Multidecadal variability of North Atlantic temperature and salinity during the twentieth century

Journal of Climate

Volumn 18, Issue 21, 2005, Pages 4562-4581

  Polyakov, Igor V ^a   Bhatt, U S ^a   Simmons, H L ^a   Walsh, D ^b   Walsh, J E ^a   Zhang, X ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS   (United States)

^b NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; ISOTHERMS; OCEAN CURRENTS; OCEANOGRAPHY; SALINITY MEASUREMENT; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT;

FRESHENING; MULTIDECADAL VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE-SALINITY RELATIONSHIP; THERMOHALINE OVERTURNING CIRCULATION;

CLIMATOLOGY;

CLIMATE VARIATION; DECADAL VARIATION; SALINITY; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH);

EID: 29144433324     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3548.1     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Antonov, J. I., 1993: Linear trends of temperature at intermediate and deep layers of the North Atlantic and the North Pacific Oceans: 1957-1981. J. Climate, 6, 1928-1942.
2. Arbic, B. K., and W. B. Owens, 2001: Climatic warming of Atlantic intermediate waters. J. Climate, 14, 4091-4108.
3. Arhan, M., H. Mercier, B. Bourles, and Y. Gouriou, 1998: Hydrographic sections across the Atlantic at 7°30N and 4°30S. Deep-Sea Res., 45A, 829-872.
4. Battisti, D. S., U. S. Bhatt, and M. A. Alexander, 1995: A modeling study of the interannual variability in the wintertime North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 8, 3067-3083.
5. Belkin, I. M., 2004: Propagation of the "Great Salinity Anomaly" of the 1990s around the northern North Atlantic. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L08306, doi:10.1029/2003GL019334.
6. Belkin, I. M., S. Levitus, J. Antonov, and S.-A. Malmberg, 1998: "Great Salinity Anomalies" in the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 41, Pergamon, 1-68.
7. Bengtsson, L., V. A. Semenov, and O. M. Johannessen, 2004: The early twentieth-century warming in the Arctic - A possible mechanism. J. Climate, 17, 4045-4057.
8. Bjerkness, J., 1964: Atlantic air-sea interaction. Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 10, Academic Press, 1-82.
9. Boyer T. P., S. Levitus, J. I. Antonov, R. A. Locarnini, and H. E. Garcia, 2005: Linear trends in salinity for the World Ocean, 1955-1998. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L01604, doi:10.1029/2004GL021791.
10. Bryden, H. L., M. J. Griffiths, A. M. Lavin, R. C. Millard, G. Parrilla, and W. M. Smethie, 1996: Decadal changes in water mass characteristics at 24°N in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, 9, 3162-3186.
11. Conkright, M. E., and Coauthors, 2002: Introduction. Vol. I, World Ocean Database 2001, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 42, CD-ROM Dataset, 159 pp.
12. Crowley, T. J., 2000: Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science, 289, 270-277.
13. Cubasch, U., R. Voss, G. C. Hegerl, J. Wazskewitz, and T. J. Crowley, 1997: Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 13, 757-767.
14. Curry, R. G., and M. S. McCartney, 2001: Ocean gyre circulation changes associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 3374-3400.
15. Curry, R. G., M. S. McCartney, and T. M. Joyce, 1998: Oceanic transport of subpolar climate signals to mid-depth subtropical waters. Nature, 391, 575-577.
16. Curry, R. G., R. Dickson, and I. Yashayaev, 2003: A change in the freshwater balance of the Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature, 426, 826-829.
17. Delworth, T. L., and R. J. Greatbatch, 2000: Multidecadal thermohaline circulation variability driven by atmospheric surface flux forcing. J. Climate, 13, 1481-1495.
18. Delworth, T. L., and T. R. Knutson, 2000: Simulation of the early 20th century global warming. Science, 287, 2246-2250.
19. Delworth, T. L., and M. E. Mann, 2000: Observed and simulated multidecadal variability in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate Dyn., 16, 661-676.
20. Delworth, T. L., S. Manabe, and R. J. Stouffer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1993-2011.
21. Delworth, T. L., S. Manabe, and R. J. Stouffer, 1997: Multidecadal climate variability in the Greenland Sea and surrounding regions: A coupled model simulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 257-260.
22. Deser, C., and M. Blackmon, 1993: Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900-89. J. Climate, 6, 1743-1753.
23. Dickson, R. R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and A. J. Lee, 1988: The "Great Salinity Anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 20, Pergamon, 103-151.
24. Dickson, R. R., J. Lazier, J. Meincke, P. Rhines, and J. Swift, 1996: Long-term coordinated changes in the convective activity of the North Atlantic. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 38, Pergamon, 241-295.
25. Dickson, R. R., I. Yashayaev, J. Meincke, W. Turrell, S. Dye, and J. Holfort, 2002: Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades. Nature, 416, 832-837.
26. Eden, C., and T. Jung, 2001: North Atlantic interdecadal variability: Ocean response to the North Atlantic Oscillation (1865-1997). J. Climate, 14, 676-691.
27. Eden, C., and J. Willebrand, 2001: Mechanism of interannual to decadal variability of the North Atlantic circulation. J. Climate, 14, 2266-2280.
28. Enfield, D. B., A. M. Mestas-Nuñez, and P. J. Trimble, 2001: The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2077-2080.
29. Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and worldwide sea temperatures. Nature, 320, 602-606.
30. Fuglister, F. C., 1960: Atlantic Ocean Atlas. Vol. 1, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 209 pp.
31. Ghil, M., and R. Vautard, 1991: Interdecadal oscillations and the warming trend in global temperature time series. Nature, 350, 324-327.
32. Gray, S. T., L. J. Graumlich, J. L. Betancourt, and G. T. Pedersen, 2004: A tree-ring based reconstruction of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation since 1567 A.D. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12205, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL019932.
33. Griffies, S. M., and K. Bryan, 1997: Predictability of North Atlantic multidecadal climate variability. Science, 275, 181-184.
34. Häkkinen, S., 1999: Variability of the simulated meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic for the period 1951-1993. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 10 991-11 007.
35. Häkkinen, S., 2002: Freshening of the Labrador Sea surface waters in the 1990s: Another great salinity anomaly? Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2232, doi:10.1029/2002GL015243.
36. Häkkinen, S., and P. Rhines, 2004: Decline of subpolar North Atlantic circulation during the 1990s. Science, 304, 555-559.
37. Hibler, W. D., and S. J. Johnson, 1979: The 20-yr cycle in Greenland ice core records. Nature, 280, 481-483.
38. Jones, P. D., M. New, D. E. Parker, S. Martin, and I. G. Rigor, 1999: Surface air temperature and its changes over the past 150 years. Rev. Geophys., 37, 173-199.
39. Joyce, T. M., and P. Robbins, 1996: The long-term hydrographic record at Bermuda. J. Climate, 9, 3121-3131.
40. Joyce, T. M., R. S. Pickart, and R. C. Millard, 1999: Long-term hydrographic changes at 52° and 66°W in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre and Carribean. Deep-Sea Res., 46, 245-278.
41. Kaplan, A., M. A. Cane, Y. Kushnir, A. C. Clement, M. B. Blumenthal, and B. Rajagopalan, 1998: Analyses of global sea surface temperature 1856-1991. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 18 567-18 589.
42. Kushnir, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmospheric conditions. J. Climate, 7, 141-157.
43. Latif, M., 1998: Dynamics of interdecadal variability in coupled ocean-atmosphere models. J. Climate, 11, 602-624.
44. Lazier, J. R. N., 1995: The salinity decrease in the Labrador Sea over the past thirty years. Natural Climate Variability on Decadal-to-Century Time Scales, D. G. Martinson et al., Eds., National Academy of Sciences Press, 295-302.
45. Levitus, S., 1989a: Interpentadal variability of temperature and salinity at intermediate depths of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1970-1974 versus 1955-1959. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 6091-6131.
46. Levitus, S., 1989b: Interpentadal variability of temperature and salinity in the deep North Atlantic, 1970-1974 versus 1955-1959. J. Geophys. Res., 94, 16 125-16 131.
47. Levitus, S., 1990: Interpentadal variability of steric sea level and geopotential thickness of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1970-1974 versus 1955-1959. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5233-5238.
48. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, T. P. Boyer, and C. Stephens, 2000: Warming of the World Ocean. Science, 287, 2225-2229.
49. Levitus, S., J. I. Antonov, and T. P. Boyer, 2005: Warming of the World Ocean, 1955-2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L02604, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL021592.
50. Locarnini, R. A., and Coauthors, 2002: Temporal Distribution of Temperature, Salinity, and Oxygen Profiles. Vol. 4, World Ocean Database 2001, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 45, CD-ROM Dataset, 233 pp.
51. Mann, M. E., and J. Park, 1996: Joint spatiotemporal modes of surface temperature and sea level pressure variability in the Northern Hemisphere during the last century. J. Climate, 9, 2137-2162.
52. Masina, S., P. Di Pietro, and A. Navarra, 2004: Interannual-to-decadal variability of the North Atlantic from an ocean data assimilation system. Climate Dyn., 23, 531-546.
53. Parrilla, G., A. Lavin, H. Bryden, M. Garcia, and R. Millard, 1994: Rising temperatures in the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean over the past 35 years. Nature, 369, 48-51.
54. Pielke, R. A., Sr., 2003: Heat storage within the Earth system. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 331-336.
55. Polyakov, I. V., and Coauthors, 2004: Variability of the intermediate Atlantic Water of the Arctic Ocean over the last 100 years. J. Climate, 17, 4485-4497.
56. Portis, D. H., J. E. Walsh, M. El Hamly, and P. J. Lamb, 2001: Seasonality of the North Atlantic Oscillation. J. Climate, 14, 2069-2078.
57. Read, J. F., and W. J. Gould, 1992: Cooling and freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean since the 1960s. Nature, 360, 55-57.
58. Reverdin, G., D. Cayan, and Y. Kushnir, 1997: Decadal variability of hydrography in the upper northern North Atlantic in 1948-1990. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C4), 8505-8531.
59. Roemmich, D., and C. Wunsch, 1984: Apparent changes in the climatic state of the deep North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 307, 447-450.
60. Schlesinger, M. E., and N. Ramankutty, 1994: An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65-70 years. Nature, 367, 723-726.
61. Shindell, D. T., G.A. Schmidt, M. E. Mann, D. Rind, and A. Wapple, 2001: Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder minimum. Science, 294, 2149-2152.
62. Stephens, C., and Coauthors, 2002: Temporal Distribution of Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profiles. Vol. 3, World Ocean Database 2001, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 44, CD-ROM Dataset, 47 pp.
63. Stocker, T. F., and L. A. Mysak, 1992: Climatic fluctuations on the century time scale: A review of high-resolution proxy data and possible mechanisms. Climatic Change, 20, 227-250.
64. Stott, P. A., S. F. B. Tett, G. S. Jones, M. R. Allen, J. F. B. Mitchell, and G. J. Jenkins, 2000: External control of 20th century temperature by natural and anthropogenic forcings. Science, 290, 2133-2137.
65. Sy, A., M. Rhein, J. R. N. Lazier, K. P. Koltermann, J. Meincke, A. Putzka, and M. Bersch, 1997: Surprisingly rapid spreading of newly formed intermediate waters across the North Atlantic Ocean. Nature, 386, 675-679.
66. Timmermann, A., M. Latif, R. Voss, and A. Grotzner, 1998: Northern Hemispheric interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode. J. Climate, 11, 1906-1931.
67. Visbeck, M., E. Chassignet, R. Curry, T. Delworth, B. Dickson, and G. Krahmann, 2002: The ocean's response to North Atlantic Oscillation variability. The North Atlantic Oscillation: Climate Significance and Environmental Impact, Geophys. Monogr. Vol. 134, Amer. Geophys. Union, 113-146.
68. Waple, A. M., M. E. Mann, and R. S. Bradley, 2002: Long-term patterns of solar irradiance forcing in model experiments and proxy based surface temperature reconstructions. Climate Dyn., 18, 563-578.
69. Yi, D., L. A. Mysak, and S. A. Venegas, 1999: Decadal-to-interdecadal fluctuations of Arctic sea-ice cover and the atmospheric circulation during 1954-1994. Atmos.-Ocean, 37, 389-415.