Imaging concentration profiles of redox-active species with nanometric amperometric probes: Effect of natural convection on transport at microdisk electrodes

Angewandte Chemie - International Edition

Volumn 43, Issue 11, 2004, Pages 1431-1435

  Baltes, Norman ^b   Thouin, Laurent ^a   Amatore, Christian ^a   Heinze, Jürgen ^b  

^a ECOLE NORMALE SUPÉRIEURE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cyclic voltammetry; Diffusion; Electrochemistry; Nanotechnology; Scanning electrochemical microscopy

Indexed keywords

CONCENTRATION (PROCESS); DIFFUSION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; MICROELECTRODES; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PROBES;

DIFFUSION MEASUREMENTS; IMAGE CONCENTRATION; MAP CONCENTRATION PROFILES;

REDOX REACTIONS;

ARTICLE; DIFFUSION; ELECTRODE; NANOTECHNOLOGY; OXIDATION REDUCTION REACTION; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 3042703415     PISSN: 14337851     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/anie.200352662     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. J. Heinze, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1327-1349; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1268-1288.
2. J. Heinze, Angew. Chem. 1993, 105, 1327-1349; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1993, 32, 1268-1288.
3. J. W. Schultze, T. Osaka, Electrochemical Microsystem Technologies, Taylor & Francis, London, 2002.
4. K. Borgwarth, C. Ricken, D. G. Ebling, J. Heinze, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 1996, 356, 288-294.
5. M. V. Mirkin, B. R. Horrocks, Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 406, 119-146.
6. A. J. Bard, M. V. Mirkin, Scanning electrochemical microscopy, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2001.
7. H. V. Macpherson, P. R. Unwin, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 550-557.
8. C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, Electrochem. Commun. 2000, 2, 248-253.
9. C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, J.-S. Warkocz, Electroanalysis 2001, 13, 646-652.
10. C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, J.-S. Warkocz, Electrochem. Commun. 2000, 2, 353-358,
11. C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, J.-S. Warkocz, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 500, 62-70.
12. C. Amatore, C. Pebay, O. Scialdone, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 2933-2937.
13. G. Denuault, M. H. Troise-Frank, L. M. Peter, Faraday Discuss. 1992, 94, 23-35.
14. B. R. Horrocks, M. V. Mirkin, D. T. Pierce, A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 1213-1224.
15. C. Wei, A. J. Bard, G. Nagy, K. Toth, Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 1346-1356.
16. C. Wei, A. J. Bard, I. Kapui, G. Nagy, K. Toth, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 2651-2655.
17. R. C. Engstrom, M. Weber, D. J. Wunder, R. Burgess, S. Winquist, Anal. Chem. 1996, 58, 844-848.
18. R. C. Engstrom, T. Meaney, R. Tople, R. M. Wightman, Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 2005-2010.
19. K. Borgwarth, J. Heinze, J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 146, 3285-3289.
20. R. M. Penner, M. J. Heben, T. L. Longin, N. S. Lewis, Science 1990, 250, 1118-1121.
21. M. V. Mirkin, F. R. F. Fan, A. J. Bard, J. Electroanal. Chem. 1992, 328, 47-62.
22. X. Zhang, W. Zhang, X. Zhou, B. Ogorevc, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 3338-3343.
23. Y. H. Shao, M. V. Mirkin, G. Fish, S. Kokotov, D. Palanker, A. Lewis, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1627-1634.
24. J. Heinze, J. Ufheil, K. Borgwarth in 75th Bunsen-Meeting, Leipzig, 1998.
25. C. J. Slevin, N. J. Gray, J. V. Macpherson, M. A. Webb, P. R. Unwin, Electrochem. Commun. 1999, 1, 282-288.
26. J. L. Conyers, H. S. White, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4441-4446.
27. B. B. Katemann, W. Schuhmann, Electroanalysis 2002, 14, 22-28.
28. J. Ufheil, C. Hess, K. Borgwarth, J. Heinze, Phys. Chem. Phys. submitted.
29. In the following we use "natural convection" to denote the contribution to transport to and from an electrode surface which originates from convective modes that develop in locally still solution due to several sources (vibrations, thermal or density gradients, etc.) and result in the creation of eddies of micrometric dimensions which locally scramble the solution composition. For a detailed discussion of this phenomenon, see: C. Amatore, S. Szunerits, L. Thouin, J.-S. Warkocz, J. Electroanal. Chem. 2001, 500, 62-70.
30. J. Kwak, A. J. Bard, Anal. Chem. 1989, 61, 1221-1227.
31. C. Amatore in Physical Electrochemistry (Ed.: I. Rubinstein), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1995, pp. 131-208.
32. C. Amatore, B. Fosset, Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 4377-4388.
33. K. Borgwarth, D. Ebling, J. Heinze, Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 1455-1460.
34. J. Ufheil, K. Borgwarth, J. Heinze, Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 1316-1321.