Retinoic acid-mediated phospholipase A2 signaling in the nucleus

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 45, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 179-195

  Farooqui, Akhlaq A ^a   Antony, Pierre ^a,d   Ong, Wei Yi ^b   Horrocks, Lloyd A ^a   Freysz, Louis ^c  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG   (France)

^d VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid; Interactions between neurotransmitters; Neurotransmitters, modulators, transporters, and receptors; Nucleus; Peroxisome proliferators activated receptor; Phospholipase A2; Retinoic acid; Retinoic acid receptor; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

4 (3 CARBOXYPHENYL) 3,7 DIMETHYL 9 (2,6,6 TRIMETHYL 1 CYCLOHEXENYL) 2,4,6,8 NONATETRAENOIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC ACID; BMS 493; CASPASE 8; CYTOCHROME C; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 INHIBITOR; PHOSPHOLIPASE C; PHOSPHOLIPASE D; PHOSPHOLIPID; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOIC ACID DERIVATIVE; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; RETINOID DERIVATIVE; RETINOL; RETINOL BINDING PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; APOPTOSIS; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN TISSUE; CANCER; CELL NUCLEUS; CELL PROLIFERATION; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENETIC LINKAGE; HUMAN; LEARNING; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; LONG TERM POTENTIATION; MEMORY; MEMORY DISORDER; METABOLITE; NERVE CELL DIFFERENTIATION; NERVE CELL GROWTH; NERVE FIBER GROWTH; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PHOSPHOLIPID METABOLISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENILE DEMENTIA; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SKIN DISEASE; TERATOGENICITY; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANIMALS; BRAIN; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; CELL NUCLEUS; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; PHOSPHOLIPASES A; RECEPTOR CROSS-TALK; RECEPTORS, RETINOIC ACID; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRETINOIN;

EID: 3042649475     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.03.002     Document Type: Review

References (164)

1. Ahlemeyer B., Krieglstein J. Retinoic acid reduces staurosporine-induced apoptotic damage in chick embryonic neurons by suppressing reactive oxygen species production. Neurosci. Lett. 246:1998;93-96
2. Ahlemeyer B., Krieglstein J. Inhibition of glutathione depletion by retinoic acid and tocopherol protects cultured neurons from staurosporine- induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. Neurochem. Int. 36:2000;1-5
3. Albi E., Micheli M., Viola-Magni M.P. Phospholipids and nuclear RNA. Cell Biol. Int. 20:1996;407-412
4. Antony P., Kanfer J.N., Freysz L. Phosphatidylcholine metabolism in nuclei of phorbol ester activated LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem. Res. 25:2000;1073-1082
5. Antony P., Farooqui A.A., Horrocks L.A., Freysz L. Effect of D609 on phosphatidylcholine metabolism in the nuclei of LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells: a key role for diacylglycerol. FEBS Lett. 509:2001;115-118
6. 2 in nuclei of LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem. Res. 26:2001;83-88
7. Antony P., Kanfer J.N., Freysz L. Retinoic acid specifically activates an oleate-dependent phospholipase D in the nuclei of LA-N-1 neuroblastoma cells. FEBS Lett. 541:2003;93-96
8. 2 and production of arachidonic acid in nuclei of LA-N-1 cell cultures: a specific receptor activation mediated with retinoic acid. Mol. Brain Res. 115:2003;187-195
9. Aranda A., Pascual A. Nuclear hormone receptors and gene expression. Physiol. Rev. 81:2001;1269-1304
10. Baker R.R., Chang H.Y. The incorporation of fatty acids into triacylglycerols of isolated neuronal nuclear envelopes: the influence of thiol reducing reagents and chromatin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 920:1987;285-292
11. Baker R.R., Chang H.Y. The acylation of 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate by neuronal nuclei and microsomal fractions of immature rabbit cerebral cortex. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 68:1990;641-647
12. Baker R.R., Chang H. Phosphatidylinositol synthetase activities in neuronal nuclei and microsomal fractions isolated from immature rabbit cerebral cortex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1042:1990;55-61
13. Baker R.R., Chang H.Y. Neuronal nuclear acetyltransferases involved in the synthesis of platelet-activating factor are located in the nuclear envelope and show differential losses in activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta L, Lipids Lipid Metab. 1345:1997;197-206
14. Baker R.R., Chang H.Y. A metabolic path for the degradation of lysophosphatidic acid, an inhibitor of lysophosphatidylcholine lysophospholipase, in neuronal nuclei of cerebral cortex. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids. 1483:2000;58-68
15. 2 in brain. FEBS Lett. 531:2002;12-17
16. Balmer J.E., Blomhoff R. Gene expression regulation by retinoic acid. J. Lipid Res. 43:2002;1773-1808
17. Bliss T.V.P., Collingridge G.L. A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature. 361:1993;31-39
18. 2 by the anti-inflammatory agent BMS-181162. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;274-280
19. 2. Biochem. J. 344:1999;359-366
20. Carlsson A. The current status of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1:1988;179-186
21. Chambaut-Guerin A.M., Martinez M.C., Hamimi C., Gauthereau X., Nunez J. Tumor necrosis factor receptors in neuroblastoma SKNBE cells and their regulation by retinoic acid. J. Neurochem. 65:1995;537-544
22. Chambaut-Guerin A.M., Costa S.L., Lefrancois T., Fages C., Gauthereau X., Tardy M. Effects of retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha on GL-15 glioblastoma cells. NeuroReport. 11:2000;389-393
23. Chambon P. A decade of molecular biology of retinoic acid receptors. FASEB J. 10:1996;940-954
24. Chen C., Tonegawa S. Molecular genetic analysis of synaptic plasticity, activity-dependent neural development, learning, and memory in the mammalian brain. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20:1997;157-184
25. Chen A.C., Yu K., Lane M.A., Gudas L.J. Homozygous deletion of the CRABPI gene in AB1 embryonic stem cells results in increased CRABPII gene expression and decreased intracellular retinoic acid concentration. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 411:2003;159-173
26. Chiang M.Y., Misner D., Kempermann G., Schikorski T., Giguere V., Sucov H.M., Gage F.H., Stevens C.F., Evans R.M. An essential role for retinoid receptors RARβ and RXRγ in long-term potentiation and depression. Neuron. 21:1998;1353-1361
27. Chiba Y., Ogita T., Ando K., Fujita T. PPARγ ligands inhibit TNF-α-induced LOX-1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 286:2001;541-546
28. Chio C.L., Drong R.F., Riley D.T., Gill G.S., Slightom J.L., Huff R.M. D4 dopamine receptor-mediated signaling events determined in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;11813-11819
29. 2. J. Lipid Mediators Cell Signal. 12:1995;83-117
30. Clements M.P., Bliss T.V.P., Lynch M.A. Increase in arachidonic acid concentration in a postsynaptic membrane fraction following the induction of long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience. 45:1991;379-389
31. Cocco L., Martelli A.M., Gilmour R.S., Rhee S.G., Manzoli F.A. Nuclear phospholipase C and signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids. 1530:2001;1-14
32. Corcoran J., Maden M. Nerve growth factor acts via retinoic acid synthesis to stimulate neurite outgrowth. Nat. Neurosci. 2:1999;307-308
33. Cosgaya J.M., Garcia-Villalba P., Perona R., Aranda A. Comparison of the effects of retinoic acid and nerve growth factor on PC12 cell proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. J. Neurochem. 66:1996;89-98
34. Cosgaya J.M., Perona R., Aranda A. Retinoic acid induces secretion of transforming growth factors by PC12 pheochromocytoma cells. Oncogene. 14:1997;579-587
35. Cosgaya J.M., Recio J.A., Aranda A. Influence of Ras and retinoic acid on nerve growth factor induction of transin gene expression in PC12 cells. Oncogene. 14:1997;1687-1696
36. 2 in mammalian brain. Abstr.-Soc. Neurosci. 25:1999;2206
37. D'Santos C.S., Clarke J.H., Divecha N. Phospholipid signalling in the nucleus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Lipids Lipid Metab. 1436:1998;201-232
38. Duncan G.E., Sheitman B.B., Lieberman J.A. An integrated view of pathophysiological models of schizophrenia. Brain Res. Rev. 29:1999;250-264
39. Durston A.J., van der Wees J., Pijnappel W.W., Godsave S.F. Retinoids and related signals in early development of the vertebrate central nervous system. Curr. Top. Dev. Biol. 40:1998;111-175
40. 2 activation influences the processing and secretion of the amyloid precursor protein. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197:1993;292-297
41. Farooqui A.A., Horrocks L.A. Methods for the determination of phospholipases, lipases and lysophospholipases. Boulton A.A., Baker G.B., Horrocks L.A. Lipids and Related Compounds. Neuromethods. vol. 7:1988;179-209 Humana Press, New Jersey
42. Farooqui A.A., Horrocks L.A. Plasmalogens: workhorse lipids of membranes in normal and injured neurons and glia. Neuroscientist. 7:2001;232-245
43. 2 in brain: a historic perspective. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids. 70:2004;361-372
44. 2 and its role in brain tissue. J. Neurochem. 69:1997;889-901
45. Farooqui A.A., Rapoport S.I., Horrocks L.A. Membrane phospholipid alterations in Alzheimer disease: deficiency of ethanolamine plasmalogens. Neurochem. Res. 22:1997;523-527
46. Farooqui A.A., Horrocks L.A., Farooqui T. Glycerophospholipids in brain: their metabolism, incorporation into membranes, functions, and involvement in neurological disorders. Chem. Phys. Lipids. 106:2000;1-29
47. 2: localization, role, and involvement in neurological diseases. Neuroscientist. 6:2000;169-180
48. Farooqui A.A., Horrocks L.A., Farooqui T. Deacylation and reacylation of neural membrane glycerophospholipids. J. Mol. Neurosci. 14:2000;123-135
49. 2 inhibitors in kainic acid induced neurodegeneration. Curr. Drug Targets. 4:2004;85-96
50. 2. Neurochem. Res. 2004;. (in press)
51. Forehand C.J., Ezerman E.B., Goldblatt J.P., Skidmore D.L., Glover J.C. Segment-specific pattern of sympathetic preganglionic projections in the chicken embryo spinal cord is altered by retinoids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;10878-10883
52. Fraschini A., Fuhrman Conti A.M. Nuclear phospholipids during the adaptation of human EUE cells to hypertonic stress. Histochem. Cell Biol. 103:1995;47-57
53. Fraschini A., Biggiogera M., Bottone M.G., Martin T.E. Nuclear phospholipids in human lymphocytes activated by phytohemagglutinin. Eur. J. Cell Biol. 78:1999;416-423
54. Freemantle S.J., Kerley J.S., Olsen S.L., Gross R.H., Spinella M.J. Developmentally-related candidate retinoic acid target genes regulated early during neuronal differentiation of human embryonal carcinoma. Oncogene. 21:2002;2880-2889
55. Gale E., Prince V., Lumsden A., Clarke J., Holder N., Maden M. Late effects of retinoic acid on neural crest and aspects of rhombomere. Development. 122:1996;783-793
56. Gianni M., Bauer A., Garattini E., Chambon P., Rochette-Egly C. Phosphorylation by p38MAPK and recruitment of SUG-1 are required for RA-induced RARγ degradation and transactivation. EMBO J. 21:2002;3760-3769
57. Goodman A.B. Three independent lines of evidence suggest retinoids as causal to schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95:1998;7240-7244
58. Goodman A.B., Pardee A.B. Meeting report; "Molecular neurobiological mechanisms in schizophrenia: seeking a synthesis" Biol. Psychiatry. 48:2000;173-183
59. Goodman A.B., Pardee A.B. Evidence for defective retinoid transport and function in late onset Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100:2003;2901-2905
60. Guan K., Chang H., Rolletschek A., Wobus A.M. Embryonic stem cell-derived neurogenesis. Retinoic acid induction and lineage selection of neuronal cells. Cell Tissue Res. 305:2001;171-176
61. Gudas L.J. Retinoids and vertebrate development. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1994;15399-15402
62. Han C., Demetris A.J., Michalopoulos G., Shelhamer J.H., Wu T. 85-kDa cPLA2 plays a critical role in PPAR-mediated gene transcription in human hepatoma cells. Am. J. Physiol.: Gasterointest. Liver Physiol. 282:2002;G586-G597
63. 2-mediated neurotransmitter signal transduction, in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 296:2001;1074-1084
64. 2 in the human astrocytoma cell line 1321N1. J. Biol. Chem. 273:1998;606-612
65. 2 and transactivation of cyclooxygenase-2. J. Neurochem. 73:1999;1641-1649
66. 2 and the distinct transcriptional programs of astrocytoma cells. Trends Neurosci. 23:2000;259-264
67. 2 expression in tracheal epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 270:1996;L854-L862
68. 2 from bovine brain cytosol. J. Neurochem. 59:1992;708-714
69. Honda S., Itoh F., Yoshimoto M., Hinoda Y., Imai K. Changes in morphology of neuroblastoma cells treated with all-trans retinoic acid combined with transfer of the C-terminal region of the amyloid precursor protein. J. Clin. Lab Anal. 12:1998;172-178
70. 2 associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 21:1996;111-116
71. Hunt A.N., Clark G.T., Attard G.S., Postle A.D. Highly saturated endonuclear phosphatidylcholine is synthesized in situ and colocated with CDP-choline pathway enzymes. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;8492-8499
72. Irvine R.F. Nuclear lipid signalling. Nat. Rev., Mol. Cell Biol. 4:2003;349-360
73. Ishiguro H., Okubo Y., Ohtsuki T., Yamakawa-Kobayashi K., Arinami T. Mutation analysis of the retinoid X receptor beta, nuclear-related receptor 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha genes in schizophrenia and alcohol dependence: possible haplotype association of nuclear-related receptor 1 gene to alcohol dependence. Am. J. Med. Genet. 114:2002;15-23
74. 2 by PPAR activators in human preadipocytes. J. Lipid Res. 42:2001;716-724
75. Johann V., Jeliaznik N., Schrage K., Mey J. Retinoic acid downregulates the expression of ciliary neurotrophic factor in rat Schwann cells. Neurosci. Lett. 339:2003;13-16
76. Kanfer J.N., McCartney D., Singh I.N., Freysz L. Phospholipase D activity of rat brain neuronal nuclei. J. Neurochem. 67:1996;760-766
77. Kanfer J.N., Sorrentino G., Sitar D.S. Phospholipases as mediators of amyloid β-peptide neurotoxicity: an early event contributing to neurodegeneration characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci. Lett. 257:1998;93-96
78. Kaplan D.R., Matsumoto K., Lucarelli E., Thiele C.J. Induction of TrkB by retinoic acid mediates biologic responsiveness to BDNF and differentiation of human neuroblastoma cells. Neuron. 11:1993;321-331
79. Kerley J.S., Olsen S.L., Freemantle S.J., Spinella M.J. Transcriptional activation of the nuclear receptor corepressor RIP140 by retinoic acid: a potential negative-feedback regulatory mechanism. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285:2001;969-975
80. 31P MRS and MRI studies. Schizophr. Res. 10:1993;241-246
81. Kleuser B., Maceyka M., Milstien S., Spiegel S. Stimulation of nuclear sphingosine kinase activity by platelet-derived growth factor. FEBS Lett. 503:2001;85-90
82. Kobayashi M., Kurihara K., Matsuoka I. Retinoic acid induces BDNF responsiveness of sympathetic neurons by alteration of Trk neurotrophin receptor expression. FEBS Lett. 356:1994;60-65
83. Kobayashi M., Fujii M., Kurihara K., Matsuoka I. Bone morphogenetic protein-2 and retinoic acid induce neurotrophin-3 responsiveness in developing rat sympathetic neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 53:1998;206-217
84. Konig G., Masters C.L., Beyreuther K. Retinoic acid induced differentiated neuroblastoma cells show increased expression of the βA4 amyloid gene of Alzheimer's disease and an altered splicing pattern. FEBS Lett. 269:1990;305-310
85. Kopf E., Plassat J.L., Vivat V., de The H., Chambon P., Rochette-Egly C. Dimerization with retinoid X receptors and phosphorylation modulate the retinoic acid-induced degradation of retinoic acid receptors α and γ through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 275:2000;33280-33288
86. 2 enzymes. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 68-9:2002;3-58
87. Laeng P., Decimo D., Pettmann B., Janet T., Labourdette G. Retinoic acid regulates the development of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro. J. Neurosci. Res. 39:1994;613-633
88. Lahiri D.K., Nall C. Promoter activity of the gene encoding the beta-amyloid precursor protein is up-regulated by growth factors, phorbol ester, retinoic acid and interleukin-1. Mol. Brain Res. 32:1995;233-240
89. LaMantia A.S. Forebrain induction, retinoic acid, and vulnerability to schizophrenia: insights from molecular and genetic analysis in developing mice. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;19-30
90. Lang D., Kanfer J.N., Goracci G., Freysz L. Production and function of lipid second messengers in proliferating and differentiated neuroblastoma cells. J. Lipid Mediators Cell Signal. 14:1996;349-359
91. Laruelle M., Abi-Dargham A., Gil R., Kegeles L., Innis R. Increased dopamine transmission in schizophrenia: relationship to illness phases. Biol. Psychiatry. 46:1999;56-72
92. Le Douarin B., Zechel C., Garnier J.M., Lutz Y., Tora L., Pierrat P., Heery D., Gronemeyer H., Chambon P., Losson R. The N-terminal part of TIF1, a putative mediator of the ligand-dependent activation function (AF-2) of nuclear receptors, is fused to B-raf in the oncogenic protein T18. EMBO J. 14:1995;2020-2033
93. 2 has a role in proliferation but not in differentiation of HL-60 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1355:1997;270-280
94. Ma X., Karra S., Guo W., Lindner D.J., Hu J., Angell J.E., Hofmann E.R., Reddy S.P., Kalvakolanu D.V. Regulation of interferon and retinoic acid-induced cell death activation through thioredoxin reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;24843-24854
95. Maden M., Ong D.E., Chytil F. Retinoid-binding protein distribution in the developing mammalian nervous system. Development. 109:1990;75-80
96. Mailhos C., Howard M.K., Latchman D.S. A common pathway mediates retinoic acid and PMA-dependent programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neuronal cells. Brain Res. 644:1994;7-12
97. Martelli A.M., Capitani S., Neri L.M. The generation of lipid signaling molecules in the nucleus. Prog. Lipid Res. 38:1999;273-308
98. Martelli A.M., Manzoli L., Faenza I., Bortul R., Billi A., Cocco L. Nuclear inositol lipid signaling and its potential involvement in malignant transformation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1603:2002;11-17
99. Martelli A.M., Bortul R., Tabellini G., Bareggi R., Manzoli L., Narducci P., Cocco L. Diacylglycerol kinases in nuclear lipid-dependent signal transduction pathways. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 59:2002;1129-1137
100. 2: its role in adaptive neural plasticity. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 57:2000;1542-1550
101. McCaffery P.J., Adams J., Maden M., Rosa-Molinar E. Too much of a good thing: retinoic acid as an endogenous regulator of neural differentiation and exogenous teratogen. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18:2003;457-472
102. Mey J., McCaffery P., Drager U.C. Retinoic acid synthesis in the developing chick retina. J. Neurosci. 17:1997;7441-7449
103. Mey J. Retinoic acid as a regulator of cytokine signaling after nerve injury. Z. Naturforsch., C. 56:2001;163-176
104. Minucci S., Leid M., Toyama R., Saint-Jeannet J.P., Peterson V.J., Horn V., Ishmael J.E., Bhattacharyya N., Dey A., Dawid I.B., Ozato K. Retinoid X receptor (RXR) within the RXR-retinoic acid receptor heterodimer binds its ligand and enhances retinoid-dependent gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17:1997;644-655
105. Misner D.L., Jacobs S., Shimizu Y., de Urquiza A.M., Solomin L., Perlmann T., De Luca L.M., Stevens C.F., Evans R.M. Vitamin A deprivation results in reversible loss of hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:2001;11714-11719
106. 2 activity associated with nuclei is not inhibited by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone in macrophages stimulated with receptor-recognized forms of α2- macroglobulin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 379:2000;153-160
107. Mohanakumar K.P., De Bartolomeis A., Wu R.-M., Yeh K.J., Sternberger L.M., Peng S.-Y., Murphy D.L., Chiueh C.C. Ferrous-citrate complex and nigral degeneration: evidence for free-radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 738(392-399):1994;392-399
108. 2 are expressed in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 258:1998;139-142
109. Morand J.N., Kent C. Localization of the membrane-associated CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in Chinese hamster ovary cells with an altered membrane composition. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;13785-13792
110. Morita I., Schindler M., Regier M.K., Otto J.C., Hori T., DeWitt D.L., Smith W.L. Different intracellular locations for prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1 and -2. J. Biol. Chem. 270:1995;10902-10908
111. 2. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 17:1997;225-283
112. Nagpal S., Saunders M., Kastner P., Durand B., Nakshatri H., Chambon P. Promoter context- and response element-dependent specificity of the transcriptional activation and modulating functions of retinoic acid receptors. Cell. 70:1992;1007-1019
113. Nagy L., Thomazy V.A., Shipley G.L., Fesus L., Lamph W., Heyman R.A., Chandraratna R.A.S., Davies P.J.A. Activation of retinoid X receptors induces apoptosis in HL-60 cell lines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1995;3540-3551
114. Napoli J.L. Retinoic acid biosynthesis and metabolism. FASEB J. 10:1996;993-1001
115. 2 and sphingomyelinase activities in rat liver nuclear membrane and matrix. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 27:1995;995-1001
116. Nishizaki T., Nomura T., Matsuoka T., Tsujishita Y. Arachidonic acid as a messenger for the expression of long-term potentiation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 254:1999;446-449
117. 2 signaling pathway. Life Sci. 68:2001;2885-2891
118. Obermeier H., Hrboticky N., Sellmayer A. Differential effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on cell growth and differentiation of premonocytic U937 cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1266:1995;179-185
119. Okada D., Yamagishi S., Sugiyama H. Differential effects of phospholipase inhibitors in long-term potentiation in the rat hippocampal mossy fiber synapses and Schaffer/commissural synapses. Neurosci. Lett. 100:1989;141-146
120. 2 mRNA levels in the rat hippocampus after kainate-induced neuronal injury. Exp. Brain Res. 148:2003;521-524
121. Payrastre B., Nievers M., Boonstra J., Breton M., Verkleij A.J., van Bergen en Henegouwen P.M. A differential location of phosphoinositide kinases, diacylglycerol kinase, and phospholipase C in the nuclear matrix. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;5078-5084
122. Penrose J.F., Spector J., Lam B.K., Friend D.S., Xu K., Jack R.M., Austen K.F. Purification of human lung leukotriene C4 synthase and preparation of a polyclonal antibody. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152:1995;283-289
123. Rochette-Egly C. Nuclear receptors: integration of multiple signalling pathways through phosphorylation. Cell. Signal. 15:2003;355-366
124. Roos T.C., Jugert F.K., Merk H.F., Bickers D.R. Retinoid metabolism in the skin. Pharmacol. Rev. 50:1998;315-333
125. 2. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54:1997;487-494
126. 2 activities in brain of patients with schizophrenia. Brain Res. 821:1999;407-413
127. Ross S.A., McCaffery P.J., Drager U.C., De Luca L.M. Retinoids in embryonal development. Physiol. Rev. 80:2000;1021-1054
128. Rowe A. Retinoid X receptors. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 29:1997;275-278
129. Samad T.A., Krezel W., Chambon P., Borrelli E. Regulation of dopaminergic pathways by retinoids: activation of the D2 receptor promoter by members of the retinoic acid receptor-retinoid X receptor family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94:1997;14349-14354
130. Scorrano L., Penzo D., Petronilli V., Pagano F., Bernardi P. Arachidonic acid causes cell death through the mitochondrial permeability transition - implications for tumor necrosis factor-alpha apoptotic signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 276:2001;12035-12040
131. Singh I.N., Sorrentino G., McCartney D.G., Massarelli R., Kanfer J.N. Enzymatic activities during differentiation of the human neuroblastoma cells, LA-N-1 and LA-N-2. J. Neurosci. Res. 25:1990;476-485
132. Singh I.N., Massarelli R., Kanfer J.N. Activation of phospholipases D and A by amphiphilic cations of cultured LA-N-2 cells is G protein- and protein kinase C-independent. J. Lipid Mediators. 7:1993;85-96
133. 2-derived arachidonic acid and its metabolites. Brain Res. 721:1996;39-48
134. Smith S.M., Dickman E.D., Power S.C., Lancman J. Retinoids and their receptors in vertebrate embryogenesis. J. Nutr. 128:1998;467S-470S
135. Smith D., Wagner E., Koul O., McCaffery P., Drager U.C. Retinoic acid synthesis for the developing telencephalon. Cereb. Cortex. 11:2001;894-905
136. Sockanathan S., Jessell T.M. Motor neuron-derived retinoid signaling specifies the subtype identity of spinal motor neurons. Cell. 94:1998;503-514
137. 2 inhibitors on axon elongation. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 4:1986;363-367
138. Sun S.Y., Yue P., Wu G.S., El Deiry W.S., Shroot B., Hong W.K., Lotan R. Mechanisms of apoptosis induced by the synthetic retinoid CD437 in human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. Oncogene. 18:1999;2357-2365
139. Tamiya-Koizumi K. Nuclear lipid metabolism and signaling. J. Biochem. 132:2002;13-22
140. 2+-dependency by polyphosphoinositides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1002:1989;182-188
141. 2+-dependent, neutral sphingomyelinase in nuclei of rat ascites hepatoma cells. J. Biochem. (Tokyo). 106:1989;593-598
142. Tanaka T., Rodriguez de la Concepcion M.L., De Luca L.M. Involvement of all-trans-retinoic acid in the breakdown of retinoic acid receptors alpha and gamma through proteasomes in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 61:2001;1347-1355
143. 2). Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1217:1994;345-347
144. Thompson Haskell G., Maynard T.M., Shatzmiller R.A., LaMantia A.S. Retinoic acid signaling at sites of plasticity in the mature central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:2002;228-241
145. Tong L., Werrbach-Perez K., Perez-Polo J.R. Retinoic acid induces apoptosis in PC12 cells independent of neurotrophic factors. J. Neurochem. 68:1997;1424-1435
146. Wagner E., McCaffery P., Drager U.C. Retinoic acid in the formation of the dorsoventral retina and its central projections. Dev. Biol. 222:2000;460-470
147. Wagner E., Luo T., Drager U.C. Retinoic acid synthesis in the postnatal mouse brain marks distinct developmental stages and functional systems. Cereb. Cortex. 12:2002;1244-1253
148. Watkins J.D., Kent C. Immunolocalization of membrane-associated CTP: phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in phosphatidylcholine-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Biol. Chem. 267:1992;5686-5692
149. 2 gene associated with schizophrenia? Mol. Psychiatry. 3:1998;480-481
150. White J.A., Beckett-Jones B., Guo Y.D., Dilworth F.J., Bonasoro J., Jones G., Petkovich M. cDNA cloning of human retinoic acid-metabolizing enzyme (hP450RAI) identifies a novel family of cytochromes P450 (CYP26). J. Biol. Chem. 272:1997;18538-18541
151. Williams J.H., Errington M.L., Lynch M.A., Bliss T.V.P. Arachidonic acid induces a long-term activity dependent enhancement of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. Nature. 341:1989;739-742
152. 2. FEBS Lett. 377:1995;358-362
153. Woods J.W., Coffey M.J., Brock T.G., Singer I.I., Peters-Golden M. 5-Lipoxygenase is located in the euchromatin of the nucleus in resting human alveolar macrophages and translocates to the nuclear envelope upon cell activation. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1995;2035-2046
154. Wright P., Donaldson P.T., Underhill J.A., Choudhuri K., Doherty D.G., Murray R.M. Genetic association of the HLA DRB1 gene locus on chromosome 6p21.3 with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry. 153:1996;1530-1533
155. Wyatt S., Andres R., Rohrer H., Davies A.M. Regulation of neurotrophin receptor expression by retinoic acid in mouse sympathetic neuroblasts. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;1062-1071
156. 2 from bovine brain. Biochem. J. 299:1994;91-95
157. 2 from bovine brain. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199:1994;1158-1166
158. 2 from rat brain. J. Neurochem. 73:1999;1278-1287
159. Yee K.K., Rawson N.E. Retinoic acid enhances the rate of olfactory recovery after olfactory nerve transection. Dev. Brain Res. 124:2000;129-132
160. Yoo H.Y., Chang M.S., Rho H.M. Induction of the rat Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene through the peroxisome proliferator-responsive element by arachidonic acid. Gene. 234:1999;87-91
161. Yu Y.M., Han P.L., Lee J.K. JNK pathway is required for retinoic acid-induced neurite outgrowth of human neuroblastoma, SH-SY5Y. NeuroReport. 14:2003;941-945
162. 2 isoforms in rat striatal astrocytes. Neurosci. Lett. 247:1998;83-86
163. Zhang H., Satyamoorthy K., Herlyn M., Rosdahl I. All-trans retinoic acid (atRA) differentially induces apoptosis in matched primary and metastatic melanoma cells-a speculation on damage effect of atRA via mitochondrial dysfunction and cell cycle redistribution. Carcinogenesis. 24:2003;185-191
164. Zhu J., Gianni M., Kopf E., Honore N., Chelbi-Alix M., Koken M., Quignon F., Rochette-Egly C., de The H. Retinoic acid induces proteasome-dependent degradation of retinoic acid receptor-α (RAR-α) and oncogenic RAR-α fusion proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96:1999;14807-14812