Human red blood cells: Rheological aspects, uptake, and release of cytotoxic drugs

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 41, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 159-188

  Dumez, Herlinde ^a   Reinhart, Walter H ^b   Guetens, Gunther ^a,d   De Bruijn, Ernst A ^a,c,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^b International Medicine   (Switzerland)

^c UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^e PTLF   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Blood rheology; Blood viscosity; Cytotoxic agents; Erythrocyte shape; Transport

Indexed keywords

AMIODARONE; ANTHRACYCLINE; CHLORMETHINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DOCETAXEL; FLUOROURACIL; HYDROCORTISONE; HYDROXYUREA; IFOSFAMIDE; INDISULAM; LOCAL ANESTHETIC AGENT; LOMETREXOL; MELPHALAN; MERCAPTOPURINE; MESNA; METFORMIN; METHOTREXATE; OXAZOCINE DERIVATIVE; PACLITAXEL; PHENYTOIN; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROCARBAZINE; SALICYLIC ACID; TAMOXIFEN; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TIOGUANINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ANEMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; BLOOD RHEOLOGY; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRAIN DISEASE; CANCER; CELL SHAPE; CELL STRUCTURE; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMA; CONFUSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG EXCRETION; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG TRANSPORT; DRUG UPTAKE; ECHINOCYTE; ERYTHROCYTE; ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POIKILODERMA; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SICKLE CELL ANEMIA; SOMNOLENCE; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ANGINA;

EID: 2942588977     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408360490452031     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Bessis M. Red cell shapes: An illustrated classification and its rationales. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 1972; 12: 721-46.
2. Reinhart WH, Chien S. Echinocyte-stomatocyte transformation and shape control of human red blood cells: Morphological aspects. Am J Hematol 1987; 24: 1-14.
3. Chabanel A, Reinhart W, Chien S, et al. Increased resistance to membrane deformation of shape-transformed human red blood cells. Blood 1987; 69: 739-43.
4. Reinhart WH, Nagy C. Albumin affects erythrocyte aggregation and sedimentation. Eur J Clin Inv 1995; 25: 523-8.
5. Reinhart WH, Singh A, Straub PW. Red blood cell aggregation and sedimentation: The role of the cell shape. Br J Haematol 1989; 73: 551-6.
6. Reinhart WH, Singh-Marchetti M, Straub PW. The influence of erythrocyte shape on suspension viscosities. Eur J Clin Inv 1992; 22: 38-44.
7. Betticher DC, Reinhart WH, Geiser J. Effect of RBC shape and deformability on pulmonary O2 diffusing capacity and resistance to flow in rabbit lungs. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 778-83.
8. Reinhart WH, Chien S. Red cell rheology in stomatocyte-echinocyte transformation: Roles of cell geometry and cell shape. Blood 1986; 67: 1110-8.
9. Baerlocher GM, Schlappritzi E, Straub PW, et al. Erythrocyte deformability has no influence on the rate of erythrophagocytosis in vitro by autologous human monocytes/macrophages. Br J Haematol 1994; 86: 629-34.
10. Reinhart WH, Schlappritzi E, Baerlocher GM. No influence of echinocytic shape transformation of erythrocytes on phagocytosis by autologous monocytes in vitro. Acta Haematol 1997; 97: 132-6.
11. De Gramont A, Rioux E, Drolet Y, et al. Erythrocyte mean corpuscular volume during cytotoxic therapy and the risk of secondary leukemia. Cancer 1985; 55: 493-5.
12. Engström KG, Löfvenberg E. Treatment of myeoloproliferative disorders with hydroxyurea: Effects on red blood cell geometry and deformability. Blood 1998; 91: 3986-91.
13. Sato K, Akaike T, Sawa T, et al. Nitric oxide generation from hydroxyurea via copper-catalyzed peroxidation and implications for pharmacological actions of hydroxyurea. Jpn J Cancer Res 1997; 88: 1199-204.
14. Reinhart WH, Baerlocher GM, Cerny T, et al. Ifosfamide-induced stomatocytosis and mesna-induced echinocytosis: Influence on biorheological properties of blood. Eur J Haematol 1999; 62: 223-30.
15. Baerlocher GM, Beer JH, Owen GRh, et al. The anti-neoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil produces echinocytosis and affects blood rheology. Br J Haematol 1997; 99: 426-32.
16. Arancia G, Molinari A, Crateri P, et al. Adriamycin-plasma membrane interaction in human erythrocytes. Eur J Cell Biol 1988; 47: 379-87.
17. Schrier SL, Zachowski A, Devaux PF. Mechanisms of amphipath-induced stomatocytosis in human erythrocytes. Blood 1992; 79: 782-6.
18. Suwalsky M, Hernandez P, Villena F, et al. The anticancer drug chlorambucil interacts with the human erythrocyte membrane and model phospolipid bilayers. Z Naturforsch. 1999; 54: 1089-95.
19. Mark M, Walter R, Meridith DO, et al. Commercial taxane formulations induce stomatocytosis and increase blood viscosity. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134: 1207-14.
20. Reinhart WH, Rohner F. Effect of amiodarone on erythrocyte shape and membrane properties. Clin Sci 1990; 79: 387-91.
21. Piasecka A, Koter M, Buczynski A, et al. Effect of perindopril therapy on fluidity and potential of erythrocyte membrane from individuals with coronary heart disease. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1997; 57: 65-71.
22. Muller S, Denet S, Candiloros H, et al. Action of metfromin on erythrocyte membrane fluidity in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 337: 103-10.
23. Reinhart WH, Sung LP, Sung KL, et al. Impaired echinocytic transforamtion of ankyrin- and spectrin-deficient erythrocytes in mice. Am J Hematol 1988; 24: 195-200.
24. Reinhart WH, Wyss EJ, Arnold D, et al. Hereditary spherocytosis associated with protein band 3 defect in a Swiss kindred. Br J Haematol 1994; 86: 147-55.
25. Maillet P, Vallier A, Reinhart WH, et al. Band 3 Chur: A variant associated with band 3-deficient hereditary spherocytosis and substitution in a highly conserved position of transmembrane segment 11. Br J Haematol 1995; 91: 804-10.
26. Delaunay J, Alloisio N, Morle L. Molecular genetics of hereditary spherocytosis. Cell Mol Biol 1996; 1: 49-65.
27. Eber SW, Gonzalez JM, Lux ML, et al. Ankyrin-1 mutations are a major cause of dominant and recessive hereditary spherocytosis. Nat Gene 1996; 13: 214-8.
28. Jarolim P, Murray JL, Rubin HL, et al. Characterization of 13 novel band 3 gene defects in hereditary spherocytosis with band 3 deficiency. Blood 1996; 88: 4366-74.
29. Alloisio N, Texier P, Valuer A, et al. Modulation of clinical expression and band 3 deficiency in hereditary spherocytosis. Blood 1997; 90: 414-20.
30. Yawata Y, Kanzaki A, Inoue T, et al. Red cell membrane disorders in the Japanese population: Clincial, biochemical electron microscopic, and genetic studies. Int J Hematol 1994; 60: 23-38.
31. Hayette S, Carre G, Bozon M, et al. Two distinct truncated variants of ankyrin associated with hereditary spherocytosis. Am J Hematol 1998; 58: 36-41.
32. Delgiudice EM, Fracese M, Nobili B, et al. High frequency of de novo mutations in ankyrin gene (ANK1) in children with hereditary spherocytosis. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 117-20.
33. Zolla L, Lupidi G, Marcheggiani M, et al. Red blood cells as carriers for delivering of proteins. Ann 1st Super Sanità 1991; 27: 97-103.
34. Flynn G, McHale L, McHale AP. Methotrexate-loaded, photosensitised erythrocytes: A photo-activatable carrier/delivery system for use in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 1994; 82: 225-9.
35. Kravtzoff R, Colombat P, Desbois I, et al. Tolerance evaluation of L-asparaginase loaded in red blood cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1996; 51: 221-5.
36. De Flora A, Benatti U, Guida L, et al. Encapsulation of adriamycin in human erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 83: 7029-33.
37. Driessen O, Highley MS, Harbper PG, et al. Description of an instrument for separation of red cells from plasma, and measurement of red cell volume. Clin Biochem 1994; 27: 195-6.
38. Highley MS, de Bruijn EA. Erythrocytes and the transport of drugs and endogenous compounds. Pharm Res 1996; 13: 186-95.
39. Schrijvers D. Role of red blood cells in pharmacokinetics of chemotherapeutic agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003; 42: 779-91.
40. Mawatari J, Unei K, Nischimiara S, Sakura N, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of oral 6-mercaptopurines and intravenous 6-mercaptopurine riboside in children. Pediatr Int 2001; 43: 673-7.
41. Lennard L, Rees CA, Lilleyman JS, et al. Childhood leukaemia: A relationship between intracellular 6-mercaptopurine metabolites and neutropenia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1983; 16: 359-63.
42. Tjaden UR, de Bruijn EA. Chromatographic analysis of anticancer drugs. J Chromatogr 1990; 531: 235-94.
43. Rostami-Hodjegan A, Lennard L, Lilleyman JS. The accumulation of mercaptopurine metabolites in age fractionated red blood cells. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 40: 217-22.
44. Welch J, Lennard L, Morton GCA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mercaptopurine: Plasma drug and red cell metabolite concentrations after an oral dose. Ther Drug Monit 1997; 19: 382-5.
45. McLeod, Relling M, Evans W. Genetic polymorphism of thiopurine and its clinical relevance for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 2000; 14: 576-2.
46. Bostrom B, Erdmann G. Cellular pharmacology of 6-mercaptopurine in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 1993; 15: 80-6.
47. Klauzenkamp-Jansen CW, De Abren RA, Bokkerink JPM, et al. Determination of extracellular and intracellular thiopurines and methylthiopurines by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 1995; 672: 53-61.
48. Ratel RS, Stolaugh JF, Truworthy R. Determination of intracellular levels of 6-mercaptopurine metabolites in erythrocytes utilizing capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Biochem 1995; 224: 315-22.
49. Lennard L, Davies HA, Lilleyman JS. Is 6-thioguanine more appropriate than 6-mercaptopurine for children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 186-90.
50. Lowe ES, Kitchen BJ, Erdmann G, et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid penetration of thioguanine in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A collaborative Pediatric Oncology Branch, NCI, and Children's Cancer Group study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2001; 47: 199-205.
51. Erb N, Harms DO, Janka-Schaub G. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of thiopurines in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving 6-thioguanine versus 6-mercaptopurine. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998; 42: 266-72.
52. Lena N, Imbert AM, Brunet P, et al. Kinetics of methotrexate and its metabolites in red blood cells. Cancer Drug Deliv 1987; 4: 119-27.
53. Graham ML, Shuster JJ, Kamen BA, et al. Red blood cell lymphoblastic leukaemia undergoing therapy: A pediatric oncology group pilot study. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1992; 31: 217-322.
54. Schmiegelow K, Schroder H, Gustafsson G, et al. Risk of relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is related to RBC methotrexate and mercaptopurine metabolites during maintenance chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 345-51.
55. Balis FM, Holcenberg JS, Poplack DG, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral methotrexate and mercaptopurine in children with lower risk acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A joint children's cancer group and pediatric oncology branch study. Blood 1998; 92: 3569-77.
56. Kristensen K, Nielsen S, Pedersen FK, et al. Erythrocyte-methotrexate and disease activity in children treated with oral methotrexate for juvenile chronic arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2000; 29: 187-9.
57. Flynn G, McHale L, McHale AP. Methotrexate-loaded, photosensitized erythrocytes: A photoactivatable carrier/delivery system for use in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 1994; 82: 225-9.
58. Dervieux T, Orentas, Lein D, Marcelletti J, et al. HPLC determination of erythrocyte methotrexate polyglutamates after low-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Chem 2003; 49: 1632-41.
59. Dervieux T, Lein DO, Park G, et al. Methotrexate polyglutamate concentrations in red blood cells correlate with disease activity and clinical response to methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 242 Suppl S.
60. Wacker P, Winick NJ, Shuster JJ, et al. Lack of significant correlation between plasma methotrexate (MTX), red blood cells (RBC) MTX and RBC folate levels with EFS in children with B-precursor ALL. A Pediatric Oncology Group. Blood 2001; 98: 475 Part 1.
61. Synold TW, Newman EM, Carroll M, et al. Cellular but not plasma pharmacokinetics of lometrexol correlate with the occurrence of cumulative haematological toxicity. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 2349-55.
62. Wattanatorn W, McLeod HL, Macklon F, et al. Comparison of 5-fluorouracil pharmacokinetics in whole blood, plasma, and red blood cells in patients with colorectal cancer. Pharmacotherapy 1997; 17: 881-6.
63. de Bruijn EA, Remeyer L, Tjaden UR, et al. Non-linear pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil as described by in vivo behavior of 5,6 dihydro-5-fluorouracil. Biochem Pharmacol 1986; 35: 2461-5.
64. Wattanatorn W, McLeod HL, Cassidy J, et al. High-performance liquid Chromatographic assay of 5-fluorouracil in human erythrocytes, plasma and whole blood. J Chromatogr 1997; 692: 233-7.
65. Keller H, de Bruijn EA. Analysis of F-ura and anabolic metabolites in erythrocytes versus plasma by MESED-HPLC. J Chromatogr (Submitted for publication).
66. Colombo T, Broggini M, Garattini S, et al. Differential adriamycin distribution to blood components. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1981; 6: 115-22.
67. Singal PK, Iliskovic N. Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 900-5.
68. Czejka MJ, Schüller J, Weiss C, et al. Disposition of epirubicin and its aglycon in serum and red blood cells after high dose i.v. bolus. Int J Exp Clin Chemother 1992; 5: 193-8.
69. Pernkopf I, Tesch G, Dempe K, et al. Binding of epirubicin to human plasma protein and erythrocytes: Interaction with the cytoprotective amifostine. Pharmazie 1996; 51: 897-901.
70. Bandak S, Czejka M, Schüller J, et al. Pharmacokinetic drug interaction between epirubicin and interferon-alfa-2b in serum and red blood cells. Arzneimittelforschung 1995; 45: 212-5.
71. Nagasawa K, Kitada N, Tsuji C, et al. Distribution of pirarubicin in human blood. Chem Pharm Bull 1992; 40: 2866-9.
72. Vermorken JB, van der Vijgh WJF, Klein I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of free and total platinum species after short-term infusion of cisplatin. Cancer Treat Rep 1984; 68: 505-13.
73. Vermorken JB, van der Vijgh WJF, Klein I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of free and total platinum species after rapid and prolonged infusions of cisplatin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1986; 39: 136-44.
74. Long DF, Patton TF, Repta AJ. Platinum levels in human erythrocytes following intravenous administration of cisplatin: Importance of erythrocytes as a distribution site for platinum species. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1981; 2: 137-46.
75. van der Vijgh WJF. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carboplatin. Clin Pharmacokinetics 1991; 21: 242-61.
76. Elferink F, van der Vijgh WJ, Klein I, et al. Pharmacokinetics of carboplatin after i.v. administration. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 1231-7.
77. Grumblat A, Peytavin G, Vayre P, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin after intraperitoneal and intravenous administration. Bull Cancer 1989; 76: 887-8.
78. Allain P, Heudi O, Cailleux A, et al. Early biotransformations of oxaliplatin after its intravenous administration to cancer patients. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28: 1379-84.
79. Gamelin E, Bouil AL, Boisdron-Celle M, et al. Cumulative pharmacokinetic study of oxaliplatin, administered every three weeks, combined with 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 891-9.
80. Massari C, Brienza S, Rotarski M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of oxaliplatin in patients with normal versus impaired renal function. Cancer Chemother Phannacol 2000; 45: 157-64.
81. Pendyala L, Creaven PJ. In vitro cytotoxicity, protein binding, red blood cell partitioning, and biotransformation of oxaliplatin. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5970-6.
82. -/- tumors is independent of tumor vessel density and correlates with melphalan erythrocyte transport. Int J Cancer 2002; 99: 514-9.
83. Momerency G, Van Cauwenberghe K, Highley MS, et al. Partitioning of ifosfamide and its metabolites between red blood cells and plasma. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85: 262-5.
84. Rauschecker HF, Foth H, Michaelis HC, et al. Kinetics of melphalan leakage during hyperthermic isolation perfusion in melanoma of the limb. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1991; 27: 379-84.
85. Greig NH, Sweeney DJ, Rapoport SI. Melphalan concentration dependent plasma protein binding in healthy humans and rats. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987; 32: 179-85.
86. De Boeck G, Van Cauwenberghe K, Eggermont AMM, et al. Determination of melphalan and hydrolysis products in body fluids by GC-MS. J High Res Chromatogr 1997; 20: 697-700.
87. Guetens G, De Boeck G, Wood M, et al. Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. I. Capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 976: 229-38.
88. Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley MS, et al. Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring. II. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2002; 976: 239-47.
89. Daves ID, Allanson JP, Causon RC. Rapid determination of the anticancer drug melphalan (Alkeran™) in human serum and plasma by automated solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2000; 52: S92-6.
90. Highley MS, Schrijvers D, van Oosterom AT, et al. Activated oxazaphosphorines are transported predominantly by erythrocytes. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 1139-44.
91. Pardridge WM, Landaw EM. Testosterone transport in brain: Primary role of plasma protein-bound hormone. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: E534-42.
92. Kooyman DL, Byrne GW, McClellan S, et al. In vivo transfer of GPI-linked complement restriction factors from erythrocytes to the endothelium. Science 1995; 269: 89-92.
93. Kerbusch T, Herben VMM, Jeuken MJJ, et al. Distribution of ifosfamide and metabolites between plasma and erythrocytes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001; 22: 99-108.
94. Highley MS, Harper PG, Slee PHTJ, et al. Preferential location of circulating activated cyclophosphamide within the erythrocyte. Int J Cancer 1996; 65: 711-2.
95. Sparreboom A, van Zuylen L, Brouwer E, et al. Cremophor EL-mediated alteration of paclitaxel distribution in human blood: Clinical pharmacokinetic implications. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 1454-7.
96. Shimomura T, Fujiwara H, Ikawa S, et al. Effects of taxol on blood cells. Lancet 1998; 352: 541-2.
97. Sparreboom A, Wolff AC, Verweij J, et al. Disposition of docosahexaenoic acid-paclitaxel, a novel taxane, in blood: In vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic studies. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 151-9.
98. Loos WJ, de Bruijn P, Verweij J, et al. Determination of camptothecin analogs in biological matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography. Anticancer Drugs 2000; 11: 315-24.
99. Loos WJ, van Zomeren DM, Gelderblom H, et al. Determination of topotecan in human whole blood and unwashed erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B 2002; 766: 99-105.
100. de Jong FA, Mathijssen RH, de Bruijn P, et al. Determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and SN-38 in human whole blood and red blood cells by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B 2003; 795: 383-8.
101. Loos WJ, Verweij J, Gelderblom HJ, et al. Role of erythrocytes and serum proteins in the kinetic profile of total 9-amino-20(S)-camptothecin in humans. In: Loos W, Ed. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Aspects of Topoisomerase I Inhibitors. Pp 133-42. Rotterdam: Erasmus University Press, 2000.
102. Mi Z, Burke TG. Differential interactions of camptothecin lactone and carboxylate forms with human blood components. Biochemistry 1994; 33: 10325-36.
103. Abigerges D, Armand JP, Chabot GG, et al. Phase I and pharmacology study of intoplicine (RP 60475; NSC 645008), novel topoisomerase I and II inhibitor, in cancer patients. Anticancer Drugs 1996; 7: 166-74.
104. Rivory LP, Chatelut E, Canal P, et al. Kinetics of the in vivo interconversion of the carboxylate and lactone forms of irinotecan (CPT-11) and of its metabolite SN-38 in patients. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 6330-3.
105. Brock N, Pohl J. Development of oncological therapeutic agents-current state and outlook with special regard to the situation in Germany. Arzneimittelforschung 2000; 50: 946-53.
106. Hanauske A, de Bruijn EA. Partition of glufosphamide versus phosphoramide mustards in RBC/plasma of different species. (Submitted for publication).
107. Van den Bongard HJ, Pluim D, Waardenburg RC, et al. In vitro pharmacokinetic study of the novel anticancer agent E7070: Red blood cell and plasma protein binding in human blood. Anticancer Drugs 2003; 14: 405-10.
108. Hinderling PH. Red blood cells: A neglected compartment in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Pharmacol Rev 1997; 49: 279-95; Erratum in: Pharmacol Rev 2000; 52: 473.
109. Ehrnebo M, Odar-Cederlof I. Distribution of pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin between plasma and cells in blood: Effect of salicylic acid, temperature and total drug concentration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 11: 37-42.
110. Ehrnebo M, Odar-Cederlof I. Binding of amobarbital, pentobarbital and diphenylhydantoin to blood cells and plasma proteins in healthy volunteers and uraemic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975; 8: 445-53.
111. Ehrnebo M, Influence of drug binding to blood cells on pharmacokinetics. Acta Pharm Suedeca 1980; 17: 81.
112. Hamidi M, Tajerzadeh H. Carrier erythrocytes: An overview. Drug Deliv 2003; 10: 9-20.
113. Reinhart WH, Felix Ch. Influence of propofol on erythrocyte morphology, blood viscosity, and platelet function. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2003; 29: 33-40.
114. Wenzel C, Mader RM, Steger GG, et al. Capecitabine treatment results in increased mean corpuscular volume of red blood cells in patients with advanced solid malignancies. Anticancer Drugs 2003; 14: 119-23.
115. Pettersson B, Almer S, Albertioni F, et al. Differences between children and adults in thiopurine methyltransferase activity and metabolite formation during thiopurine therapy: Possible role of concomitant methotrexate. Ther Drug Monit 2002; 24: 351-8.
116. Klokouzas A, Wu CP, van Veen HW, et al. cGMP and glutathione-conjugate transport in human erythrocytes. Eur J Biochem 2003; 270: 3696-708.
117. Fratemale A, Casabianca A, Rossi L, et al. Erythrocytes as carriers of reduced glutathione (GSH) in the treatment of retroviral infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52: 551-4.
118. Afzal I, Cunningham P, Naftalin RJ. Interactions of ATP, oestradiol, genistein and the antioestrogens, faslodex (ICI 182780) and tamoxifen, with the human erythrocyte glucose transporter, GLUT1. Biochem J 2002; 365: 707-19.
119. Naftalin RJ, Afzal I, Browning JA, et al. Effects of high pressure on glucose transport in the human erythrocyte. J Membr Biol 2002; 186: 113-29.
120. Abou-Seif MA, Rabia A, Nasr M. Antioxidant status, erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and osmotic fragility in malignant lymphoma patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000; 38: 737-42.
121. Dumez H, Wildiers H, Guetens G, et al. Erythrocyte/plasma partition of anticancer substances in different species. J Pharmacol Exp Ther (Submitted for publication).
122. Ward KW, Proksch JVV, Levy MA, et al. Development of an in vivo preclinical screen model to estimate absorption and bioavailability of xenobiotics. Drug Metab Dispos 2001; 29: 82-8.
123. Soepenberg O, de Bruijn P, Verweij J, et al. Liquid Chromatographic assays for DE-310, a novel camptothecin analog, and two major enzymatic products in human matrices. J Chromatogr B 2004; 791: 15-22.
124. Guetens G, De Boeck G, Highley M, et al. Quantification of the anticancer agent STI-571 in erythrocytes and plasma by measurement of sediment technology and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2003; 1020: 27-34.