Clearing the air: The effect of experimenter race on target's test performance and subjective experience

British Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 645-657

  Marx, David M ^a   Goff, Phillip Atiba ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; CAUCASIAN; COMPARATIVE STUDY; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

AFRICAN AMERICANS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE TESTS; STEREOTYPING;

EID: 30344453093     PISSN: 01446665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1348/014466604X17948     Document Type: Article

References (33)

1. Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York: Doubleday Books.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Blanton, H., Christie, C., & Dye, M. (2002). Social identity versus reference frame comparisons: The moderating role of stereotype endorsement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 253-267.
4. Blanton, H., Crocker, J., & Miller, D. T. (2000). The effects of in-group versus out-group social comparison on self-esteem in the context of a negative stereotype. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 519-530.
5. Bowen, W. G., & Bok, D. C. (1998). The shape of the river: Long-term consequences of considering race in college and university admissions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
6. Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this "we"? Levels of collective identity and self-representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 83-93.
7. Brewer, M. B., & Weber, J. G. (1994). Self-evaluation effects of interpersonal versus intergroup social comparison. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 268-275.
8. Danso, H. A., & Esses, V. M. (2001). Black experimenters and the intellectual test performance of White participants: The tables are turned. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 158-165.
9. Davies, P. G., Spencer, S. J., Quinn, D. M., & Gerhardstein, R. (2002). Consuming images: How television commercials that elicit stereotype threat can restrain women academically and professionally. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1615-1628.
10. Dijksterhuis, A., Spears, R., Postmes, T., Stapel, D., Koomen, W., Knippenberg, A., & Scheepers, D. (1998). Seeing one thing and doing another: Contrast effects in automatic behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 862-871.
11. Educational Testing Service (1994). GRE: Practicing to take the general test (9th ed.). Princeton, NJ: Author.
12. Inzlicht, M., & Ben-Zeev, T. (2000). A threatening intellectual environment: Why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychological Science, 11, 365-371.
13. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27.
14. Kunda, Z., Davies, P. G., Adams, B. D., & Spencer, S. J. (2002). The dynamic time course of stereotype activation: Activation, dissipation, and resurrection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 283-299.
15. Lemann, N. (1999). The big test: The secret history of the American meritocracy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
16. Maass, A., & Cadinu, M. (2003). Stereotype threat: When minority members underperform. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 14, pp. 243-275). New York: Taylor and Francis Group.
17. Major, B., Sciacchitano, A. M., & Crocker, J. (1993). In-group vs. out-group comparisons and self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 711-721.
18. Marx, D. M., Brown, J. L., & Steele, C. M. (1999). Allport's legacy and the situational press of stereotypes. Journal of Social Issues (Prejudice and Intergroup Relations: Papers in Honor of Gordon W. Allport's Centennial), 55(3), 491-502.
19. Marx, D. M., & Roman, J. S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women's math test performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 1183-1193.
20. Marx, D. M., Stapel, D. A., & Muller, D. (2005). We can do it: The interplay of construal orientation and social comparisons under threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 432-446.
21. Marx, D. M., Urland, G. R., Overbeck., J. R., & Webster, G. D. (2002). Upward social comparisons in a stereotyped domain: The effect of female role models on students' feelings of doubt and math performance. Unpublished manuscript, University of Colorado, USA.
22. McIntyre, R. B., Paulson, R. M., & Lord, C. G. (2003). Alleviating women's mathematics stereotype through salience of group achievement. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 83-90.
23. Ramist, L., Lewis, C., & McCamley-Kenkins, L. (1994). Implications of using freshman GPA as the criterion for the predictive validity of the SAT. In W. W. Willingham & C. Lewis (Eds.), Predicting college grades: An analysis of institutional trends over two decades (pp. 253-288). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
24. Schmader, T., & Johns, M. (2003). Converging evidence that stereotype threat reduces working memory capacity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 440-452.
25. Schmitt, M. T., Silvia, P. J., & Branscombe, N. R. (2000). The intersection of self-evaluation maintenance and social identity theories: Intragroup judgment in interpersonal and intergroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1598-1606.
26. Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. In S. Leinhardt (Ed.), Sociological Methodology (pp. 290-312). Washington, DC: American Sociological Association.
27. Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women's math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 4-28.
28. Steele, C. M. (1997). A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance. American Psychologist, 52, 613-629.
29. Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995). Stereotype vulnerability and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 797-811.
30. Steele, C. M., Spencer, S.J., & Aronson, J. (2002). Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype and social identity threat. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 34, pp. 379-440). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
31. Stone, J., Lynch, C. I., Sjomeling, M., & Darley, J. M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on Black and White athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1213-1227.
32. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks.
33. Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2001). The effects of stereotype activation on behavior: A review of possible mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 797-826.