Dynamics of interdecadal variability in coupled ocean-atmosphere models

Journal of Climate

Volumn 11, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 602-624

  Latif, M ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; CLIMATE VARIATION;

EID: 0031872350     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0602:DOIVIC>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Anderson, D. L. T., and J. Willebrand, 1996: Decadal Climate Variability: Dynamics and Predictability. Vol. 44, Global Environmental Change, NATO ASI Series, Springer, 493 pp.
2. Balmaseda, M. A., M. K. Davey, and D. L. T. Anderson, 1995: Decadal and seasonal dependence of ENSO prediction skill. J. Climate, 8, 2705-2715.
3. Barnett, T. P., M. Latif, N. Graham, M. Flügel, S. Pazan, and W. B. White, 1993: ENSO and ENSO-related predictability. Part I: Prediction of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature with a hybrid coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1545-1566.
4. Bjerknes, J., 1964: Atlantic air-sea interaction. Advances in Geophysics, Academic Press, Vol. 10, 1-82.
5. Carton, J. A., and B. Huang, 1994: Warm events in the tropical Atlantic. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 888-893.
6. _, X. Cao, B. S. Giese, and A. M. da Silva. 1996: Decadal and interannual SST variability in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1165-1175.
7. Chang, P., L. Ji, and H. Li, 1997: A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air-sea interactions. Nature, 385, 516-518.
8. Chen, D., S. E. Zebiak, M. A. Cane, and A. J. Busalacchi, 1997: On the initialization and predictability of a coupled ENSO forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 773-788.
9. Chen, F., and M. Ghil, 1996: Interdecadal variability in a hybred coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 1561-1578.
10. Cubasch, U., R. Voss, G. C. Hegerl, J. Waskewitz, and T. J. Crowley, 1997: Simulation of the influence of solar radiation variations on the global climate with an ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. Climate Dyn. 13, 757-767.
11. da Silva, A. M., C. C. Young, and S. Levitus, 1994: Atlas of surface marine data 1994, Vols. 1 and 3. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6 and 8, 83 pp. [Available from NOCD, NOAA/NESDIS E/OC21, Washington, DC 20235.]
12. Delworth, T., 1996: North Atlantic interannual, variability in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 9, 2356-2375.
13. _, S. Manabe, and R. J. Stouffer, 1993: Interdecadal variations of the thermohaline circulation in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 6, 1993-2011.
14. _, _, and _, 1997: Multidecadal climate variability in the Greenland Sea and surrounding regions: A coupled model simulation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 257-260.
15. Deser, C., and M. L. Blackmon, 1993: Surface climate variations over the North Atlantic Ocean during winter: 1900-1989. J. Climate, 6, 1743-1753.
16. _, M. A. Alexander, and M. S. Timlin, 1996: Upper-ocean thermal variations in the North Pacific during 1970-91. J. Climate, 9, 1840-1855.
17. Dickson, R. R., J. Meincke, S.-A. Malmberg, and A. J. Lee, 1988: The "great salinity anomaly" in the northern North Atlantic 1968-1982. Progress in Oceanography, Vol. 20, Pergamon Press, 103-151.
18. Eckert, C., and M. Latif, 1997: Predictability of a stochastically forced hybrid coupled model of El Niño. J. Climate, 10, 1488-1504.
19. Enfield, D. B., and D. A. Mayer, 1997: Tropical Atlantic SST variability and its relationship to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. J. Geophys. Res., 102 (C1), 929-945.
20. Folland, C. K., T. N. Palmer, and D. E. Parker, 1986: Sahel rainfall and worlwide sea temperatures. Nature, 320, 602-607.
21. Frankignoul, C., and K. Hasselmann, 1977: Stochastic climate models. Part II: Application to sea surface temperature variability and thermocline variability. Tellus, 29, 284-305.
22. _, P. Müller, and E. Zorita, 1997: A simple model of the decadal response of the ocean to stochastic wind forcing. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 1533-1546.
23. Glantz, M. H., R. W. Katz, and N. Nicholls, 1991: Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies. Cambridge University Press, 535 pp.
24. Goddard, L., and N. E. Graham, 1997: El Niño in the 1990s. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 10 423-10 436.
25. Griffies, S. M., and E. Tziperman, 1995: A linear thermohaline oscillator driven by stochastic atmospheric forcing. J. Climate, 8, 2440-2453.
26. _, and K. Bryan, 1997: Ensemble predictability of simulated North Atlantic interdecadal climate variability. Science, 275, 181-184.
27. Grötzner, A., M. Latif, and T. P. Barnett, 1998: A decadal climate cycle in the North Atlantic Ocean as simulated by the ECHO coupled GCM. J. Climate, in press.
28. Gu, D., and S. G. H. Philander, 1997: Interdecadal climate fluctuations that depend on exchanges between the Tropics and extratropics. Science, 275, 805-807.
29. Hasselmann, K., 1976: Stochastic climate models. Part I: Theory. Tellus, 28, 473-485.
30. Haston, L., and J. Michaelson, 1994: Long-term central coastal California precipitation variability and relationships to El Niño. J. Climate, 7, 1373-1387.
31. Hotel, J. D., and J. M. Wallace, 1981: Planetary-scale atmospheric phenomena associated with the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 109, 813-829.
32. Houghton, R. W., and Y. M. Tourre, 1992: Characteristics of low-frequency sea surface temperature fluctuations in the tropical Atlantic. J. Climate, 5, 765-771.
33. Jacobs, G. A., H. E. Hurlbert, J. C. Kindle, E. J. Metzger, J. L. Mitchell, W. J. Teague, and A. J. Wallcraft, 1994: Decade-scale trans-Pacific propagation and warming effects of an El Niño anomaly. Nature, 370, 360-363.
34. James, I. N., and P. M. James, 1989: Ultra-low-frequency variability in a simple atmospheric model. Nature, 342, 53-55.
35. Ji, M., A. Leetmaa, and V. E. Kousky, 1996: Coupled model forecasts of ENSO during the 1980s and 1990s at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. J. Climate, 9, 3105-3120.
36. Jiang, S., F.-F. Jin, and M. Ghil, 1995: Multiple equilibria, periodic, and aperiodic solutions in a wind-driven, double gyre, shallow-water model. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 764-786.
37. Jin, F.-F., J. D. Neelin, and M. Ghil, 1994: El Niño on the devil's staircase: Annual subharmonic steps to chaos. Science, 264, 70-72.
38. Kushnir, Y., 1994: Interdecadal variations in the North Atlantic sea surafce temperature and associates atmospheric conditions. J. Climate, 7, 141-157.
39. Labitzke, K., 1987: Sunspots, the QBO, and the stratospheric temperature in the north polar region. Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 535-537.
40. Lamb, P. J., and R. A. Peppler, 1991: Regional case studies of teleconnections: Physical aspects. West Africa. Teleconnections Linking Worldwide Climate Anomalies, Cambridge University Press, 121-189.
41. Latif, M., and T. P. Barnett, 1994: Causes of decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America. Science, 266, 634-637.
42. _, and _, 1996: Decadal climate variability over the North Pacific and North America: Dynamics and predictability. J. Climate, 9, 2407-2423.
43. _, T. Stockdale, J. Wolff, G. Burgers, E. Maier-Reimer, and M. M. Junge, 1994: Climatology and variability in the ECHO coupled GCM. Tellus, 46A, 351-366.
44. _, A. Grötzner, and H. Frey, 1996a: El Hermanito: El Niño's overlooked little brother in the Atlantic. Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Rep. 196, 14 pp. [Available from Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Bundesstrasse 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.]
45. _, _, M. Münnich, E. Maier-Reimer, S. Venzke, and T. P. Barnett, 1996b: A mechanism for decadal climate variability. Decadal Climate Variability: Dynamics and Predictability, Vol. 44, Global Environmental Change, NATO ASI Series, Springer, 263-292.
46. _, R. Kleeman, and C. Eckert, 1997a: Greenhouse warming, decadal variability, or El Niño? An attempt to understand the anomalous 1990s. J. Climate, 10, 2221-2239.
47. -, A. Grötzner, A. Timmermann, S. Venzke, and T. P. Barnett, 1997b: Dynamics of decadal climate variability over the Northern Hemisphere. Proc. JCESS/CLIVAR Workshop on Decadal Climate Variability, Columbia MD, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Appendix A.
48. _, and Coauthors, 1998: TOGA review paper: Predictability and Prediction. J. Geophys. Res., in press.
49. Lean, J., J. Beer, and R. Bradley, 1995: Reconstruction of solar irradiance since 1600: Implications for climate change. Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 3195-3198.
50. Levitus, S., and J. Antonov, 1995: Observational evidence of interannual to decadal-scale variability of the subsurface temperature-salinity structure of the World Ocean. Climate Change, Kluwer Academic, 495-514.
51. _, T. P. Boyer, and J. Antonov, 1994: World Ocean Atlas 1994. Vol. 5, Interannual Variability of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure, U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, 176 pp.
52. Liu, Z., and S. G. H. Philander, 1995: How different wind stress patterns affect the tropical subtropical circulations of the upper ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 449-462.
53. _, _, and R. C. Pacanowski, 1994: A GCM study of the tropical-subtropical upper-ocean water exchange. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 2606-2623.
54. Lohmann, G., 1996: Stability of the thermohaline circulation in analytical and numerical models. Ph.D. thesis, University of Bremen. [Available from Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar-und Meeresforschung, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany.]
55. Lu, P., and J. P. McCreary, 1995: Influence of the ITCZ on the flow of thermocline water from the subtropical to the equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 3076-3088.
56. Manabe, S., and R. J. Stouffer, 1996: Low-frequency variability of surface air-temperature in a 1000-yr integration of a coupled atmosphere-ocean-land surface model. J. Climate, 9, 376-393.
57. Mann, M. E., and J. Park, 1994: Global-scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century timescales. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 25819-25833.
58. Mantua, N. J., S. R. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. M. Wallace, and R. C. Francis, 1997: A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 1069-1080.
59. Meehl, G. A., 1996: Characteristics of decadal variability in a global coupled GCM. Proc. JCESS/CLIVAR Workshop on Decadal Climate Variability, Columbia, MD, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Appendix A.
60. Mehta, V. M., 1998: Variability of the tropical ocean surface temperatures at decadal-multidecadal timescales. Part I: The Atlantic Ocean. J. Climate, in press.
61. _, and T. Delworth, 1995: Decadal variability of the tropical Atlantic ocean surface temperature in shipboard measurements and in a global ocean-atmosphere model. J. Climate, 8, 172-190.
62. Mikolajewicz, U., and E. Maier-Reimer, 1990: Internal secular variability in an ocean general circulation model. Climate Dyn., 4, 145-156.
63. Moura, A. D., and J. Shukla, 1981: On the dynamics of drought in northeast Brazil: Observations, theory, and numerical experiments with a general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 38, 2653-2675.
64. Münnich, M., M. A. Cane, and S. E. Zebiak, 1991: A study of self-excited oscillations in a tropical ocean-atmosphere system. Part II: Nonlinear cases. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 1238-1248.
65. Mysak, L. A., D. K. Manak, and R. F. Mardsen, 1990: Sea-ice anomalies in the Greenland and Labrador Seas 1900-84 and their relation to an interdecadal Arctic climate cycle. Climate Dyn., 5, 111-133.
66. Neelin, J. D., M. Latif, and F.-F. Jin, 1994: Dynamics of coupled ocean-atmosphere models: The tropical problem. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 617-659.
67. Palmer, T. N., and Z. Sun, 1985: A modelling and observational study of the relationship between sea surface temperature in the northwest Atlantic and the atmospheric general circulation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 111, 947-975.
68. Philander, S. G. H., 1990: El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation. Academic Press, 293 pp.
69. Robertson, A. W., 1996: Interdecadal variability over the North Pacific in a multi-century climate simulation. Climate Dyn., 12, 227-241.
70. Robock, A. D., and J. Mao, 1995: The volcanic signal in surface temperature observations. J. Climate, 8, 1086-1103.
71. Rowell, D. P., and F. W. Zwiers, 1997: Sources of atmospheric decadal variability. Proc. 7th Conf. on Climate Variations, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87-89.
72. Saravanan, R., and J. C. McWilliams, 1997: Stochasticity and spatial resonance in interdecadal climate fluctuations. J. Climate, 10, 2299-2320.
73. Spall, M. A., 1996: Dynamics of the Gulf Stream/deep western boundary current crossover. Part II: Low-frequency internal oscillations. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 26, 2169-2182.
74. Tett, S. F. B., T. C. Johns, and J. F. B. Mitchell, 1998: Global and regional variability in a coupled AOGCM. Climate Dyn., in press.
75. Timmermann, A., M. Latif, R. Voss, and A. Grötzner. 1998: Northern Hemispheric interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode. J. Climate, in press.
76. Trenbenh, K. E., and J. W. Hurrell, 1994: Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific. Climate Dyn., 9, 303-319.
77. _, and T. J. Hoar, 1996: The 1990-95 El Niño-Southern Oscillation event: Longest on record. Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 57-60.
78. von Storch, J.-S., 1994: Interdecadal variability in a global coupled model. Tellus, 46A, 419-432.
79. Weaver, A. J., and E. S. Sarachik, 1991: Evidence for decadal variability in an ocean general circulation model: An advective mechanism. Atmos.-Ocean, 29, 197-231.
80. _, J. Marotzke, P. F. Cummins, and E. S. Sarachik, 1993: Stability and variability of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 23, 39-60.
81. Weisse, R., U. Mikolajewicz, and E. Maier-Reimer, 1994: Decadal variability of the North Atlantic in an ocean general circulation model. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 12411-12421.
82. Wohlleben, T. M. H., and A. J. Weaver, 1995: Interdecadal variability in the subpolar North Atlantic. Climate Dyn., 11, 459-467.
83. Xu, W., T. P. Barnett, and M. Latif, 1998: Decadal variability in the North Pacific as simulated by a hybrid coupled model. J. Climate, 11, 297-312.
84. Zebiak, S. E., 1993: Air-sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic region. J. Climate, 6, 1567-1586.
85. _, and M. A. Cane, 1987: A model El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 2262-2278.
86. Zhang, R.-H., and S. Levitus, 1997: Structure and cycle of decadal variability of upper ocean temperature in the North Pacific. J. Climate, 10, 710-727.
87. _, J. M. Wallace, and D. S. Battisti, 1997: ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900-93. J. Climate, 10, 1004-1020.
88. Zorita, E., and C. Frankignoul, 1997: Modes of North Atlantic decadal variability in the ECHAM1/LSG coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model. J. Climate, 10, 183-200.