메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 58, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 209-220

The cognitive load of geographic information

Author keywords

Cognitive load theory; Geographic education; Maps; Multimedia

Indexed keywords

GIS;

EID: 33645659783     PISSN: 00330124     EISSN: 14679272     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00527.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (82)

References (88)
  • 3
    • 0004030013 scopus 로고
    • Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press
    • Baddeley, A. 1986. Working memory. Oxford, U.K.: Clarendon Press.
    • (1986) Working Memory
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 4
  • 5
    • 0033176879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of sex differences in spatial memory
    • Barnfield, A. 1999. Development of sex differences in spatial memory. Perceptual and Motor Skills 89: 339-50.
    • (1999) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.89 , pp. 339-350
    • Barnfield, A.1
  • 6
    • 0002587566 scopus 로고
    • Stimulus features and sex differences in mental rotation test performance
    • Birenbaum, M., A. Kelly, and M. Levi-Keren. 1994. Stimulus features and sex differences in mental rotation test performance. Intelligence 19: 51-64.
    • (1994) Intelligence , vol.19 , pp. 51-64
    • Birenbaum, M.1    Kelly, A.2    Levi-Keren, M.3
  • 7
    • 33645669346 scopus 로고
    • The implications of psychological theory and methodology for cognitive cartography
    • Blades, M., and C. Spencer. 1986. The implications of psychological theory and methodology for cognitive cartography. Cartographica 24: 64-75.
    • (1986) Cartographica , vol.24 , pp. 64-75
    • Blades, M.1    Spencer, C.2
  • 9
    • 0037412694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning
    • Brunken, R., J. Plass, and D. Leutner. 2003. Direct measurement of cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologist 38: 53-61.
    • (2003) Educational Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 53-61
    • Brunken, R.1    Plass, J.2    Leutner, D.3
  • 10
    • 0033367315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Searching for color boundaries on maps
    • Bunch, R. 1999. Searching for color boundaries on maps. Southeastern Geographer 34: 220-34.
    • (1999) Southeastern Geographer , vol.34 , pp. 220-234
    • Bunch, R.1
  • 11
    • 33644879694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GIS and the acquisition of spatial information: Differences among adults and young adolescents
    • Bunch, R. 2000. GIS and the acquisition of spatial information: Differences among adults and young adolescents. Research in Geographic Education 2: 67-97.
    • (2000) Research in Geographic Education , vol.2 , pp. 67-97
    • Bunch, R.1
  • 12
    • 0033622617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The search for boundaries on maps: Color processing and map pattern effects
    • Bunch, R., and R. Lloyd. 2000. The search for boundaries on maps: Color processing and map pattern effects. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 27: 15-29.
    • (2000) Cartography and Geographic Information Science , vol.27 , pp. 15-29
    • Bunch, R.1    Lloyd, R.2
  • 14
    • 84895290092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multimedia cartography
    • ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner New York: Springer
    • Cartwright, W., and M. Peterson. 1999. Multimedia cartography. In Multimedia cartography, ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner, 1-10. New York: Springer.
    • (1999) Multimedia Cartography , pp. 1-10
    • Cartwright, W.1    Peterson, M.2
  • 16
    • 21444461144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding individual differences in spatial ability within females: A nature/nurture interaction framework
    • Casey, M. 1996. Understanding individual differences in spatial ability within females: A nature/nurture interaction framework. Developmental Review 16: 241-60.
    • (1996) Developmental Review , vol.16 , pp. 241-260
    • Casey, M.1
  • 17
    • 0021063693 scopus 로고
    • Tactual maps and graphics: Some implications for our study of visual cartographic communication
    • Castner, H. 1983. Tactual maps and graphics: Some implications for our study of visual cartographic communication. Cartographica 20: 1-16.
    • (1983) Cartographica , vol.20 , pp. 1-16
    • Castner, H.1
  • 18
    • 0037403196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes underlying sex differences in route-learning strategies in children and adolescents
    • Choi, J., and I. Silverman. 2003. Processes underlying sex differences in route-learning strategies in children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences 34: 1153-66.
    • (2003) Personality and Individual Differences , vol.34 , pp. 1153-1166
    • Choi, J.1    Silverman, I.2
  • 19
    • 21344493914 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in self-confidence on feminine-typed tasks
    • Clifton, R., and D. Gill. 1994. Gender differences in self-confidence on feminine-typed tasks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16: 150-62.
    • (1994) Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , vol.16 , pp. 150-162
    • Clifton, R.1    Gill, D.2
  • 20
    • 0005804261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Online mapping: Theoretical context and practical applications
    • ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner New York: Springer
    • Crampton, J. 1999. Online mapping: Theoretical context and practical applications. In Multimedia cartography, ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner, 291-304. New York: Springer.
    • (1999) Multimedia Cartography , pp. 291-304
    • Crampton, J.1
  • 21
    • 0342789707 scopus 로고
    • Designing animated maps for a multimedia encyclopedia
    • DiBiase, D. 1994. Designing animated maps for a multimedia encyclopedia. Cartographic Perspectives 19: 3-7.
    • (1994) Cartographic Perspectives , vol.19 , pp. 3-7
    • DiBiase, D.1
  • 22
    • 0018698769 scopus 로고
    • Visual information processing during cartographic communication
    • Dobson, M. 1979. Visual information processing during cartographic communication. Cartographic Journal 16: 14-20.
    • (1979) Cartographic Journal , vol.16 , pp. 14-20
    • Dobson, M.1
  • 23
    • 33645673865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theoretical issues in multimedia cartography
    • ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner New York: Springer
    • Dransch, D. 1999. Theoretical issues in multimedia cartography. In Multimedia cartography, ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner, 41-50. New York: Springer.
    • (1999) Multimedia Cartography , pp. 41-50
    • Dransch, D.1
  • 24
    • 0033203575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An exploratory study of undergraduates' attributions of success or failure on spatial tests
    • Dunn, A., and J. Eliot. 1999. An exploratory study of undergraduates' attributions of success or failure on spatial tests. Perception and Motor Skills 89: 695-702.
    • (1999) Perception and Motor Skills , vol.89 , pp. 695-702
    • Dunn, A.1    Eliot, J.2
  • 25
    • 0001883998 scopus 로고
    • The hunter-gatherer theory of spatial sex differences: Proximate factors mediating the female advantage in recall of object arrays
    • Eals, M., and I. Silverman. 1994. The hunter-gatherer theory of spatial sex differences: Proximate factors mediating the female advantage in recall of object arrays. Ethnology and Sociobiology 15: 95-105.
    • (1994) Ethnology and Sociobiology , vol.15 , pp. 95-105
    • Eals, M.1    Silverman, I.2
  • 26
    • 0002977135 scopus 로고
    • The relative effectiveness of some common graduated point symbols in the presentation of quantitative data
    • Flannery, J. 1971. The relative effectiveness of some common graduated point symbols in the presentation of quantitative data. The Canadian Cartographer 8: 96-109.
    • (1971) The Canadian Cartographer , vol.8 , pp. 96-109
    • Flannery, J.1
  • 29
    • 0019681616 scopus 로고
    • The interface of cognitive and psychophysical research in cartography
    • Gilmartin, P. P. 1981. The interface of cognitive and psychophysical research in cartography. Cartographica 18: 9-20.
    • (1981) Cartographica , vol.18 , pp. 9-20
    • Gilmartin, P.P.1
  • 32
    • 0034473877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender vs. sex differences: Factors affecting performance in geographic education
    • Hardwick, S., L. Bean, K. Alexander, and F. Shelley. 2000. Gender vs. sex differences: Factors affecting performance in geographic education. Journal of Geography 99: 238-44.
    • (2000) Journal of Geography , vol.99 , pp. 238-244
    • Hardwick, S.1    Bean, L.2    Alexander, K.3    Shelley, F.4
  • 33
    • 0002267276 scopus 로고
    • Sex variation in spatial skill
    • ed. L. Liben, A. Patterson, and N. Newcombe New York: Academic Press
    • Harris, L. 1981. Sex variation in spatial skill. In Spatial representations and behavior across the life-span, ed. L. Liben, A. Patterson, and N. Newcombe, 83-125. New York: Academic Press.
    • (1981) Spatial Representations and Behavior Across the Life-span , pp. 83-125
    • Harris, L.1
  • 34
    • 0031139020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in remembering the locations of objects in an array: Location-shifts versus location-exchanges
    • James, T., and D. Kimura. 1997. Sex differences in remembering the locations of objects in an array: Location-shifts versus location-exchanges. Evolution and Human Behavior 18: 155-63.
    • (1997) Evolution and Human Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 155-163
    • James, T.1    Kimura, D.2
  • 35
    • 0034197871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self-confidence, self-esteem and assumptions of sex roles in young men and women
    • Johnson, W., and N. McCoy. 2000. Self-confidence, self-esteem and assumptions of sex roles in young men and women. Perceptual and Motor Skills 90: 751-56.
    • (2000) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.90 , pp. 751-756
    • Johnson, W.1    McCoy, N.2
  • 36
    • 0036414434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Women and men exhibit different cortical activation patterns during mental rotation tasks
    • Jordan, K., T. Wüstenberg, H. Heinze, M. Peters, and L. Jäncke. 2002. Women and men exhibit different cortical activation patterns during mental rotation tasks. Neuropsychologia 40: 2397-408.
    • (2002) Neuropsychologia , vol.40 , pp. 2397-2408
    • Jordan, K.T.1    Wüstenberg, H.2    Heinze, M.P.3    Jäncke, L.4
  • 38
    • 0032032804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of expertise and instructional design
    • Kalyuga, S., P. Chandler, and J. Sweller. 1998. Levels of expertise and instructional design. Human Factors 40: 1-17.
    • (1998) Human Factors , vol.40 , pp. 1-17
    • Kalyuga, S.1    Chandler, P.2    Sweller, J.3
  • 39
    • 85064779867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learner experience and efficiency of instructional guidance
    • Kalyuga, S., P. Chandler, and J. Sweller 2001. Learner experience and efficiency of instructional guidance. Educational Psychology 21: 5-23.
    • (2001) Educational Psychology , vol.21 , pp. 5-23
    • Kalyuga, S.1    Chandler, P.2    Sweller, J.3
  • 40
    • 0345101876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in information processing confidence in an advertising context: A preliminary study
    • Kempf, D., K. Palan, and R. Laczniak. 1997. Gender differences in information processing confidence in an advertising context: A preliminary study. Advances in Consumer Research 24: 443-49.
    • (1997) Advances in Consumer Research , vol.24 , pp. 443-449
    • Kempf, D.1    Palan, K.2    Laczniak, R.3
  • 41
    • 0001443447 scopus 로고
    • A cartographic study of equal value gray scales for use with screened gray areas
    • Kimerling, A. J. 1975. A cartographic study of equal value gray scales for use with screened gray areas. The American Cartographer 2: 119-27.
    • (1975) The American Cartographer , vol.2 , pp. 119-127
    • Kimerling, A.J.1
  • 42
    • 0037579348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory: Implications of cognitive load theory on the design of learning
    • Kirschner, P. 2002. Cognitive load theory: Implications of cognitive load theory on the design of learning. Learning and Instruction 12: 1-10.
    • (2002) Learning and Instruction , vol.12 , pp. 1-10
    • Kirschner, P.1
  • 43
    • 0030772452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design, implementation, and evaluation of multimedia resources for geography and earth science education
    • Krygier, J., C. Reeves, D. DiBiase, and J. Cupp. 1997. Design, implementation, and evaluation of multimedia resources for geography and earth science education. Journal of Geography in Higher Education 21: 17-39.
    • (1997) Journal of Geography in Higher Education , vol.21 , pp. 17-39
    • Krygier, J.1    Reeves, C.2    DiBiase, D.3    Cupp, J.4
  • 44
    • 0010942543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in children's conception of competence and motivations in physical education
    • Lee, A., K. Fredenburg, D. Belcher, and N. Cleveland. 1999. Gender differences in children's conception of competence and motivations in physical education. Sport Education and Society 4: 161-74.
    • (1999) Sport Education and Society , vol.4 , pp. 161-174
    • Lee, A.1    Fredenburg, K.2    Belcher, D.3    Cleveland, N.4
  • 45
    • 0022292943 scopus 로고
    • Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis
    • Linn, M., and A. Petersen. 1985. Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: A meta-analysis. Child Development 56: 1479-98.
    • (1985) Child Development , vol.56 , pp. 1479-1498
    • Linn, M.1    Petersen, A.2
  • 46
    • 0031393691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual search processes used in map reading
    • Lloyd, R. 1997. Visual search processes used in map reading. Cartographica 34: 11-32.
    • (1997) Cartographica , vol.34 , pp. 11-32
    • Lloyd, R.1
  • 51
    • 0033183779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in visuospatial working memory: Components of cognitive processing
    • Loring-Meier, S., and D. Halpern. 1999. Sex differences in visuospatial working memory: Components of cognitive processing. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 6: 464-71.
    • (1999) Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , vol.6 , pp. 464-471
    • Loring-Meier, S.1    Halpern, D.2
  • 54
    • 0027181204 scopus 로고
    • Is the gender difference in mental rotation disappearing?
    • Masters, M., and B. Sanders. 1993. Is the gender difference in mental rotation disappearing? Behavioral Genetics 23: 337-41.
    • (1993) Behavioral Genetics , vol.23 , pp. 337-341
    • Masters, M.1    Sanders, B.2
  • 55
    • 0004182905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The promise of educational psychology: Learning in the content areas
    • Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
    • Mayer, R. 1999. The promise of educational psychology: Learning in the content areas. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • (1999)
    • Mayer, R.1
  • 56
    • 0004182904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The promise of educational psychology: Teaching for meaningful learning
    • Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall
    • Mayer, R. 2002. The promise of educational psychology: Teaching for meaningful learning. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
    • (2002)
    • Mayer, R.1
  • 57
    • 0012855917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aids to computer-based multimedia learning
    • Mayer, R., and R. Moreno. 2002. Aids to computer-based multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction 12: 107-19.
    • (2002) Learning and Instruction , vol.12 , pp. 107-119
    • Mayer, R.1    Moreno, R.2
  • 58
    • 0037412644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning
    • Mayer, R., and R. Moreno 2003. Nine ways to reduce cognitive load in multimedia learning. Educational Psychologists 38: 43-52.
    • (2003) Educational Psychologists , vol.38 , pp. 43-52
    • Mayer, R.1    Moreno, R.2
  • 59
    • 0000120602 scopus 로고
    • Measures of pattern complexity for choropleth maps
    • Monmonier, M. 1974. Measures of pattern complexity for choropleth maps. American Cartographer 1: 159-69.
    • (1974) American Cartographer , vol.1 , pp. 159-169
    • Monmonier, M.1
  • 60
    • 0036629681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive map-design research in the twentieth century: Theoretical and empirical approaches
    • Montello, D. 2002. Cognitive map-design research in the twentieth century: Theoretical and empirical approaches. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 29: 283-304.
    • (2002) Cartography and Geographic Information Science , vol.29 , pp. 283-304
    • Montello, D.1
  • 63
    • 0028683422 scopus 로고
    • Colour detection on bivariate choropleth maps: The visual search process
    • Nelson, E. 1995. Colour detection on bivariate choropleth maps: The visual search process. Cartographic 31: 33-43.
    • (1995) Cartographic , vol.31 , pp. 33-43
    • Nelson, E.1
  • 64
    • 0018692594 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive cartographic experimentation
    • Olson, J. 1975. Cognitive cartographic experimentation. The Canadian Cartographer 16: 34-44.
    • (1975) The Canadian Cartographer , vol.16 , pp. 34-44
    • Olson, J.1
  • 66
    • 0027853922 scopus 로고
    • The efficiency of instructional conditions: An approach to combine mental-effort and performance measures
    • Paas, F., and J. van Merriënboer. 1993. The efficiency of instructional conditions: An approach to combine mental-effort and performance measures. Human Factors 35: 737-743.
    • (1993) Human Factors , vol.35 , pp. 737-743
    • Paas, F.1    van Merriënboer, J.2
  • 67
    • 0037412682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments
    • Paas, F., A. Renkl, and J. Sweller. 2003. Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. Educational Psychologist 38: 1-4.
    • (2003) Educational Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 1-4
    • Paas, F.1    Renkl, A.2    Sweller, J.3
  • 68
    • 3843076391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture
    • Paas, F., A. Renkl, and J. Sweller 2004. Cognitive load theory: Instructional implications of the interaction between information structures and cognitive architecture. Instructional Science 32: 1-8.
    • (2004) Instructional Science , vol.32 , pp. 1-8
    • Paas, F.1    Renkl, A.2    Sweller, J.3
  • 69
    • 0037412693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load measurements as a means to advance cognitive load theory
    • Paas, F., J. Tuovinen, H. Tabbers, and P. Van Gerven. 2003. Cognitive load measurements as a means to advance cognitive load theory. Educational Psychologist 38: 63-71.
    • (2003) Educational Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 63-71
    • Paas, F.1    Tuovinen, J.2    Tabbers, H.3    Van Gerven, P.4
  • 71
    • 4744344684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elements in multimedia cartography
    • ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner New York: Springer
    • Peterson, M. 1999. Elements in multimedia cartography. In Multimedia cartography, ed. W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, and G. Gartner, 31-40. New York: Springer.
    • (1999) Multimedia Cartography , pp. 31-40
    • Peterson, M.1
  • 72
    • 0038496384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessing prior knowledge to remember text: A comparison of advanced organizers and maps
    • Schwartz, N., L. Ellsworth, L. Graham, and B. Knight. 1998. Accessing prior knowledge to remember text: A comparison of advanced organizers and maps. Contemporary Educational Psychology 23: 65-89.
    • (1998) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 65-89
    • Schwartz, N.1    Ellsworth, L.2    Graham, L.3    Knight, B.4
  • 73
    • 0032133748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Difficulty of a spatial task and sex differences in gains from practice
    • Shafer, P., and J. Thomas. 1998. Difficulty of a spatial task and sex differences in gains from practice. Perceptual and Motor Skills 87: 56-58.
    • (1998) Perceptual and Motor Skills , vol.87 , pp. 56-58
    • Shafer, P.1    Thomas, J.2
  • 74
    • 0034179295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolved mechanisms underlying wayfinding: Further studies on the hunter-gatherer theory of spatial sex differences
    • Silverman, I., J. Choi, A. Mackewn, M. Fisher, J. Moro, and E. Olshansky. 2000. Evolved mechanisms underlying wayfinding: Further studies on the hunter-gatherer theory of spatial sex differences. Evolution and Human Behavior 21: 201-13.
    • (2000) Evolution and Human Behavior , vol.21 , pp. 201-213
    • Silverman, I.1    Choi, J.2    Mackewn, A.3    Fisher, M.4    Moro, J.5    Olshansky, E.6
  • 75
    • 0002087326 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in spatial abilities: Evolutionary theory and data
    • ed. J. Barkow, L. Kosmides, and J. Tooby New York: Oxford University Press
    • Silverman, I., and M. Eals. 1992. Sex differences in spatial abilities: Evolutionary theory and data. In The adaptive mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. J. Barkow, L. Kosmides, and J. Tooby, 533-49. New York: Oxford University Press.
    • (1992) The Adaptive Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture , pp. 533-549
    • Silverman, I.1    Eals, M.2
  • 76
    • 0022706852 scopus 로고
    • A profile of drivers' map-reading abilities
    • Streeter, L., and D. Vitello. 1986. A profile of drivers' map-reading abilities. Human Factors 28: 223-39.
    • (1986) Human Factors , vol.28 , pp. 223-239
    • Streeter, L.1    Vitello, D.2
  • 78
    • 0007030359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-related differences in academically talented student's test scores and use of time on tests of spatial abilities
    • Stumpf, H. 1998. Gender-related differences in academically talented student's test scores and use of time on tests of spatial abilities. Gifted Child Quarterly 42: 157-71.
    • (1998) Gifted Child Quarterly , vol.42 , pp. 157-171
    • Stumpf, H.1
  • 79
    • 0000819688 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning
    • Sweller, J. 1988. Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science 12: 257-85.
    • (1988) Cognitive Science , vol.12 , pp. 257-285
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 80
    • 3843137289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture
    • Sweller, J. 2004. Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture. Instructional Science 32: 9-31.
    • (2004) Instructional Science , vol.32 , pp. 9-31
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 81
    • 3843145062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring multidimensional approaches to the efficiency of instructional conditions
    • Tuovinen, J., and F. Paas. 2004. Exploring multidimensional approaches to the efficiency of instructional conditions. Instructional Science 32: 133-52.
    • (2004) Instructional Science , vol.32 , pp. 133-152
    • Tuovinen, J.1    Paas, F.2
  • 82
    • 0037412645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking the load off a learner's mind: Instructional design for complex learning
    • van Merrienboer, J., P. Kirschner, and L. Kester. 2003. Taking the load off a learner's mind: Instructional design for complex learning. Educational Psychologist 38: 5-13.
    • (2003) Educational Psychologist , vol.38 , pp. 5-13
    • van Merrienboer, J.1    Kirschner, P.2    Kester, L.3
  • 83
  • 85
    • 0029263003 scopus 로고
    • Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables
    • Voyer, D., S. Voyer, and M. Bryden. 1995. Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: A meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychological Bulletin 117: 250-70.
    • (1995) Psychological Bulletin , vol.117 , pp. 250-270
    • Voyer, D.1    Voyer, S.2    Bryden, M.3
  • 87
    • 0002146329 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load and learner expertise: Split-attention and redundancy effects in reading with explanatory notes
    • Yeung, A., P. Jin, and J. Sweller. 1997. Cognitive load and learner expertise: Split-attention and redundancy effects in reading with explanatory notes. Contemporary Educational Psychology 23: 1-21.
    • (1997) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 1-21
    • Yeung, A.1    Jin, P.2    Sweller, J.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.