The smart house for older persons and persons with physical disabilities: Structure, technology arrangements, and perspectives

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering

Volumn 12, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 228-250

  Stefanov, Dimitar H ^a,b   Bien, Zeungnam ^b   Bang, Won Chul ^c  

^a INSTITUTE OF MECHANICS   (Bulgaria)

^b Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)   (South Korea)

^c Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Health monitoring; Intelligent house; Smart house; Wearable sensor

Indexed keywords

HEALTH CARE; MONITORING; PATIENT TREATMENT; SURVEYING;

INTELLIGENT DEVICES; MONITORING FUNCTION SYSTEM;

PATIENT REHABILITATION;

AUTOMATION; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; BODY POSTURE; BODY TEMPERATURE; ELECTRONICS; FITNESS; HOME MONITORING; KITCHEN; LEISURE; MAN MACHINE INTERACTION; PHYSICAL DISABILITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ROBOTICS; SENSOR; SMART HOUSE; TELECOMMUNICATION; VIRTUAL REALITY; WHEELCHAIR;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; AGED; AGING; ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE; COMPUTING METHODOLOGIES; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSIS, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; DISABLED PERSONS; ENVIRONMENT; GERIATRIC ASSESSMENT; HEALTH SERVICES FOR THE AGED; HUMANS; MONITORING, AMBULATORY; NEEDS ASSESSMENT; ONLINE SYSTEMS; PATIENT CARE PLANNING; REMINDER SYSTEMS; TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT, BIOMEDICAL; TELEMEDICINE; THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; USER-COMPUTER INTERFACE;

EID: 2942636174     PISSN: 15344320     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2004.828423     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. H. B. Stauffer, "Smart enabling system for home automation," IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 37, pp. 29-35, May 1991.
2. M. H. Shwehdi and A. Z. Khan, "A power line data communication interface using spread spectrum technology in home automation," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 11, pp. 1232-1237, July 1996.
3. C. Yerrapragada and P. S. Fisher, "Voice controlled smart house," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Consumer Electronics, Rosemont, IL, 1993, pp. 154-155.
4. H. Hirsh, M. H. Coen, M. C. Mozer, R. Hasha, and J. L. Flanagan, "Room service, AI-style," IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 8-19, Mar. 1999.
5. R. A. Brooks,"The intelligent room project: Cognitive technology," in Proc. 2nd Int. Cognitive Technology Conf., Aizu Wakamatsu, Japan, 1997, pp. 271-278.
6. M. Saito, "Expanding welfare concept and assistive technology," in Proc. IEEK Annual Fall Conf., Ansan, Korea, 2000, pp. 156-161.
7. S. Warren and R. Craft, "Designing smart health care technology into the home of the future," in Proc. 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conf., Atlanta, GA, 1999, p. 677.
8. J.-I. Lindström, "From R&D to market products-the TIDE bridge phase," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 688-692.
9. J. Graafmans, V. Taipale, and N. Charness, Gerontechnology: A Sustainable Investment of the Future. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 1997.
10. S. Brownsell, G. Williams, and D. A. Bradley, "Information strategies in achieving an integrated home care environment," in Proc. 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conf., Atlanta, GA, 1999, p. 1224.
11. M. Chan, C. Hariton, P. Ringeard, and E. Campo, "Smart house automation system for older persons and persons with physical disabilities," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1995, pp. 1586-1589.
12. G. Bourhis, P. Pino, and A. Leal-Olmedo, "Communication and environmental control aids for people with motor disabilities: Human-machine interaction optimization," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 139-143.
13. E. Kubilinskas and V. Lauruska, "Smart home system for physically disabled persons with verbal communication difficulties," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 300-304.
14. A. Kawarada, A. Tsakada, K. Sasaki, M. Ishijima, T. Tamura, T. Togawa, and K. Yamakoshi, "Automated monitoring system for home health care," in Proc. 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conf., Atlanta, GA, 1999, p. 694.
15. A. Kawarada, T. Takagi, A. Tsukada, K. Sasaki, M. Ishijima, T. Tamura, T. Togawa, and K. Yamakoshi, "Evaluation of automated health monitoring system at the Welfare Techno House," in Proc. 20th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1984-1987.
16. P. Blenkhorn, "Some applications of technology to give visually impaired people access to computers," in IEE Colloq. Problems in Human Vision: How Can Technology Help?, London, U.K., 1989, pp. 3/1-3/2.
17. P. Topo, "Technology in everyday life and care of elderly living at home and suffering from dementia," in Gerontechnology: A Sustainable Investment of the Future, J. Graafmans, V. Taipale, and N. Charness, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 1997, pp. 320-323.
18. R. Pieper and E. Riederer, "Home care for older persons with dementia," in Gerontechnology: A Sustainable Investment of the Future, J. Graafmans, V. Taipale, and N. Charness, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 1997, pp. 324-330.
19. P. Palmer, "Environmental controls: The attitudes of users," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 83-88.
20. P. Dario, E. Guglielmelli, C. Laschi, and G. Teti, "MOVAID: a personal robot in everyday life of disabled and elderly people," Technol. Disabil. J., no. 10, pp. 77-93, 1999.
21. E. Guglielmelli, P. Dario, C. Laschi, G. Teti, and R. Fontanelli, "A modular and distributed supervisory system for a semi-autonomous personal robot for household applications," in Proc. Int. Conf Advanced Robotics, Monterey, CA, 1997, pp. 45-50.
22. S. Bonner. "SMART technology demonstrator site". presented at Proc. 3rd TIDE Congr.. [Online]http://www.stakes.fit/tidecong/732bonne.html
23. J. Hammond, P. Sharkey, and G. Foster, "Integrating augmented reality with home systems," in Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Disability, Virtual Reality and Associated Technologies, Maidenhead, U.K., 1996, pp. 57-66.
24. G. Denissen, "Domotics in housing projects for older persons to prolong independence and increase the quality of life," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 293-299.
25. C. Buehler, H. Heck, J. Nedza, and R. Wallbruch, "Evaluation of the MOBIL walking & lifting aid," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 210-215.
26. D. Kamen, R. Ambrogi, R. Heinzmann, B. Key, A. Skoskiewicz, and P. Kristal, "Human transporter," U.S. Patent 5 701 965, Dec. 30, 1997.
27. D. Kamen, R. Ambrogi, and R. Heinzmann, "Transportation vehicles with stability enhancement using CG modification," U.S. Patent 5 975 225, Nov. 2, 1999.
28. D. Kamen, R. Ambrogi, R. Duggan, R. Heinzmann, B. Key, and S. Dastous, "Control loop for transportation vehicles," U.S. Patent 5 791425, Aug. 11, 1998.
29. D. Kamen, R. Ambrogi, R. Duggan, D. Field, R. Heinzmann, B. Amsbury, and C. Langenfeld, "Personal mobility vehicles and methods," World Patent WO 00/75 001 A1, Dec. 14, 2000.
30. U. Borgolte, H. Hoyer, C. Bühler, H. Heck, and R. Hölper, "Architectural concepts of a semi-autonomous wheelchair," J. Intell. Robot. Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 233-253, 1998.
31. C. Bühler, H. Heck, A. Jochheim, and U. Borgolte, "OMNI: A sensor-assisted omni-directional wheelchair for vocational Rehabilitation," in Proc. 6th Eur. Congr. Research in Rehabilitation, Berlin, Germany, 1998, pp. 535-536.
32. U. Borgolte and H. Hoyer, "OMNI-results and outlook: Conclusions from a successful project," in Proc. 1st MobiNet Symp., Athens, Greece, 1997, pp. 101-114.
33. U. Borgolte, R. Hoelper, and H. Hoyer, "An omnidirectional wheelchair with enhanced comfort features," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Bath, U.K., 1997, pp. 31-34.
34. S. Mascaro and H. Asada, "Docking control of holonomic omnidirectional vehicles with applications to a hybrid wheelchair/bed system," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation, Leuven, Belgium, 1998, pp. 399-405.
35. M. Kamata and Y. Ishii, "Development of powered wheelchair with omnidirectional drive system," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 232-237.
36. H. R. Everett, Sensors for Mobile Robots, Theory and Application. Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters, 1995.
37. M.-J. Jung and J.-H. Kim, "Mobility augmentation of conventional wheeled bases for omnidirectional motion," IEEE Trans. Robot. Automat., vol. 18, pp. 81-87, Feb. 2002.
38. S. Hirose and S. Amano, "The VUTON: High payload high efficiency holonomic omni-directional vehicle," in Proc. 6th Int. Symp. Robotics Research, Hidden Valley, PA, 1993, pp. 253-260.
39. R. Damoto, W. Cheng, and S. Hirose, "Holonomic omni-directional vehicle with new omni-wheel mechanism," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Robotics and Automation, Seoul, Korea, 2001, pp. 773-778.
40. E. Baumgartner and S. Skaar, "An autonomous vision-based mobile robot," IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr., vol. 39, pp. 493-502, Mar. 1994.
41. J. D. Yoder, E. Baumgartner, and S. Skaar, "Initial results in the development of a guidance system for a powered wheelchair," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 4, pp. 143-302, Sept. 1996.
42. H. Yanco, "Wheelesley: A robotic wheelchair system: indoor navigation and user interface," in Assistive Technology and Artificia, Intelligence-Application in Robotics, User Interfaces and Natura, Language Processing, V. O. Mittal, H. A. Yanko, J. Aronis, and R. Simpson, Eds. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 1998, pp. 256-286.
43. T. Gomi and A. Griffith, "Developing intelligent wheelchairs for the handicapped," in Proc. Evolutionary Robotics Symp., Tokyo, Japan, 1998, pp. 461-478.
44. W. Harwin, T. Rahman, and R. Foulds, "A review of design issues in rehabilitation robotics with reference to North American research," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 3-13, Mar. 1995.
45. H. F. M. Van der Loos, J. Hammel, D. S. Lees, D. Chang, and I. Perkash, "Field evaluation of a robot workstation for quadriplegic office workers," Eur. Rev. Biomed. Tech., vol. 5, no. 12, pp. 317-319, 1990.
46. H. F. M. Van der Loos, "VA/Stanford rehabilitation robotics research and development program: Lessons learned in the application of robotics technology to the field of rehabilitation," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 46-55, Mar. 1995.
47. H. Eftring, "Robot control methods and results from user trials on the RAID workstation," in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Wilmington, DE, 1994, pp. 97-101.
48. H. Neveryd and G. Bolmsjö, "WALKY, an ultrasonic navigating mobile robot for persons with physical disabilities," in Proc. 2nd TIDE Congress, Paris, France, 1995, pp. 366-370.
49. S. Keates, P. J. Clarkson, and P. Robinson, "Designing a usable interface for an interactive robot," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Evry, France, 2001, pp. 156-162.
50. P. J. Clarkson, S. Keates, and R. Dowland, "The design and control of assistive devices," in Proc. Int. Conf. Engineering Design, 1999, pp. 425-428.
51. T. Oderud and G. Tyrmi, "One touch is enough," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 144-147.
52. D. Stefanov, "Model of a special orthotic manipulator," Mechatronics, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 401-415, 1994.
53. H. Kwee, "Integrating control of MANUS and wheelchair," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Evry, France, 2001, pp. 107-112.
54. J. C. Rosier, J. A. van Woerden, L. W. van der Kolk, B. J. F. Driessen, H. H. Kwee, J. J. Duimel, J. J. Smits, A. A. Tuinhof de Moed, G. Honderd, and P. M. Bruyn, "Rehabilitation robotics: The MANUS concept," in Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Advanced Robotics, Pisa, Italy, 1991, pp. 893-898.
55. W. K. Song, H. Lee, and Z. Bien, "KARES: Intelligent wheelchair-mounted robotic arm system using vision and force sensor," Robot. Auton. Syst., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 83-94, 1999.
56. Z. Bien, D.-J. Kim, D. H. Stefanov, J.-S. Han, H.-S. Park, and P.-H. Chang, "Development of a novel type rehabilitation robotic system KARES II," in Universal Access and Assistive Technology, S. Keates, P. Langdon, P. J. Clarkson, and P. Robinson, Eds. London, U.K.: Springer, 2002, pp. 201-212.
57. M. Pauly, "TAURO-Teilautonomer Serviceroboter für Überwachungsaufgaben," in Autonome Mobile Systeme, R. Dillmann, U. Rembold, and T. Lüth, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1995, pp. 30-39.
58. H. Eftring and K. Boschian, "Technical results from MANUS user trials," in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Stanford, CA, 1999, pp. 136-141.
59. G. J. Gelderblom, L. de Witte, K. van Soest, R. Wessels, B. Dijcks, W. van't Hoofd, M. Goossens, D. Tilli, and D. van der Pijl, "Evaluation of the MANUS robot manipulator," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 268-273.
60. R. Mahoney, "The raptor wheelchair robot system," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Evry, France, 2001, pp. 135-141.
61. J. Smith and M. Topping, "Study to determine the main factors leading to the overall success of the Handy 1 Robotic System," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf Rehabilitation Robotics, Bath, U.K., 1997, pp. 147-150.
62. H. Wakuami, K. Nakamura, and T. Matsumara, "Development of an automated wheelchair guided by a magnetic ferrite marker lane," J. Rehab. Res. Develop., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 27-34, 1992.
63. H. Wang, C.-U. Kang, T. Ishimatsu, and T. Ochiai, "Auto navigation on a wheelchair," in Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Artificial Life and Robotics, Beppu, Oita, Japan, 1996, pp. 53-58.
64. M. Kreutner and O. Horn, "Contribution to rehabilitation mobile robotics: Localization of an autonomous wheelchair," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Evry, France, 2001, pp. 207-214.
65. G. Xu and T. Sugimoto, "Rits eye: A software-based system for realtime face detection and tracing using pan-tilt-zoom controllable camera," in Proc. 14th Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition, Brisbane, Australia, 1998, pp. 1194-1197.
66. C. MacBride, B. Fleming, and B. J. Tanberg. "Interdisciplinary team approach to AAC assessment and intervention". presented at Proc. 16th Annu. CSUN's Conf. Technology and Persons With Disabilities. [Online]. Available: http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/2001/proceedings/csun01.htm
67. D. G. Evans, R. Drew, and P. Blenkhorn, "Controlling mouse pointer position using an infrared head-operated joystick," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 8, pp. 107-117, Mar. 2000.
68. S. P. Levine, J. E. Huggins, S. L. BeMent, R. K. Kushwaha, L. A. Schuh, M. M. Rohde, E. A. Passaro, D. A. Ross, K. V. Elisevich, and B. J. Smith, "A direct brain interface based on event-related potentials," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 8, pp. 180-185, June 2000.
69. Z. Bien, J. B. Kim, J. W. Jung, K. H. Park, and W. C. Bang, "Issues of human-friendly man-machine interface for intelligent residential system," in Proc. 1st Int. Workshop Human-Friendly Welfare Robotic Systems, Taejon, Korea, 2000, pp. 10-14.
70. N. Kasabov, R. Kozma, R. Kilgour, M. Laws, J. Taylor, M. Watts, and A. Gray, "A methodology for speech data analysis and a framework for adaptive speech recognition using fuzzy neural networks," in Proc. 4th Int. Conf. Neural Information Processing, Dunedin, New Zealand, 1997, pp. 1055-1060.
71. J.-S. Han, D. H. Stefanov, K.-H. Park, H.-B. Lee, D.-J. Kim, W.-K. Song, J.-S. Kim, and Z. Bien, "Development of an EMG-based powered wheelchair controller for users with high-level spinal cord injury," in Proc. Int. Conf. Control, Automation and System, Jeju Island, Korea, 2001, pp. 503-506.
72. W. Harwin, R. Gosine, Z. Kazi, D. Lees, and J. Dallaway, "A comparison of rehabilitation robotics languages and software," Robotica, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 133-151, 1997.
73. S. Keates and P. Robinson, "Gestures and multimodal input," Behav. Inform. Technol., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 36-44, 1999.
74. -, "The use of gestures in multimodal input," in Proc. 3rd Int. ACM SIGCAPH Conf. Assistive Technologies, Marina del Rey, CA, 1998, pp. 35-42.
75. J. Shao, N.-E. Tazine, L. Lamel, B. Prouts, and S. Schröter, "An open system architecture for a multimedia and multimodal user interface," in Proc. 3rd TIDE Congr., Helsinki, Finland, 1998, http://www.stakes.fi/tidecong/721shao.htm.
76. Z. Bien, K.-H. Park, W.-C. Bang, and D. H. Stefanov, "LARES: An intelligent sweet home for assisting older persons and the handicapped," in Proc. 1st Cambridge Workshop Universal Access and Assistive Technology, Cambridge, U.K., 2002, pp. 43-46.
77. A. Baude, P. Blenkhorn, and G. Evans, "The architecture of a windows 9x full screen magnifier using DDI hooking," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 113-118.
78. M. Menozzi, H. Krueger, P. Lukowicz, and G. Tröster, "Perception of brightness with a virtual retinal display using badal projection," Biomed. Technik, vol. 46, pp. 55-62, 2001.
79. Y.-J. Kim, C.-H. Kim, and B.-K. Kim, "Design of auditory guidance system for the blind with signal transformation from stereo ultrasonic to binaural sound," in Proc. 32nd Int. Symp. Robotics, Seoul, Korea, 2001, pp. 580-585.
80. J. Borenstein, "The NavBelt-A computerized multisensor travel aid for active guidance of the blind," in Proc. 5th Annual CSUN Conf. Technology and Persons With Disabilities, Los Angeles, CA, 1990, pp. 107-116.
81. S. Shoval, J. Borenstein, and Y. Koren, "The Navbelt-A computerized travel aid for the blind," in Proc. RESNA Annu. Conf., Las Vegas, NM, 1993, (http://www-personal.engin.umich.edu/johannb/Papers/paper.38.pdf), pp. 1-6.
82. -, "Auditory guidance with the NavBelt-A computerized travel aid for the blind," IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. C, vol. 28, pp. 459-467, Aug. 1998.
83. -, "The NavBelt-A computerized travel aid for the blind based on mobile robotics technology," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 45, pp. 1376-1386, Nov. 1998.
84. D.-O. Kang, S.-H. Kim, H. Lee, and Z. Bien, "Multiobjective navigation of a guide mobile robot for the visually impaired based on intention inference of obstacles," Auton. Robots, vol. 10, pp. 213-230, 2001.
85. J. Borenstein and I. Ulrich, "The guidecane-A computerized travel aid for the active guidance of blind pedestrians," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation, Albuquerque, NM, 1997, pp. 1283-1288.
86. H. Mori, S. Kotani, and N. Kiyohiro, "HITOMI: Design and development of a robotic travel aid," in Assistive Technology and Artificial Intelligence-Application in Robotics, User Interfaces and Natural Language Processing, V. O. Mittal, H. A. Yanko, J. Aronis, and R. Simpson, Eds. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 1998, pp. 221-234.
87. G. Lacey, S. Mac Namara, and K. M. Dawson-Howe, "Personal adaptive mobility aid for the infirm and elderly blind," in Assistive Technology and Artificial Intelligence-Application in Robotics, User Interfaces and Natural Language Processing, V. O. Mittal, H. A. Yanko, J. Aronis, and R. Simpson, Eds. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 1998, pp. 211-120.
88. G. Lacey and K. M. Dawson-Howe, "Evaluation of robot mobility aid for older persons blind," in Proc. Symp. Intelligent Robot Systems, Stockholm, Sweden, 1997, pp. 59-65.
89. S. MacNamara and G. Lacey, "A robotic walking aid for frail visually impaired people," in Proc. 6th Intl. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Stanford, CA, 1999, pp. 163-169.
90. -, "PAMAID: A passive robot for frail visually impaired people," in Proc. RESNA Ann. Conf., Long Beach, CA, 1999, pp. 358-361.
91. C.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Seo, C. Oh, and J.-J. Lee, "A system for gait rehabilitation with body weight support: Mobile manipulator approach," J. HWRS-ERC, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 16-21, 2000.
92. C.-Y. Lee, K.-H. Seo, C.-H. Kim, S.-K. Oh, and J.-J. Lee, "A system for gait rehabilitation: Mobile manipulator approach," in Proc. 2002 IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics Automation, Washington, DC, May 2002, pp. 3254-3259.
93. W. Harwin, R. Loureiro, F. Amirabdollahian, M. Taylor, G. Johnson, E. Stokes, S. Coote, M. Topping, C. Collin, S. Tamparis, J. Kontoulis, M. Munih, P. Hawkins, and B. Driessen, "The GENTLE/S project: A new method of delivering neuro-rehabilitation," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 36-41.
94. M. J. Johnson, H. F. M. Van der Loos, C. G. Burgar, P. Shor, and L. J. Leifer, "Designing a robotic stroke therapy device to motivate use of the impaired limb," in Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Rehabilitation Robotics, Evry, France, 1999, pp. 123-132.
95. P. S. Lum, C. G. Burgar, P. C. Shor, M. Majmundar, and H. F. M. Van der Loos, "Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper limb motor function after stroke," Arch. PM&R, vol. 83, pp. 952-959, 2002.
96. H. I. Krebs, N. Hogan, M. L. Aisen, and B. T. Volpe, "Robot-aided neurorehabilitation," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 6, pp. 75-86, Mar. 1998.
97. P. S. Lum, D. J. Reinkensmeyer, and S. L. Lehman, "Robotic assist devices for bimanual physical therapy: Preliminary experiments," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 1, pp. 185-191, Sept. 1993.
98. S. Rhee, B. H. Yang, and H. Asada, "The ring sensor: A new ambulatory wearable sensor for twenty-four hour patient monitoring," in Proc. 20th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soc., Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1906-1909.
99. J. Bronzino, The Biomedical Engineering Handbook. New York: IEEE Press, 1995, pp. 1349-1352.
100. B. H. Yang, S. Rhee, and H. Asada, "A twenty-four hour tele-nursing system using a ring sensor," in Proc. IEEE Int: Conf. Robotics and Automation, Leuven, Belgium, 1998, pp. 387-392.
101. P. A. Shaltis, S. Rhee, and H. Asada, "Implementation and validation of a power-efficient, high-speed modulation design for wireless oxygen saturation measurement systems," in Proc. 28th Annu. IEEE Northeast Bioengineering Conf.. Philadelphia, PA, Apr. 20-21, 2002, pp. 193-194.
102. -, "Artifact-resistant, power-efficient design of finger-ring plethysmographic sensors," IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng., vol. 48, pp. 795-805, July 2001.
103. T. Handa, S. Shoji, S. Ike, S. Takeda, and T. Sekiguchi, "A very low-power consumption wireless ECG monitoring system using body as a signal transmission medium," in Proc. Int. Conf. Solid-State Sensors and Actuators, Transducers, Chicago, IL, 1997, pp. 1003-1006.
104. E. Takeda, T. Handa, S. Shoji, and A. Uchiyama, "Studies on bio-sensing microsystems for health care," in Proc. 14th Int. Symp. Biotelemetry, Marburg, Germany, 1998, pp. 137-142.
105. T. Tamura, S. Miyasako, T. Fujimoto, and T. Togawa, "Monitoring bed temperature in elderly in the home," in Proc. 18th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 57-58.
106. M. Ogawa, T. Tamura, and T. Togawa, "Fully automated biosignal acquisition in daily routine through 1 month," in Proc. 20th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1947-1950.
107. T. Tamura, T. Togawa, M. Ogawa, and M. Yoda, "Fully automated health monitoring system in the home," Med. Eng. Phys., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 573-579, 1998.
108. T. Tamura, T. Togawa, M. Ogawa, and K. Yamakoshi, "Fully automated health monitoring at home," in Gerontechnology: A Sustainable Investment of the Future, J. Graafmans, V. Taipale, and N. Charness, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 1997, pp. 264-280.
109. M. Scanlon, "Acoustically monitor physiology during sleep and activity," in Proc. 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conf., Atlanta, GA, 1999, p. 787.
110. S. Azevedo and T. McEwan, "Micropower impulse radar," in Science and Technology Review. Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab., Jan./Feb. 1996, pp. 16-29.
111. F. Magrabi, N. H. Lovell, and B. G. Celler, "Methodology for designing telecare systems: A case study in cystic fibrosis monitoring," in Proc. IEEE EMBS Int. Conf. Information Technology Applications in Biomedicine, Arlington, VA, 2000, pp. 60-64.
112. -, "Web based longitudinal ECG monitoring," in Proc. 20th Annual Int. Conf IEEE EMBS, Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1155-1158.
113. F. H. Wilhelm, W.T. Roth, and M. A. Sackner, "The lifeShirt. An advanced system for ambulatory measurement of respiratory and cardiac function," Behav. Mod., vol. 27, pp. 671-691, Oct. 2003.
114. C. Gopalsamy, S. Park, R. Rajamanickam, and S. Jayaraman, "The wearable motherboard: The first generation of adaptive and responsive textile structures (ARTS) for medical applications," J. Virt. Real., vol. 4, pp. 152-168, 1999.
115. I. Korhonen, R. Lappalainen, T. Tuomisato, T. Kööbi, B. Pentikäinen, and M. Tuomisato, "TERVA: wellness monitoring system," in Proc. 20th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1988-1991.
116. H. F. M. Van der Loos, H. Kobayashi, G. Liu, Y. Y. Tai, J. Ford, J. Norman, T. Tabata, and T. Osada, "Unobtrusive vital signs monitoring from a multisensor bed sheet," in Proc. RESNA Annu. Conf., Reno, NV, 2001, pp. 218-220.
117. Y. Nishida, M. Takeda, T. Mori, H. Mizoguchi, and T. Sato, "Monitoring patient respiration and posture using human symbiosis system," in Proc. IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. Intelligent Robots and Systems, Grenoble, France, 1997, pp. 632-639.
118. T. Harada, A. Saito, T. Sato, and T. Mori, "Infant behavior recognition system based on pressure distribution image," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation, San Francisco, CA, 2000, pp. 4082-4088.
119. L. Lu, T. Tamura, and T. Togawa, "Detection of body movements during sleep by monitoring of bed temperature," Physiol. Meas., vol. 20, pp. 137-148, 1999.
120. T. Tamura, S. Miyasako, T. Fujimoto, and T. Togawa, "Monitoring bed temperature in elderly in the home," in Proc. 18th Annual Int. Conf. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 57-58.
121. K. Nakajima, T. Tamura, L. Lu, H. Miike, S. Kasaoka, K. Nakashima, T. Maekawa, and T. Togawa, "Evaluation of bed rest, using a bed temperature monitor, after acute myocardial infarction," in Proc. 17th Annu. Int. Conf IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soc., Montreal, QC, Canada, 1995, pp. 689-690.
122. Z. Shinar, A. Baharov, and S. Akselrod, "R wave duration as a measure of body position changes during sleep," in Proc. Computers in Cardiology, Hanover, Germany, 1999, pp. 49-52.
123. A. Yamagouchi, M. Ogawa, T. Tamura, and T. Togawa, "Monitoring behavior in the home using positioning sensors," in Proc. 20th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soc., Hong Kong, 1998, pp. 1977-1979.
124. M. Chan, A. Drouin, and J. Pous. "Remote monitoring system to measure indoor mobility and transfer of elderly people". presented at Proc. 3rd TIDE Congr. [Online]. Available: http://www.stakes.fi/tidecong/722chan.html
125. M. Makikawa and D. Murakami, "Development of an ambulatory physical activity and behavior map monitoring system," in Proc. 18th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 71-72.
126. B.G. Celler, E. D. Ilsar, and W. Earnshaw, "Preliminary results of a pilot project on remote monitoring of functional health status in the home," in Proc. 18th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Soc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996, pp. 63-64.
127. B. G. Celler, T. Hesketh, W. Earnshaw, and E. D. Ilsar, "An instrumentation system for the remote monitoring of changes in functional health status of older persons at home," in Proc. 16th Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE EMBS, Baltimore, MD, 1994, pp. 908-909.
128. D. Rasmusson, R. Chappell, and M. Trego. "Quick glance: Eye-tracking access to the Windows 95 operating environment". presented at Proc. 14th Annu. CSUNs Conf. Technology and Persons With Disabilities. [Online]. Available: http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf/1999/proceedings/csun99.htm
129. A. Junker, "Brain-body actuated system," U.S. Patent 5 474 082, Dec. 12, 1995.
130. E. P. Doherty, C. Bloor, J. Rizzo, C. Berg, W. Engel, and G. Cockton, "Cyberlink-An interface for quadriplegic, traumatic brain injured, and nonverbal persons," in Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. Cognitive Technology, San Francisco, CA, 1999, pp. 237-250.
131. A. Craig, L. Kirkup, P. Mclsaac, and A. Searle, "The mind as a reliable switch: Challenges of rapidly controlling devices without prior learning," in Proc. 6th IFIP Conf. Human-Computer Interaction, Sydney, Australia, 1997, pp. 4-10.
132. M. Tokuda and M. Okumura, "Toward automatic translation from Japanese into Japanese sign language," in Assistive Technology and Artificial Intelligence-Application in Robotics, User Interfaces and Natural Language Processing, V. O. Mittal, H. A. Yanko, J. Aronis, and R. Simpson, Eds. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 1998, pp. 97-108.
133. D. Jaffe, "Evolution of mechanical finger spelling hands for people who are deaf-blind," J. Rehab. Res. Develop., vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 236-244, 1994.
134. F. Lavagetto, "Converting speech into lip movements: A multimedia telephone for hard of hearing people," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 90-102, Mar. 1995.
135. T. Starner, J. Weaver, and A. Pentland, "A wearable computer based american sign language recognizer," in Assistive Technology and Artificial Intelligence-Application in Robotics, User Interfaces and Natural Language Processing, V. O. Mittal, H. A. Yanko, J. Aronis, and R. Simpson, Eds. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer, 1998, pp. 84-96.
136. J.-B. Kim, K.-H. Park, W.-C. Bang, and Z. Bien, "Continuous sign language recognition," in Proc. Int. Conf. Control, Automation and Systems, Jeju, Korea, 2001.
137. N. H. Lovell, F. Magrabi, B. G. Celler, K. Huynh, and H. Garsden, "Web-based acquisition, storage, and retrieval of biomedical signals," IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., pp. 38-44, May 2001.
138. G. Schickhuber and O. McCarthy, "Control using power lines-a European view," IEE Comput. Control Eng. J., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 180-184, 1997.
139. J. Dallaway, R. Jackson, and P. Timmers, "Rehabilitation robotics in Europe," IEEE Trans. Rehab. Eng., vol. 3, pp. 35-45, Mar. 1995.
140. M. Nelisse, "M3S: A general-purpose integrated and modular architecture for the rehabilitation environment," in Proc. 2nd Int. CAN Conf., London, U.K., 1995, pp. 10.2-10.9.
141. C. Willems, "ICAN integrated communication and control for all needs; assistive technology on the threshold of the new millennium," in Proc. 5th Eur. Conf. Advancement of Assistive Technology, Dusseldorf, Germany, 1999, pp. 267-271.
142. M. W. Nelisse, "Integration strategies using a modular architecture for mobile robots in the rehabilitation field," in Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems. Norwell, MA: Klewer, 1999, pp. 181-190.
143. Y. Kim, "Implementation of artificial creature and interactive learning using behavior set," M.S. thesis, Korea Adv. Inst. Sci. Technol., Daejeon, Korea, 2002.
144. T. Shibata and K. Tanie, "Emergence of affective behaviors through physical interaction between human and mental commit robot," J. Robot. Mechatron., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 505-516, 2001.
145. J.-H. Do, K.-H. Park, Z. Bien, K. C. Park, Y. T. Oh, and D. H. Kang, "A development of emotional interactive robot," in Proc. 32nd Int. Symp. Robotics, Seoul, Korea, 2001, pp. 544-549.
146. T. Shibata, T. Tashima, and K. Tanie, "Emergence of emotional behavior through physical interaction between human and robot," in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf Robotics and Automation, Detroit, MI, 1999, pp. 2868-2873.
147. -, "Emergence of emotional behavior through physical interaction between human and pet robot," in Proc. IARP 1st Int. Workshop Humanoid and Human Friendly Robotics, Tsukuba, Japan, 1998, pp. 1-6.
148. A. van Berlo. "A smart model house as research and demonstration tool for telematics development". presented at Proc. 3rd TIDE Congress. [Online]. Available: http://www.stakes.fi/tidecong/733berlo.html
149. C. Vermeulen and A. van Berlo, "A model house as platform for information exchange on housing," in Gerontechnology: A Sustainable Investment of the Future, J. Graafmans, V. Taipale, and N. Charness, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 1997, pp. 337-339.
150. G. Elger and B. Furugren. "SmartBO-an ICT and computer-based demonstration home for disabled". presented at Proc. 3rd TIDE Congr.. [Online]. Available: http://www.stakes.fi/tidecong/731SmtBo.html
151. R. Orpwood, T. Adlam, C. Gibbs, and S. Hagan, "User-centred design of support devices for people with dementia for use in a smart house," in Assistive Techhology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 314-318.
152. I. Hagen, T. Holthe, P. Duff, S. Cahill, J. Gilliard, R. Orpwood, P. Topo, and S. Bjorbe, "Can assistive technology enable people with dementia?," in Assistive Technology-Added Value to the Quality of Life, C. Marinček, C. Bühler, H. Knops, and R. Andrich, Eds. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: IOS, 2001, pp. 42-47.
153. T. Nakata, T. Sato, H. Mizoguchi, and T. Mori, "Synthesis of robot-to-human expressive behavior for human-robot symbiosis," in Proc. IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. Intelligent Robots and Systems, Minneapolis, MN, 1996, pp. 1608-1613.
154. I. Eguchi, T. Sato, and T. Mori, "Visual behavior understanding as a core function of computerized description of medical care," in Proc. IEEE/RSJ Int. Conf. Intelligent Robots and Systems, Minneapolis, MN, 1996, pp. 1573-1578.
155. M. C. Mozer, "The neural network house: An environment that adapts to its inhabitants," in Proc. AAAI Spring Symp. Intelligent Environments, Palo Alto, CA, 1998, pp. 110-114.
156. -, "An intelligent environment must be adaptive," IEEE Intell. Syst., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 11-13, Mar./Apr. 1999.
157. R. H. Dodier, D. Lukianow, J. Ries, and M. C. Mozer, "A comparison of neural net and conventional techniques for lighting control," Appl. Math. Comput. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 447-462, 1994.
158. A. Mehrabian, "Communication without words," Psych. Today, vol.
159. Z. Bien and J. H. Do, "Interactive robot for emotion monitoring," in Proc. Korea-Japan Joint Workshop on Network Based Human Friendly Mechatronics and Systems, Seoul, Korea, 2000, pp. 62-65.