Secondary prevention of ischemic stroke

Current Drug Targets

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 457-472

  Rantanen, Kirsi ^a   Tatlisumak, Turgut ^a  

^a HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Antithrombotic agents; Brain infarct; Cerebrovascular disease; Endarterectomy; Prevention; Risk factors; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMLODIPINE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ATENOLOL; ATORVASTATIN; CAPTOPRIL; CHLORTALIDONE; CLOFIBRATE; COLESTIPOL; COLESTYRAMINE; DOXAZOSIN; ENALAPRIL; ESTROGEN; FELODIPINE; GEMFIBROZIL; HEPARIN; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; NITRENDIPINE; PERINDOPRIL; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; SIMVASTATIN; UNINDEXED DRUG; WARFARIN;

ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL; ANGIOPLASTY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; BYPASS SURGERY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAROTID ENDARTERECTOMY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR SURGERY; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEATH; DIET THERAPY; DRUG ABUSE; ECONOMIC ASPECT; FATALITY; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; ILEUM BYPASS; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; META ANALYSIS; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PATIENT SELECTION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; RISK MANAGEMENT; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SMOKING CESSATION; SURVIVAL; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

ANTICOAGULANTS; BLOOD COAGULATION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHOLESTEROL; ENDARTERECTOMY, CAROTID; HUMANS; PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 3042681324     PISSN: 13894501     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389450043345425     Document Type: Review

References (190)

1. Hankey, G.; Jamrozik, K.; Broadhurst, R.; Forbes, S.; Burvill, P.; Anderson, C.; Stewart-Wynne, E. (1998) Stroke, 29, 2491-2500.
2. Bonita, R. (2001) Stroke prevention: global perspective. In Norris, JW Hachinski, V, eds Stroke prevention; Oxford University Press: New York, NY.
3. Saxena, R.; Lewis, S.; Berge, E.; Sandercock, P.; Koudstaal, P.; Group. (2001) Stroke, 32, 2333-2337.
4. Sacco, R. (1999) Neurology, 53(7) Suppl.4, S15-S24.
5. Kaste, M.; Fogelholm, R.; Rissanen, A. (1998) Public Health, 112(2), 103-112.
6. Sacco, R.; Boden-Albala, B. Stroke risk factors. Identification and modification; Second ed.; Butterworth-Heinemann: Worcester, 2001.
7. Sudlow, C.; Warlow, C. (1997) Stroke, 28(3), 491-499.
8. Wilterdink, J.; Easton, J. (1992) Arch. Neurol., 49, 857-863.
9. Truelsen, T.; Prescott, E.; Gronbaek, M.; Schnohr, P.; Boysen, G. (1997) Stroke, 28, 1903-1907.
10. Muntner, P.; Garrett, E.; Klag, M.; Coresh, J. (2002) Stroke, 33, 1209-1213.
11. Sarti, C.; Rastenyte, D.; Cepaitis, Z.; Tuomilehto, J. (2000) Stroke, 31, 1588-1601.
12. Jakovljevic, D.; Sarti, C.; Sivenius, J.; Torppa, J.; Mähönen, M.; Immonen-Räihä, P.; Kaarsalo, E.; Alhainen, K.; Kuulasmaa, K.; Tuomilehto, J.; Puska, P.; Salomaa, V. (2001) Stroke, 32, 1492-1498.
13. Howard, G.; Howard, V. (2002) Stroke incidence, mortality and prevalence; The Parthenon Publishing Group.
14. Pessah-Rasmussen, H.; Gunnar, E.; Jerntorp, I.; Lanzon, L. (2003) Stroke, 34, 913-918.
15. Dahlöf, B.; Lindholm, L.; Hansson, L.; Schersten, B.; Ekbom, T.; Wester, P.-O. (1991) Lancet, 338, 1281-1285.
16. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators. (1997) Stroke, 28, 2557-2562.
17. Hypertension Stroke Co-operative Study Group. (1974). JAMA, 229, 409-418.
18. Carter, A. (1970) Lancet, 1(7645), 485-489.
19. Amery, A.; Birkenhäger, W.; Brixko, P.; Bulpitt, C.; Clement, D.; Deruyttere, M.; De Schaepdryver, A.; Dollery, C.; Fagard, R.; Forette, F.; Forte, J.; Hamdy, R.; Henry, J.; Joossens, J.; Leonetti, G.; Lund-Johansen, P.; Malley, K.; Petrie, J.; Strasser, T.; Tuomilehto, J.; Williams, B. (1985) Lancet, 1(8442) 1349-1354.
20. Coop, J.; Warrender, T. (1986) BMJ, 293, 1145-1151.
21. Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program Co-operative Group. (1979) JAMA, 24, 2562-2571.
22. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Reserach Group. (1982) JAMA, 248, 1465-1477.
23. SHEP Co-operative Research Group. (1991) JAMA, 265, 3255-3264.
24. PATS Collaborating Group. (1995) Clin. Med. J., 108, 710-717.
25. Staessen, J.; Fagard, R.; Thijs, L.; Celis, H.; Arabidze, G.; Birkenhäger, W.; Bulpitt, C.; De Leeuw, P.; Dollery, C.; Fletcher, A.; Forette, F.; Leonetti, G.; Nachev, C.; O'Brien, E.; Rosenfeld, J.; Rodicio, J.; Tuomilehto, J., Zanchetti, A. (1997) Lancet, 350, 757-764.
26. Liu, L.; Wang, J.; Gong, L.; Liu, G.; Staessen, J. (1998) J. Hypertens, 16, 1823-1829.
27. Hansson, L.; Zanchetti, A.; Carruthers, S.; Dahlöf, B.; Elmfeldt, D.; Julius, S.; Menard, J.; Rahn, K.; Wedel, H.; Westerling, S. (1998) Lancet, 351, 1755-1762.
28. Progress Collaborative Group. (2001) Lancet, 358, 1033-1041.
29. Bosch, J.; Yusuf, S.; Pogue, J.; Sleight, P.; Lonn, E.; Rangoonwala, B.; Davies, R.; Ostergren, J.; Probstfield, J. (2002) BMJ, 324, 1-5.
30. Farrel, B., Godwin, J.; Richards, S.; Warlow, C. (1991) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 54, 1044-54.
31. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. (1997) Arch. Intern. Med., 157, 2413-2446.
32. Tu, K.; Mamdani, M.; Tu, J. (2002) Am. J. Med., 113(1), 52-58.
33. Rodgers, A.; MacMahon, S.; Gamble, G.; Slattery, J.; Sandercock, P.; Warlow, C. (1996) BMJ, 313, 147.
34. Qureshi, A.; Suri, M.; Guterman, L.; Hopkins, L. (2001) Arch. Intern. Med., 161, 1621-1628.
35. Messerli, F.; Hanley, D.; Gorelick, P. (2002) Neurology, 59, 23-25.
36. Cushman, W.; Ford, C.; Cutler, J.; Margolis, K.; Davis, B.; Grimm, R.; Black, H.; Hamilton, B.; Holland, J.; Nwachuku, C.; Papademetriou, V.; Probstfield, J.; Wright, J.; Alderman, M.; Weiss, R.; Piller, R.; Bettencourt, J.; Walsh, S. (2002) J. Clin. Hypertens, 4(6), 393-405.
37. Psaty, B.; Smith, N.; Siscovick, D.; Koepsell, T.; Weiss, N.; Heckbert, S.; Lemaitre, R.; Wagner, E.; Furberg, C. (1997) JAMA, 277, 739-745.
38. Neal, B.; MacMahon, S.; Chapman, N. (2000) Lancet, 356, 1955-1964.
39. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. (2002) JAMA, 288, 2981-2997.
40. Appel, L. (2002) JAMA, 288, 1-9.
41. Dahlöf, B.; Devereaux, R.; Kjeldsen, S.; Julius, S.; Beevers, G.; Faire, U.; Fyhrqvist, F.; Ibesen, H.; Kristiansson, K.; Lederballe-Pedersen, O.; Lindholm, L.; Nieminen, M.; Omivak, P.; Oparil, S.; Wedel. (2002) Lancet, 359, 995-1003.
42. Hankey, G. (2003) Stroke, 34, 354-356.
43. Donnan, G.; Davis, S.; Trift, A. (2003) Curr. Opin. Neurol., 16, 81-86.
44. Major ongoing stroke trials. (2003) Stroke, 34(2), 1-28.
45. Prospective Studies Collaboration. (1995) Lancet, 346, 1647-1652.
46. Atkins, D.; Psaty, B.; Koepsell, T.; Longstreth, W.; Larson, E. (1993) Ann. Intern. Med., 119, 136-145.
47. Law, M.; Thompson, G.; Wald, N. (1994) BMJ, 308, 373-379.
48. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. (1994) Lancet, 344, 1383-1389.
49. Sacks, F.; Pfeffer, M.; Moye, L. (1996) N. Engl. J. Med., 335, 1001-1009.
50. Lipid Study Group. (1998) N. Engl. J. Med., 339, 1349-1357.
51. Shepherd, J.; Cobbe, S., Ford, I.; Isles. C.; Lorimer, A.; McFarlane, P.; McKillop, J.; Packard, C. (1995) N. Engl. J. Med., 333, 1301-1307.
52. Buyington, R.; Davis, V.; Plehn, J.; White, H.; Baker, J.; Cobbe, S.; Shepherd, J.(2001) Circulation 103, 387-392.
53. Blauw, G.; Lagaay, M.; Smelt, A. (1997) Stroke, 28, 946-950.
54. Hebert, P.; Gaziano, J.; Chan, K.; Hennekens, C. (1997) JAMA, 278, 313-321.
55. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. (2002) Lancet, 360, 7-22.
56. Shepherd, J.; Blauw, G.; Murphy, M.; Bollen, E.; Buckley, B.; Cobbe, S.; Ford, L; Gaw, A.; Hyland, M.; Jukema, J., Kamper, A.; Mcfarlane, P.; Meinders, A.; Norrie, J.; Packard, C.; Perry, I.; Stott, D.; Sweeney, B.; Twomey, C.; Westendorp, R. (2002) Lancet, 360, 1623-1630.
57. Hebert, P.; Gaziano, J.; Hennekens, C. (1995). Arch. Intern. Med., 155, 50-55.
58. Crouse, J.; Buyington, R.; Hoen, H.; Furberg, C. (1997) Arch. Intern. Med., 157, 1305-1310.
59. Robins, S.; Collins, D.; Wittes, J. (2001) JAMA, 285, 1585-1591.
60. Manctelow, P.; Gillies, C.; Potter, J. (2003) The Cochrane Library, 1.
61. Corvol, J.-C.; Bouzamondo, A.; Sirol, M.; Hulot, J.-S.; Sanchez, P.; Lechat, P. (2003) Arch. Intern. Med., 163(6), 669-676.
62. Amarenco, P. (2001) Neurology, 57(5)Suppl.2, S35-S44.
63. Himmelmann, A.; Hansson, L.; Svensson, A.; Harmsen, P.; Holmgren, C.; Svanborg, A. (1988) Acta. Med. Scand, 224(5), 439-443.
64. Friedlander, A.; Maeder, L. (2000) Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radio Endod., 89, 420-424.
65. Burchfield, C.; Curb, D.; Rodriguez, B.; Abbott, R.; Chiu, D.; Yano, K. (1994) Stroke, 25, 951-957.
66. Beckman, J.; Creager, M.; Libby, P. (2002) JAMA, 287(19), 2570-2581.
67. Kernan, W.; Inzucchi, S.; Viscoli, C.; Brass, L.; Bravata, D.; Horwitz, R. (2002) Neurology, 59, 809-815.
68. Yki-Järvinen, H. (2000) Drugs, 60(5), 975-983.
69. Bornstein, N. Antiplatelet Aggregant Therapy to Prevent Stroke; Second ed.; Butterworth Heinemann, (2001).
70. Hart, R.; Palacio, S.; Pearce, L. (2002) Stroke, 33, 2722-2727.
71. Ringelstein, E.; Navabi, D. (2000) Thrombosis Research, 98, 83-96.
72. Kannel, W.; Wolf, P.; Benjamin, E.; Levy, D. (1998) Am. J. Cardiol., 82, 2N-9N.
73. EAFT (European Atrial Fibrillation Trial) Study Group. (1993) Lancet, 342, 255-262.
74. Intervenational Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. (1997) Lancet, 349, 1569-1581.
75. CAST (Chinese Acute Stroke Trial) Collaborative Group. (1997) Lancet, 349, 1641-1649.
76. Berge, E.; Abdelnoor, M.; Nakstad, P.; Sandset, P. (2000) Lancet, 355, 1205-1210.
77. Liu, M.; Counsell, C.; Sandercock, P. (2002) Anticoagulants for preventing recurrence following ishemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (Cochrane review): Oxford.
78. Nelson, H. (2002) JAMA, 288, 882-884.
79. Simon, J.; Hsia, J.; Cauley, J.; Richards, C.; Harris, F.; Fong, J.; Barrett-Gonnor, E.; Hulley, S., (2001) Circulation, 103, 638-642.
80. Hulley, S.; Grady, D.; Bush, T.; Furberg, C.; Herrington, D.; Riggs, B. (1998) JAMA, 280, 605-13.
81. Viscoli, C.; Brass, L.; Kernan, W.; Sarrel, P.; Suissa, S.; Horowitz, R. (2001) N. Engl. J. Med., 345, 1243-1249.
82. Writing Group for the Women's Health Iniative Investigators. (2002) JAMA, 288, 321-333.
83. Mosca, L.; Collins, P.; Herrington, D.; Mendelsohn, M., Pasternack, R.; Robertson, R.; Schenck- Gustafsson, K.; Smith, S.; Taubert, K.; Wenger, N. (2001) Circulation, 104, 499-503.
84. McCully, S. (1969) Am. J. Pathol., 56, 111-128.
85. Hankey, G.; Eikelboom, J. (2001) Curr. Opin. Neurol., 14, 95-102.
86. Bostom, A.; Silbershatz, H.; Rosenberg, I.: Selhub, J.; D'Agostino, R.; Wolf, P.; Jacques, P.; Wilson, P. (1999) Arch. Intern. Med., 159(10), 1077-1080.
87. Bots, M.; Launer, L.; Lindemans, J.; Hoes, A.; Hofman, A.; Witterman, J.; Koudstaal, P.; Grobbee, D. (1999) Arch. Intern. Med., 159(1), 38-44.
88. Kittner, S.; Giles, W.; Macko, R.; Hebel, J.; Wozniak, M.; Wityk, R.; Stolley, P.; Stern, B.; Sloan, M.; Sherwin, R.; Price, T.; McCarter, R.; Johnson, C.; Earley, C.; Buchholz, D.; Malinow, M. (1999) Stroke, 30, 1554-1560.
89. Kristensen, B.; Malm, J.; Nilsson, T.; Hultdin, J.; Carlberg, B.; Dahlen, G.; Olsson, T. (1999) Stroke, 30, 974-980.
90. van Beunym, I.; Smeitink, J.; den Heijer, M.; te Poele Pothoff, M.; Blom, H. (1999) Circulation, 99, 2070-2072.
91. The Homocysteine Studies Collaboration. (2002) JAMA, 288(16), 2015-2023.
92. O'Grady, H.; Kelly, C.; Bouchier-Hayes, D.; Leahy, A. (2002) Br. J. Surg., 89(7), 838-844.
93. Hiatt, B.; Lentz, S. (2002) Curr. Opin. Neurol., 4, 417-425.
94. Ohene-Frempong, K.; Weiner, S.; Sleeper, L.; Miller, S.; Embury, S.; Moohr, J.; Wethers, D.; Pegelow, C.; Gill, F. (1998) Blood, 91(1), 288-294.
95. Levine, J.; Branch, D.; Rauch, J. (2002) N. Engl. J. Med., 346, 752-763.
96. Levine, S.; Brey, R.; Joseph, C.; Havstad, S. (1992) Stroke, 23, 1-29, 1-31.
97. Brey, R.; Stallworth, C.; McGlasson, M., Wozniak, M.; Wityk, R.; Stern, B.; Sloan, M.; Sherwin, R.; Price, T.; Macke, R.; Johnson, C.; Earley, C.; Buchholz, D.; Hebel, J.; Kilmer, S. (2002) Stroke, 33, 2396-2401.
98. Tatlisumak, T.; Fisher, M. (1996) J. Neurol. Sci., 140, 1-11.
99. Shinton, R.; Beevers, G. (1989) Br. Med. J., 298, 789-794.
100. Wolf, P.; D'Agostino, R.; Kannel, W.; Bonita, R.; Belanger, A. (1988) JAMA, 259, 1025-1029.
101. Kawachi, I.; Colditz, G.; Stampfer, M.; Willett, W.; Manson, J.; Rosner, B.; Speitzer, F.; Hennekens, C. (1994) JAMA, 269, 226-232.
102. Boysen, G.; Truelsen, T. (2000) Neurol. Sci., 21, 67-72.
103. Sacco, R.; Elkind, M.; Boden- Albala, B.; AL, E. (1999) JAMA, 281(1), 53-60.
104. Klonoff, D.; Andrews, B.; Obana, W. (1989) Arch. Neurol., 46, 989-993.
105. Caplan, L.; Hier, D.; Banks, G. (1982) Stroke, 13, 869-872.
106. Wannamethee, S.; Shaper, A. (2001) Sports Med., 31(2), 101-114.
107. Antiplatelet Trialists Collaboration. (1994) BMJ, 308, 1641-1649.
108. Harrison, M.; Marshall, J.; Meadows, J. (1971) Lancet, 743-744.
109. FDA report. "Food and Drug Administration Internal analgesic, antipyretic, and antirheumatic drug products for over-the-counter human use: final rule for professional labeling of aspirin, buffered aspirin, and aspirin in combination with antacid drug products,", 1998.
110. The SALT Collaborators Group. (1991) Lancet, 338, 1345-1349.
111. The Dutch TIA Trial Group. (1991) N. Engl. J. Med., 54, 1261-1266.
112. Algra, A.; van Gijn, J. (1996) J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 60, 197-99.
113. Taylor, D.; Barnett, H.; Haynes, R. (1999) Lancet, 353, 2179-2184.
114. Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration. (2002) BMJ, 324, 71-86.
115. Reilly, I.; Fitzgerald, G. (1987) Blood, 69, 180-186.
116. Boysen, G. (1999) J. Intern. Med., 246(3), 239-245.
117. Garcia Rodriguez, L.; Hernandez-Diaz, S.; De Abajo, F. (2003) Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol., (in press).
118. Fleck, J.; Biller, J. (2001) Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 33-38.
119. Gent, M.; Blakeley, J.; Easton, J.; Ellis, D.; Hachinski, V.; Harbison, J. (1989) Lancet, 1, 1215-1220.
120. Hass, W.; Easton, J.; Adams, H.; Pryce-Phillips, W.; Molony, B.; Anderson, S. (1989) N. Engl. J. Med., 321, 501-507.
121. Worrall, B.; Johnston, K. (2000) Current Atherosclerosis Reports, 104-109.
122. Wysowski, D.; Bacsanyi, J. (1996) JAMA, 276, 952.
123. Schaefer, A. (1996) Am. J. Med., 166, 199-209.
124. CAPRIE Steering Committee. (1996) Lancet, 348, 1329-1339.
125. Algra, A.; van Gijn, J. (2000) Curr. Control Trials Cardiovasc Med., 1, 143-145.
126. Hankey, G.; Warlow, C. (1999) Lancet, 354, 1457-1463.
127. de Gaetano, G.; Cerletti, C.; Bertele, V. (1982) Lancet, 2, 974-977.
128. Bousser, M.; Eschwege, E.; Haguenau, M. (1983) Stroke, 5-14.
129. American-Canadian Co-operative Study Group. (1985) Stroke, 16(3), 406-415.
130. Matias-Guiu, J.; Davalos, A.; Pico, M. (1987) Acta. Neur. Scand. 76, 413-421.
131. Redman, A.; Ryan, G. (2001) Clin. Ther., 23, 1391-1408.
132. ESPS Group. (1990) Stroke, 21, 1122-1130.
133. Diener, H.; Cunha, L.; Forbes, J.; Sivenius, J.; Smets, P.; Lowenthal, A. (1996) Jour. Neur. Sci., 143, 1-13.
134. Malinin, A., Eisert, R.; Atar, D.; Barkagan, Z.; Serebruany, V. (2002) Heart Drug, 2, 93-104.
135. De Schryver, E.; Algra, A.; van Gijn, J. (2003) Stroke, 34(8), 2072-2080.
136. Bhatt, D.; Topol, E. (2000) JAMA, 284.
137. The Symphony Investigators. (2000) Lancet, 355, 337-345.
138. Topol, E.; Easton, J.; Amarenco, P. (2000) Am. Heart J., 139, 927-933.
139. The Abciximab in Ischemic Stroke Investigators. (2000) Stroke, 31, 601-609.
140. Albers, G.; Amarenco, P.; Easton, J.; Sacco, R.; Teal, P. (2001) Chest, 119, 300S-320S.
141. Lip, G.; Hart, R.; Conway, D. (2002) BMJ, 325, 1022-1025.
142. The Stroke Prevention in Reversible Ischemia Trial (SPIRIT) Study Group. (1997) Ann. Neurol., 42, 857-865.
143. The WARSS Clinical Trial Group. (2001) Stroke, 32, 329-a.
144. Mohr, J.; Thompson, J.; Lazar, R.; Levin, B.; Sacco, R.; Furie, K.; Kistler, J.; Albers, G.; Pettigrew, L.; Adams, H. (2001) N. Engl. J. Med., 345, 1444-1451.
145. Hankey, G. (2002) Stroke, 33, 1723-1726.
146. Hylek, E.; Skates, S.; Sheehan, M.; Singer, D. (1996) N Engl J Med., 335, 540-546.
147. De Schryver, E. (2000) Cerebrovasc. Dis., 10, 147-150.
148. Howlett-Smith, H.; Cruz-Flores, S.; Belden, J.; Sauerbeck, L.; Levine, R.; Stern, B.; Chimowitz, M. (1998) Neurology, 55, 295-296.
149. Benesch, C.; Chimowitz, M. (2000) Neurology, 55, 465-466.
150. Yusuf, S.; Zhao, F.; Mehta, S.; Chrolavicius, S.; Tognoni, G.; Fox, K. (2001) N. Engl. J. Med., 345.
151. Easton, J. (2001) Cerebrovasc. Dis., 11(suppl) 2, 23-28.
152. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. (1991) N. Engl. J. Med., 325, 445-453.
153. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. (1991) Lancet, 337, 1235-1243.
154. Barnett, H.; Taylor, D.; Eliasziw, M. (1998) N. Engl. J. Med., 339, 1415-1425.
155. European Carotid Surgery Trialists' Collaborative Group. (1998) Lancet, 351, 1379-1387.
156. Stroke, I. W. P. F. (2000) "National Clinical Guidelines for Stroke," Royal College of Physicians.
157. Biller, J.; Feinberg, W.; Castaldo, J.; Whittemore, A.; Harbaugh, R.; Dempsey, R.; Caplan, L.; Kresowik, T.; Matchar, D.; Toole, J.; Easton, J.; Adams, H.; Brass, L.; Hobson, R.; Brott, G.; Sternau, L. (1998) Circulation, 97, 501-509.
158. Rothwell, P.; Gutnikov, S.; Warlow, C. (2003) Stroke, 34, 514-523.
159. Barnett, H.; Warlow, C. (1993) Stroke, 24, 1281-1284.
160. Hsia, D.; Moscoe, L.; Krushat, W. (1998) Stroke, 29, 346-350.
161. Karp, H.; Flanders, W.; Shipp, C.; Taylor, B.; Martin, D. (1998) Stroke, 29, 46-52.
162. Barnett, H.; Eliasziw, M.; Meldrum, H.; Taylor, D. (1996) Neurology, 46, 603-608.
163. Benavente, O.; Moher, D.; Pham, B. (1998) BMJ, 317, 1477-1480.
164. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. (1995) JAMA, 273, 1421-1428.
165. Barnett, H.; Meldrum, H.; Eliasziw, M. (2002) CMAJ, 166(9), 1169.
166. Chambers, B.; You, R.; Donnan, G. (2003) The Cochrane Library, 1.
167. Morgenstern, L.; Fox, A.; Sharpe, B.; Eliasziw, M.; Barnett, H.; Grotta, J. (1997) Neurology, 48, 911-915.
168. Rothwell, P.; Gibson, R.; Warlow, C. (2000) Stroke, 31, 615-621.
169. Alamowitch, S.; Eliasziw, M.; Algra, A.; Meldrum, H.; Barnett, H. (2001) Lancet, 357, 1154-1160.
170. Gaines, P.; Borysiewicz, L.; Walport, M. (2000) British Medical Bulletin, 56(2), 549-556.
171. Brown, M. (1998) Cerebrovasc. Dis., 8(Suppl 4), 21.
172. Golledge, J.; Mitchell, A.; Greenhalgh, R.; Davies, A. (2000) Stroke, 31, 1439-1443.
173. Kastrup, A.; Gröschel, K.; Krapf, H.; Brehm, B.; Dichgans, J.; Schulz, J. (2003) Stroke, 34(3), 813-819.
174. EC-IC Bypass Study Group. (1985) N. Engl. J. Med., 313, 1191-1200.
175. Caplan, L.; Piepgras, D.; Quest, D.; Toole, J.; Samson. D.; Futrell, N.; Millikan, C.; Flamm, E.; Heros, R. (1996) Surgical Neurology, 46(5), 416-423.
176. Adams, H.; Powers, W., Grupp, L.; Clarke, W.; Woolson, R. (2000) Neurosurg. Clin. North Am., 36, 613-624.
177. Lechat, P.; Mas, J.; Lascault, G. (1988) N. Engl. J. Med., 318, 1148-1152.
178. Hausmann, D.; Mugge, A.; Becht, I. (1992) Am. J. Cardiol., 70, 668-672.
179. Kerut, E.; Norfleet, W.; Plotnick, G. (2001) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 38, 613-623.
180. Webster, M.; Chancellor, A.; Smith, H. (1988) Lancet, 1988, 11-12.
181. Hagen, P.; Scholz, D.; Edwards, W. (1984) Mayo Clin. Proc., 59, 17-20.
182. Mas, J.; Arquizan, C.; Lamy, C.; Mathieu, Z.; Cabanes, L.; Derumeaux, G.; Coste, J. (2001) N. Engl. J. Med., 345(24), 1740-1746.
183. Bogousslavsky, J.; Garazi, S.; Jeanrenaud, X. (1996) Neurology, 46, 1301-1305.
184. Shunichi, H.; Sacco, R.; Di Tullio, M.; Sciacca, R.; Mohr, J. (2002) Circulation, 105, 2625-2631.
185. Homma, S.; Di Tullio, M.; Sacco, R. (1997) Stroke, 28, 2376-2381.
186. Ruchat, P.; Bogousslavsky, J.; Hurni, M. (1997) Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 11, 824-827.
187. Hung, J.; Landzberg, M.; KJ, J. (2000) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 35, 1311-1316.
188. Windecker, S.; Wahl, A.; Chatterjee, T. (2000) Circulation, 101, 893-898.
189. Martin, F.; Sanchez, P.; Doherty, E.; Colon-Hernandez, P.; Delgado, G.; Inglessis, I., Scott, N.; Hung, J.; King, M. Buonanno, F.; Demirjian, Z.; de Moor, M.; Palacios, M. (2002) Circulation, 106, 1121-1126.
190. Mouradian, M.; Majumdar, S.; Senthilselvan, A.; Khan, K.; Shuaib, A. (2002) Stroke, 33, 1656-1659.