Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations for Europe with special attention to nitrate

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 857-874

  Schaap, M ^a,b   van Loon, M ^b   ten Brink, H M ^b   Dentener, F J ^c   Builtjes, P J H ^a,b  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^b TNO   (Netherlands)

^c JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 3242875516     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-4-857-2004     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Adams, P. J., Seinfeld, J. H., and Koch, D. M.: Global concentrations of tropospheric sulphate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 104, D11, 13 791-13 823, 1999.
2. Adams, P. J., Seinfeld, J. H., Koch, D. M., Mickley, L., and Jacob, D.: General circulation model assessment of direct radiative forcing by the sulphate-nitrate-ammonium- water inorganic aerosol system, J. Geophys. Res., 102, D1, 1097-1111, 2001.
3. Ansari, A. S. and Pandis, S. N.: Responce of Inorganic PM to Precursor Concentrations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 32, 2706-2714, 1998.
4. Asman, W. A. H.: Factors influencing local dry deposition of gases with special reference to ammonia, Atmos. Environ., 32, 415-421, 1998.
5. Asman, W. A. H.: Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of ammonia and ammonium: an overview with special reference to Denmark, Atmos. Environ., 35, 1969-1983, 2001.
6. Asman, W. A. H. and Janssen, A. J.: A long-range transport model for ammonia and ammonium for Europe, Atmos. Environ., 21, 2099-2119, 1987.
7. Basset, M. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Atmospheric equilibrium model of sulphate and nitrate aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 17, 2237-2252, 1983.
8. Bogaard, A. and Duyzer, J.: Een vergelijking tussen resultaten van metingen en berekeningen van de concentratie van ammoniak in de buienlucht op een schaal kleiner dan5 kilometer, TNO-report, TNO-MEP-R97/423, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 1997.
9. Builtjes, P. J. H.: The LOTOS - Long Term Ozone Simulation - project, Summary report, TNO-report, TNO-MW-R92/240, 1992.
10. Builtjes, P. J. H., van Loon, M., Schaap, M., Teeuwisse, S., Visschedijnk, A. J. H., and Bloos, J. P.: Project on the modelling and verification of ozone reduction strategies: contribution of TNO-MEP, TNO-report, TNO-MEP-R2003/166, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands, 2003.
11. Charlson, R. J., Schwartz, S. E., Hales, J. M., Cess, R. D., Coakley, J. A., Hansen, J. E., and Hofmann, D. J.: Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Science, 255, 423-430, 1992.
12. De Leeuw, F. A. A. M., van Rheineck Leyssius, H. J., van den Hout, K. D., Diederen, H. S. M. A., Berens, M., and Asman, W. A. H.: RIVM Report 228471004, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1988.
13. 3, and OH, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7149-7163, 1993.
14. Dentener, F. J. and Crutzen, P. J.: A three-dimensional model of the global ammonia cycle, J. Atmos. Chem., 19, 331-369, 1994.
15. 2 (g) in the 1985 NSMC study, Atmos. Environ., 22, 1601-1618, 1988.
16. EMEP: Data report 1995, Part 1: Annual summaries, EMEP/CCC-Report 4/97, NILU, Oslo, Norway, 1997.
17. EMEP: Data quality 1997, quality assurance, and field comparisons, EMEP/CCC-Report 6/99, NILU, Oslo, Norway, 1999.
18. EMEP: http://www.emep.int, 2002.
19. Erisman, J. W., Vermetten, A. W. M., Asman, W. A. H., Waijers-Ijpelaan, A., and Slanina, J.: Vertical distribution of gases and aerosols, the behavior of ammonia and related compounds in the lower atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 22, 1153-1160, 1988.
20. Erisman, J. W., van Pul, A., and Wyers, P.: Parametrization of surface-resistance for the quantification of atmospheric deposition of acidifying pollutants and ozone, Atmos. Environ., 28, 2595-2607, 1994.
21. Guttorp, P.: Models for transportation and deposition of atmospheric pollutants, University of Washington, Seattle, http://www.stat.washington.edu/peter/498/transport/section3_5.html 1986.
22. Hass, H., Builtjes, P. J. H., Simpson, D., and Stern, R.: Comparison of model results obtained with several European air quality models, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3259-3297, 1997.
23. Hass, H., van Loon, M., Kessler, C., Stern, R., Matthijsen, J., Sauter, F., Zlatev, Z., Langner, J., Foltescu, V., and Schaap, M.: Aerosol Modelling: Results and Intercomparison from European Regional-scale Modelling Systems, Eurotrac publication in press, Eurotrac-ISS, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany, 2003.
24. Haywood, J. M. and Boucher, O.: Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to troposheric aerosols: A review, Review of Geophysics, 38, 513-543, 2000.
25. Haywood, J. M. and Shine, K. P.: Multi-spectral calculations of the direct radiative forcing of tropospheric sulphate and soot aerosols using a column model, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 1907-1930, 1997.
26. Hering, S. and Cass, G.: The magnitude of bias in the measurement of PM2.5 arising from volatilisation of particulate nitrate from Teflon filters, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 49, 725-733, 1999.
27. Heintzenberg, J., Müller, K., Birmili, W., Spindler, G., and Wiedensohler, A.: Mass related aerosol properties over the Leipzig Basin, J. Geophys. Res, 103, D11, 13 125-13 135, 1998.
28. IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), IPCC 2001.
29. Jacob, D. J.: Heterogeneous chemistry and tropospheric ozone, Atmos. Environ., 34, 2131-2159, 2000.
30. Jacobson, M. Z.: Global direct radiative forcing due to multicomponent anthropogenic and natural aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 196, 1551-1568, 2001.
31. Janssen, A. J. and Asman, W. A. H.: Effective removal parameters in long-range air pollution transport models, Atmos. Environ., 22, 359-367, 1988.
32. Jeuken, A., Veefkind, J. P., Dentener, F., Metzger, S., and Robles-Gonzalez, C.: Simulation of the aerosol optical depth over Europe for August 1997 and a comparison with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28 295-28 311, 2001.
33. Kasibhatla, P., Chameides, W. L., and John, J. S.: A three-dimensional global model investigation of seasonal variations in the atmopheric burden of anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3737-3759, 1997.
34. Kerminen, V. M., Hillamo, R., Teinila, K., Pakkanen, T., Allegrini, I., and Sparapani, R.: Ion balances of size-resolved tropospheric aerosol samples: implications for the acidity and atmospheric processing of aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 35, 31, 5255-5265, 2001.
35. Kerschbaumer, A. and Reimer, E.: Meteorological Data Preparation for the REM/CALGRID-model (in German), UBA-project 29943246, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 2003.
36. Kiehl, J. T. and Briegleb, B. P.: The relative roles of sulphate and greenhouse gases in climate forcing, Science, 260, 311-314, 1993.
37. Koepke, P., Hess, M., Schult, I., and Shettle, E. P.: Global aerosol data set, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Report No. 243, Hamburg, Germany, 1997.
38. Kouvarakis, G., Doukelis, Y., Mihalopoulos, N., Rapsomanikis, S., Sciare, J., and Blumthaler, M.: Chemical, physical, and optical characterization of aerosols during PAUR II experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D18, 8141, doi: 10.1029/2000JD000291, 2002.
39. Matthews, E.: Vegetation, land-use and seasonal albedo data sets: Documentation and archived data tape, NASA Tech. Memo, 86107, 1984.
40. Meng, Z. and Seinfeld, J. H.: Timescales to achieve atmospheric gas-aerosol equilibrium for volatile species, Atmos. Environ., 30, 2889-2900, 1996.
41. Mentel, T. F., Sohn, M., and Wahner, A.: Nitrate effect in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on aqueous aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1, 5451-5457, 1999.
42. Metzger, S., Dentener, F. J., Pandis, S. N., and Lelieveld, J.: Gas/aerosol partitioning: 1. A computationally efficient model, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D16, doi:10.1029/2001JD001102, 2002a.
43. Metzger, S. M., Dentener, F. J., Jeuken, A., Krol, M., and Lelieveld, J.: Gas/aerosol partitioning II: Global modelling results, J. Geophys. Res., 107, D16, doi:0.1029/2001JD001103, 2002b.
44. Mozurkewich, M.: The dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate and its dependence on temperature, relative humidity and particle size, Atmos. Environ., 27A, 261-270, 1994.
45. Nenes, A., Pilinis, C., and Pandis, S. N.: Isorropia: A new thermodynamic model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols, Aquatic Geochemistry, 4, 123-152, 1998.
46. Nijenhuis, W. A. S. and Groten, S. M. E.: Surface cover related input data for 3-D atmospheric-chemistry models, NRSP-2, Proj.4.1/DE-01, 1999.
47. Poppe, D., Andersson-Skold, Y., Baart, A., Builtjes, P. J. H., Das, M., Diedler, F., Hov, O., Kirchner, F., Kuhn, M., Makar, P. A., Milford, J. B., Roemer, M. G. M., Ruhnke, R., Simpson, D., Stockwell, W. R., Strand, A., Vogel, B., and Vogel, H.: Gas-Phase Reactions in Atmospheric Chemistry and Transport Models: a Model Intercomparison, Eurotrac special publication, ISS, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, 1996.
48. Putaud, J.-P., Baltensperger, U., Brüggemann, E., Facchini, M. C., Fuzzi, S., Gehrig, R., Hansson, H.-C., Harrison, R. M., Jones, A. M., Laj, P., Maenhaut, W., Mihalopoulos, N., Müller, K., Palmgren, F., Querol, X., Rodriguez, S., Spindler, S., ten Brink, H. M., Tunved, P., Van Dingenen, R., Wehner, B., Weingartner, E., Wiedensohler, A., Wåhlin, P., and Raes, F.: A European Aerosol Phenomenology: physical and chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, JRC-IES report, http://ies.jrc.cec.eu.int/Download/cc 2003.
49. 5 on chemistry and nitrate aerosol formation in the lower troposphere under photosmog conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D4, 4144, doi:10.1029/2002JD002436, 2003.
50. RIVM: Luchtkwaliteit, Jaaroverzicht 1995 (in English: Airquality, 1995 Results, RIVM Report 722101028, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands, 1997.
51. Robles-Gonzalez, C., Veefkind, J. P., and de Leeuw, G.: Aerosol optical depth over Europe in August 1997 derived from ATSR-2 data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 955-958, 2000.
52. Robles-Gonzalez, C., Schaap, M., de Leeuw, G., Builtjes, P. J. H., and van Loon, M.: Spatial variation of aerosol properties derived from satellite observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 1-13, 2003.
53. Roelofs, G. J., Kasibhatla, P., Barrie, L., Bergmann, D., Bridgeman, C., Chin, M., Christensen, J., Easter, R., Feichter, J., Jeuken, A., Kjellstrom, E., Kock, D., Land, C., Lohmann, U., and Rasch, P.: Analysis of regional budgets of sulphur species modeled for the COSAM exercise, Tellus, 53B, 673-694,2001.
54. xide and ozone on a global scale, TNO-publication P95/035, Delft, The Netherlands, 1995.
55. Roemer, M., Beekmann, M., Bergström, R., Boersen, G., Feldmann, H., Flatøy, F., Honore, C., Langner, J., Jonson, J. E., Matthijsen, J., Memmesheimer, M., Simpson, D., Smeets, P., Solberg, S., Stern, R., Stevenson, D., Zandveld, P., and Zlatev, Z.: Ozone trends according to ten dispersion models, Eurotrac publication in press, Eurotrac-ISS, Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany, 2003.
56. Schaap, M., Muller, K., and ten Brink, H. M.: Constructing the European aerosol nitrate concentration field from experimental data, ECN-report RX-01-033, ECN, Petten, The Netherlands, 2001.
57. Schaap, M., Muller, K., and ten Brink, H. M.: Constructing the European aerosol nitrate concentration field from quality analysed data, Atmos. Environ., 36, 8, 1323-1335, 2002a.
58. Schaap, M., van Loon, M., Visschedijk, A., Dentener, F. J., and Builtjes, P. J. H.: Modelling PM2.5 concentrations over Europe: the role of agriculture, Landbauforschung Völkenrode, Special Issue 235, 49-55, 2002b.
59. Schaap, M.: On the importance of aerosol nitrate in Europe, PhD thesis, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2003.
60. Schaap, M., Spindler, G., Schulz, M., Acker, K., Maenhaut, W., Berner, A., Wieprecht, W., Streit, N., Müller, K., Brüggemann, E., Putaud, J.-P., Puxbaum, H., Baltensperger, U., and ten Brink, H. M.: Artefacts in the sampling of nitrate studied in the "INTERCOMP" campaigns of EUROTRAC-AEROSOL, Atmos. Environ., in press, 2004.
61. Schulz, M., Van Beusekom, J., Bigalke, K., et al.: The atmospheric impact on fluxes of nitrogen, POPs and energy in the German Bight, Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 51, 133-154, 1999.
62. Tamm, S. and Schulz, M.: Open ocean aerosol composition obtained during 15 months on a North Sea ferry, Atmos. Environ., 37, S133-S143, Suppl. 1, 2003.
63. Tarrason, L. and Iversen, T.: Modelling intercontinental transport of atmospheric sulphur in the northern hemisphere, Tellus B, 50, 4, 331-352, 1998.
64. Ten Brink, H. M., Kruisz, C., Kos, G. P. A., and Berner, A.: Composition/size of the light-scattering aerosol in The Netherlands, Atmos. Environ., 31, 3955-3962, 1997.
65. Ten Brink, H. M., Hensen, A., Khystov, A., van Dorland, R., Jeuken, A., van Velthoven, P., Lelieveld, J., van den Berg, A., Swart, D. P. J., Bergwerff, J. B., and Apituley, A.: Aerosol; cycle and influence on the radiation balance, Cluster-project in the National Research Program on Global Air Pollution and Climate Change, npr2, report no. 410200064, 2001.
66. Ten Brink, H. M. and Schaap, M.: Aerosol Nitrate, a Dominant Atmospheric Trace Component in Europe?!, Proceedings of the workshop: Air Pollution as a Climate Forcing, 29 April-3 May 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ meetings/pollution02/d2/tenbrink.html, 2002.
67. Thöni, L., Seitler, E., Schnyder, N., Künzli, B., and Marti, S.: Depositionsuntersuchungen im Kanton Zürich - Wallisellen: Resultate 1999, Wallisellen und Bachtel: Entwicklung über die Jahre, FUB-report, FUB, Rapperswill, Switzerland, 2000.
68. TNO: The CEPMEIP emission database, http://www.air.sk/tno/cepmeip, 2001.
69. Tsyro, S.: First estimates of the effect of aerosol dynamics in the calculation of PM10 and PM2.5, EMEP report MSC-W Note 4/02, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway, 2002.
70. Van der Hoek, K. W.: Estimating ammonia emission factors in Europe: Summary of the work of the UNECE ammonia expert panel, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3, 315-316, 1998.
71. Van Dorland, R., Dentener, F. J., and Lelieveld, J.: Radiative forcing due to tropospheric ozone and sulphate aerosols, J. Geophys. Res., 102, D23, 28 079-28 100, 1997.
72. Veefkind, J. P., van der Hage, J. C. H., and ten Brink, H. M.: Nephelometer derived and directly measured aerosol optical depth of the atmospheric boundary layer, Atmos. Res., 41, 217-228, 1996.
73. Verwer, J. G.: Gauss-Seidel iteration for stiff ODEs from chemical kinetics, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., 15, 1243-1250, 1994.
74. West, J. J., Pilinis, C., Nenes, A., and Pandis, S. N.: Marginal direct climate forcing by atmospheric aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2531-2542, 1998.
75. West, J. J., Ansari, A. S., and Pandis, S. N.: Marginal PM2.5: Nonlinear Aerosol Mass Response to Sulphate Reductions in the Eastern United States, J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc., 49, 1415-1424, 1999.
76. Whitby, K. T.: The physical characteristics of sulphur aerosols, Atmos. Environ., 12, 135-159, 1978.
77. Whitten, G., Hogo, H., and Killus, J.: The Carbon Bond Mechanism for photochemical smog, Env. Sci. Techn. 14, 14 690-14 700, 1980.
78. Zhang, Y., Seigneur, C., Seinfeld, J. H., Jacobson, M., Clegg, S. L., and Binkowski, F. S.: A comparative review of inorganic aerosol thermodynamic equilibrium modules: differences, and their likely causes, Atmos. Environ., 34, 117, 2000.
79. Zimmerling, R., Daemmgen, U., and Behrens, U.: Konzentrationen versauernd und eutrophierend wirkender Spurengase und Aerosol-Bestandteile in Nordost-Brandenburg, Landbauforschung Volkenrode, special issue, 213, 43-93, 2000.