. P., and Brown R.L. Otitis media, fluctuant hearing loss, and speech-language outcomes: A preliminary structural equation model. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 43 1 (2000) 100-120
114. Sørensen H.T., Sabroe S., Rothman K.J., Gillman M., Fischer P., and Sørensen T.I. Relation between weight and length at birth and body mass index in young adulthood: Cohort Study. British Medical Journal 315 7116 (1997) 1137
115. Sørensen T.I.A., and Sonne-Holm S. Intelligence test performance in obesity in relation to educational attainment and parental social class. Journal of Biosocial Science 17 (1985) 379-387
116. Spilerman S. Wealth and stratification processes. Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000) 497-524
117. Stettler N., Tershakovec A.M., Zemel B.S., Leonard M.B., Boston R.C., Katz S.H., and Stallings V.A. Early risk factors for increased adiposity: A Cohort Study of African American subjects followed from birth to young adulthood. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 72 2 (2000) 378-383
118. Taubman P.J. Sources of inequality in earnings: personal skills, random events, preferences toward risk and other occupational characteristics (1975), American Elsevier Publisher Company, New York
119. Thomas D., and Strauss J. Health and wages: Evidence on men and women in Urban Brazil. Journal of Econometrics 77 1 (1997) 159-185
120. Thurlbeck W.M. Prematurity and the developing lung. Clinics in Perinatology 19 3 (1992) 497-519
121. Wadsworth M.E.J. Serious illness in childhood and its association with later-life achievement. In: Wilkinson R.G. (Ed). Class and health (1986), Tavistock Publications, New York 50-74
122. Wadsworth M.E.J. The imprint of time: childhood, history and adult life (1991), Oxford University Press, Oxford
123. Wadsworth M.E.J. Early life. In: Marmot M., and Wilkinson R.G. (Eds). Social determinants of health (1999), Oxford University Press, New York 44-63
124. Warren J.R., Sheridan J.T., and Hauser R.M. Choosing a measure of occupational standing: How useful are composite measure in analysis of gender inequality in occupational attainment?. Sociological Methods & Research 27 1 (1998) 3-76
125. Wells, T., Sandefur, G. D., & Dennis Hogan, P. (2003, May 7). What happens after the high school years among young persons with disabilities? Population Studies Center, Brown University.
126. WESTAT. (2000). Measurement of activity limitation among children L: An analysis of national surveys (Measurement Workshop on Child Disability). Washington, DC.
127. Williams D.R. Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions. Annals of Epidemiology 7 5 (1997) 322-333
128. Williams D.R., and Collins C. US socioeconomic and racial differences in health: Patterns and explanations. Annual Review of Sociology 21 (1995) 349-386
129. Wilson W.J. The declining significance of race: blacks and changing American institutions (1978), University of Chicago Press, Chicago
130. Wright E.O. Social class. In: Ritzer G. (Ed). Encyclopedia of social theory (2003), Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA