Production and purification of urokinase: A comprehensive review

Protein Expression and Purification

Volumn 45, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 1-14

  Bansal, Vibha ^a   Roychoudhury, Pradip K ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DELHI   (India)

Author keywords

Anchorage dependent cell culture; Cell culture scaffolds; Chromatographic matrices; Plasminogen activator; Urokinase

Indexed keywords

UROKINASE;

BIOREACTOR; BIOSYNTHESIS; CELL CULTURE; CULTURE TECHNIQUE; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW;

BIOREACTORS; CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUES; CELLS, CULTURED; HUMANS; URINARY PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

EID: 28844449800     PISSN: 10465928     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.06.009     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. J. Lopez-Sendon, S.E. de Lopez, J.F. Bobadilla, R. Rubio, J. Bermejo, and J.L. Delcan Cardiovascular pharmacology (XIII). The efficacy of different thrombolytic drugs in the treatment of acute myocardial infarct Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 48 1995 407 439
2. M.B. Bernik, and H.C. Kwaan Plasminogen activator activity in cultures from human tissues. An immunological and histochemical study J. Clin. Invest. 48 1969 1740 1753
3. G.W. Sobel, S.R. Mohler, N.W. Jones, A.B.C. Dowdy, and M.M. Guest Urokinase: an activator of plasma profibrinolysin extracted from urine Am. J. Physiol. 171 1952 768 769
4. V. Tkachuk, V. Stepanova, P.J. Little, and A. Bobik A regulation and role of urokinase plasminogen activator in vascular remodeling Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 23 1996 759 765
5. A.W. Clowes, M.M. Clowes, Y.P.T. Au, M.A. Reid, and D. Belin Smooth muscle cells express urokinase during mitogenesis and tissue-type plasminogen activator during migration in injured rat carotid artery Circ. Res. 67 1990 61 67
6. D.L. Eaton, R.W. Scott, and J.B. Baker Purification of human fibroblast urokinase proenzyme and analysis of its regulation by proteases and protease nexin J. Biol. Chem. 259 1984 6241 6247
7. D. Vetterlein, and G.J. Calton Purification of urokinase from complex mixtures using immobilized monoclonal antibody against urokinase light chain Thromb. Haemost. 49 1983 24 27
8. T.C. Wun, W.D. Schleuning, and E. Reich Isolation and characterization of urokinase from human plasma J. Biol. Chem. 257 1982 3276 3283
9. F.M. Booyse, J. Scheinbuks, P.H. Lin, M. Traylor, and R. Bruce Isolation and interrelationships of the multiple molecular tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activator forms produced by cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells J. Biol. Chem. 263 1988 15129 15138
10. F.M. Booyse, P.H. Lin, M. Traylor, and R. Bruce Purification and properties of a single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator form produced by subcultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells J. Biol. Chem. 263 1988 15139 15145
11. D.C. Stump, J.M. Stassen, E. Demarsin, and D. Collen Comparative thrombolytic properties of single-chain forms of urokinase-type plasminogen activator Blood 69 1987 592 596
12. S. Hayashi, K. Yamada, and H. Ogikubo Urokinase with high fibrin affinity found in human urine Ketsueki to Myakkan 16 1985 317 320
13. T.C. Wun, L. Ossowski, and E. Reich Proenzyme form of human urokinase J. Biol. Chem. 257 1982 7262 7268
14. S. Hiroyuki, T. Kosugi, O. Matsuo, and H. Mihara Physicochemical properties of highly purified plasminogen activator (single chain urokinase) of kidney culture Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi 45 1982 119 128
15. D. Vetterlein, T.E. Bell, P.L. Young, and R. Roblin Immunological quantitation and imunoadsorption of urokinase-like plasminogen activators secreted by human cells J. Biol. Chem. 255 1980 3665 3672
16. R.A. Burges, K.W. Brammer, and J.D. Coombes Molecular weight of urokinase Nature 208 1965 894
17. W.E. Holmes, D. Pennica, M. Blaber, M.W. Rey, W.A. Guenzler, G.L. Steffens, and H.L. Heyneker Cloning and expression of the gene for pro-urokinase in Escherichia coli Biotechnology 3 1985 923 929
18. E. Appella, E.A. Robinson, S.J. Ullrich, M.P. Stoppelli, A. Corti, G. Cassani, and F. Blasi The receptor-binding sequence of urokinase. A biological function for the growth-factor module of proteases J. Biol. Chem. 262 1987 4437 4440
19. J. Mimuro, M. Kaneko, T. Murakami, M. Matsuda, and Y. Sakata Reversible interactions between plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1160 1992 325 334
20. J. Hamelin, P. Sarmientos, G. Orsini, and F. Galibert Implication of cystiene residues in the activity of single-chain urokinase-plasminogen activator Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 194 1993 978 985
21. H. Kobayashi, J. Gotoh, Y. Hirashima, M. Fujie, D. Sugino, and T. Terao Inhibitory effect of a conjugate between human urokinase and urinary trypsin inhibitor on tumor cell invasion in viro J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 8361 8366
22. P. Wang, Z. Sun, H. Chen, and J.N. Liu Glycosylation of pro-urokinase by Pichia pastoris impairs enzymatic activity but not secretion Protein Express. Purif. 20 2000 179 185
23. J. Liu, W. Tang, Z. Sun, W. Kung, R. Pannell, P. Sarmientos, and V. Gurewich A site-directed mutagenesis of pro-urokinase which substantially reduces its intrinsic activity Biochemistry 35 1996 14070 14076
24. J. Liu, and V. Gurewich Inactivation of the intrinsic activity of pro-urokinase by diisopropylfluorophosphate is reversible J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 8408 8410
25. J. Liu, R. Pannell, and V. Gurewich A transitional state of pro-urokinase that has a higher catalytic efficiency against Glu-plasminogen than urokinase J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 15289 15292
26. J. Liu, and V. Gurewich Fragment E-2 from fibrin substantially enhances pro-urokinase-induced Glu-plasminogen activation. A kinetic study using the plasmin-resistant mutant pro-urokinase Ala-158-rpro-UK Biochemistry 31 1992 6311 6317
27. H.R. Lijnen, B. Van Hoef, L. Nelles, and D. Collen Plasminogen activation with single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sc-uPA). Studies with active site mutagenized plasminogen (Ser 740-Ala) and plasmin-resistant sc-uPA (Lys 158-Glu) J. Biol. Chem. 265 1990 5232 5236
28. H.R. Lijnen, B. Van Hoef, and D. Collen Activation with plasmin of tow-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator derived from single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator by treatment with thrombin Eur. J. Biochem. 169 1987 359 364
29. A. Ichinose, K. Fujikawa, and T. Suyama The activation of pro-urokinase by plasma kallikrein and its inactivation by thrombin J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 3486 3489
30. G. Brunner, M.M. Simon, and M.D. Kramer Activation of pro-urokinase by the human T cell-associated serine proteinase HuTSP-1 FEBS Lett. 260 1990 141 144
31. H. Kobayashi, M. Schmitt, L. Goretzki, N. Chucholowski, J. Calvete, M. Kramer, W.A. Gunzler, R. Janicke, and H. Graeff Cathepsin B efficiently activates the soluble and the tumor cell receptor-bound form of the proenzyme urokinase-type plasminogen activator (Pro-uPA) J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 5147 5152
32. V.V. Stepanova, and V.A. Tkachuk Urokinase as a multidomain protein and polyfunctional cell regulator Biochemistry 67 2002 109 117
33. M.S. Stack, and D.A. Johnson Human mast cell tryptase activates single chain urinary-type plasminogen activator (Pro-urokinase) J. Biol. Chem. 269 1994 9416 9419
34. A. Poliakov, V. Tkachuk, T. Ovchinnikova, N. Potapenko, S. Bagryantsev, and V. Stepanova Plasmin-dependent elimination of the growth-factor-like domain in urokinase causes its rapid cellular uptake and degradation Biochem. J. 355 2001 639 645
35. V. Gurewich, and R. Pannell Inactivation of single-chain urokinase (pro-urokinase) by thrombin and thrombin-like enzymes: relevance of the findings to the interpretation of fibrin-binding experiments Blood 69 1987 769 772
36. D.C. Stump, H.R. Lijnen, and D. Collen Purification and characterization of a novel low molecular weight form of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 17120 17126
37. M.E. Soberano, E.B. Ong, A.J. Johnson, M. Levy, and G. Schoellmann Purification and characterization of two forms of urokinase Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445 1976 763 773
38. M. Samama, B. Cazenave, and A.M. Otero Urokinase I and II activity Thromb. Haemost. 40 1979 578 580
39. G. Murano, D. Aronson, L. Williams, and L. Brown The inhibition of high and low molecular weight urokinase in plasma Blood 55 1980 430 436
40. N. Toki Effect of pH on the platelet aggregating factor in porcine factor VIII concentrates Thromb. Haemost. 43 1980 67
41. C. Lenich, R. Pannell, J. Henkin, and V. Gurewich The influence of glycosylation on the catalytic and fibrinolytic properties of pro-urokinase Thromb. Haemost. 68 1992 539 544
42. S.A. Rabbani, A.P. Mazar, S.M. Bernier, M. Haq, I. Bolivar, J. Henkin, and D. Goltzman Structural requirements for the growth factor activity of the amino-terminal domain of urokinase J. Biol. Chem. 267 1992 14151 14156
43. M. Nobuhara, M. Sakamaki, H. Ohnishi, and Y. Suzuki A comparative study of high molecular weight urokinase and low molecular weight urokinase J. Biochem. 90 1981 225 232
44. H.R. Lijnen, B. Van Hoef, and D. Collen Comparative kinetic analysis of the activation of human plasminogen by natural and recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator Biochim. Biophys. Acta 884 1986 402 408
45. X.K. Li, H.R. Lijnen, L. Nelles, M.H. Hu, and D. Collen Biochemical properties of recombinant mutants of nonglycosylated single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1159 1992 37 43
46. M. Ploug, E. Rønne, N. Behrendt, A.L. Jensen, F. Blasi, and K. Danø Cellular receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator. Carboxyl-terminal processing and membrane anchoring by glycosyl- phosphatidylinositol J. Biol. Chem. 266 1991 1926 1933
47. M. Ploug Identification of specific sites involved in ligand binding by photoaffinity labeling of the receptor for the urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Residues located at equivalent positions in uPAR domains I and III participate in the assembly of a composite ligand-binding site Biochemistry 37 1998 16494 16505
48. L.B. Moller, J. Pollanen, E. Ronne, N. Pedersen, and F. Blasi N-linked glycosylation of the ligand-binding domain of the human urokinase receptor contributes to the affinity for its ligand J. Biol. Chem. 268 1993 11152 11159
49. V. Ellis, M.F. Scully, and V.V. Kakkar Plasminogen activation initiated by single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator: potentiation by U937 monocytes J. Biol. Chem. 264 1989 2185 2188
50. K. Dano, P.A. Andreasen, J. Grondahl-Hansen, P. Kristensen, L.S. Nielsen, and L. Skriver Plasminogen activators, tissue degradation, and cancer Adv. Can. Res. 44 1985 139 266
51. S. Sperl, U. Jacob, N.A. Prada de, J. Sturzebecher, O.G. Wilhelm, W. Bode, V. Magdolen, and R. Huber Moroder, (4-aminomethyl)phenylguanidine derivatives as nonpeptidic highly selective inhibitors of human urokinase Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 5113 5118
52. M. Geiger, K. Huber, J. Wojta, L. Stingl, F. Espana, J.H. Griffin, and B.R. Binder Complex formation between urokinase and plasma protein C inhibitor in vitro and in vivo Blood 74 1989 722 728
53. N. Manchanda, and B.S. Schwartz Interaction of single chain urokinase and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 J. Biol. Chem. 270 1995 20032 20035
54. J. Reinartz, B. Schaefer, M.J. Bechtel, and M.D. Kramer Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2) in human keratinocytes regulates pericellular urokinase-type plasminogen activator Exp. Cell. Res. 223 1996 91 101
55. P.A. Andreasen, L. Kjoller, L. Christensen, and M.J. Duffy The urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer metastasis: a review Int. J. Cancer 72 1997 1 22
56. M. Sugiki, S. Omura, E. Yoshida, H. Itoh, H. Kataoka, and M. Maruyama Downregulation of urokinase type and tissue-typeplasminogen activators in a rabbit model of renal ischemia/reperfusion J. Biol. Chem. 132 2002 501 508
57. G. Murano, and D.L. Aronson High and low molecular weight urokinase Thromb. Haemost. 42 1979 1066 1068
58. A. Billstrom, I. Lecander, F. Dagnaes-Hansen, B. Dahllof, U. Stenram, and B. Hartley-Asp Differential expression of uPA in an aggressive (DU 145) and a nonaggressive (1013L) human prostate cancer xenograft Prostate 26 1995 94 104
59. J.E. Jankun, and E. Skrzypczak-Jankun Binding site of amiloride to urokinase in different species Int. J. Mol. Med. 8 2001 365 371
60. M. Tang, X. Cao, Z. Liu, X. Wu, G. Dai, Synthesis of glycidyl methacrylate-based matrix and its application in affinity chromatography of urokinase, in: International Conference on Biorelated Polymers Controlled Release Drugs and Reactive Polymers, 1997, pp. 35-36.
61. E.M. Fahey, J.B. Chaudhuri, and P. Binding Refolding and purification of a urokinase plasminogen activator fragment by chromatography J. Chromatogr. B 737 2000 225 235
62. R. Hiramatsu, S. Horinouchi, and T. Beppu Isolation and characterization of human pro-urokinase and its mutants accumulated within the yeast secretory pathway Gene 99 1991 235 241
63. M. Tsujikawa, K. Okabayashi, M. Morita, and T. Tanabe Secretion of a variant of human single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator without an N-glycosylation site in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris and characterization the secreted product Yeast 12 1996 541 553
64. P. Wang, J. Zhang, Z. Sun, Y. Chen, V. Gurewich, and J.N. Liu Catalytic and fibrinolytic properties of recombinant urokinase plasminogen activator from E. coli, mammalian, and yeast cells Thromb. Res. 100 2000 461 467
65. L. Nelles, H.R. Lijnen, D. Collen, and W.E. Holmes Characterization of recombinant human single chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator mutants produced by site-specific mutagenesis of lysine J. Biol. Chem. 262 1987 5682 5689
66. E.C. Jo, J.W. Yun, K.H. Jung, S.I. Chung, and J.H. Kim Performance study of perfusion cultures for the production of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sc-uPA) in a 2.5 L spin-filter bioreactor Bioprocess. Eng. 19 1998 363 372
67. S. Hosoi, M. Satoh, H. Miyaji, T. Nishi, T. Mizukami, M. Hasegawa, S. Itoh, and T. Tamaoki Stabile production of a thrombin resistant pro-urokinase derivative (PRO-UKS1) by Namalwa KJM-1 cells adapted to serum-free medium Cytotechnology 19 1995 1 10
68. B.G. Turner, G.C. Averginos, L.M. Melnick, and D.T. Moir Optimization of Prourokinase secretion from recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Biotech. Bioeng. 37 1991 809 875
69. G.C. Avgerinos, D. Drapeau, J.S. Socolow, J. Mao, K. Hsiao, and R.J. Broeze Spin filter perfusion system for high density cell culture: production of recombinant urinary type plasminogen activator in CHO cells Bio/Technology 8 1990 54 58
70. D.C. Stump, H.R. Lijnen, and D. Collen Purification and characterization of single-chain urokinase type plasminogen activator from human cell cultures J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 1274 1278
71. S.S. Khaparde, P.K. Roychoudhury, Production of urokinase using hollow fiber bioreactor, in: Indian Chemical Engineering Conference, Technical Session Transcription, vol. 6, 2004, p. 11.
72. T. Kohno, P. Hopper, J.S. Lillquist, R.L. Suddith, R. Greenlee, and D.T. Moir Kidney plasminogen activator: a precursor form of human urokinase with high fibrin affinity Biotechnology 8 1984 628 634
73. T.G. Warner Enhancing therapeutic glycoprotein production in Chinese hamster ovary cells by metabolic engineering endogenous gene control with antisense DNA and gene targeting Glycobiology 9 1999 841 850
74. P.K. Roychoudhury, J. Gomes, S.K. Bhattacharya, and N. Abdullah Production of urokinase by HT1080 human kidney cell line Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol. 27 1999 399 402
75. J. Gomes, P.K. Roychoudhury, Gayatri, Urokinase production using human kidney cell line-effect of amino acid supplementation, in: Indian Chemical Engineering Conference, Technical Session Transcription II: BIO, 2000, pp. 101-104.
76. C. Altamirano, C. Paredas, J.J. Cairo, and F. Godia Improvement of CHO cell culture medium formulation: simultaneous substitution of glucose and glutamine Biotechnol. Prog. 16 2000 69 75
77. G.F. Mann, Method of producing plasminogen activator, US Patent 4,232,124 (1980).
78. K. Sugimoto, Process for the production of human urokinase, US Patent 4,537,852 (1985).
79. K. Nilsson, T. Buzsaky, and K. Mosbach Growth of anchorage-dependent cells on macroporous microcarriers Biotechnology 4 1986 989 990
80. J. Tramper, J.B. Williams, D. Joustra, and J.M. Vlak Shear sensitivity of insect cells in suspension Enzyme Microbiol. Technol. 8 1986 33 36
81. W.S. Hu, and D.I.C. Wang Mammalian cell culture technology: a review from an engineering perspective W.G. Thilly Mammalian Cell Technology 1986 Butterworths Publishers Boston 167 197
82. P.T. Action, and J.D. Lynn Description and operation of a large-scale mammalian cell suspension culture facility Adv. Biochem. Eng. 7 1977 85 110
83. J.W.D. Katinger, W. Scheirer, and E. Kromer Bubble column reactor for mass propagation of animal cell in suspension culture Ger. Chem. Eng. 2 1979 31 38
84. A. Handa, A.N. Emery, and R.E. Spier On the evaluation of gas-liquid interfacial effects on hybridoma viability in bubble column bioreactors Dev. Biol. Stand. 66 1987 241 253
85. W.S. Hu, and M.V. Peshwa Animal cell bioreactors-Recent advances and challenges to scale-up Can. J. Chem. Eng. 69 1991 409 420
86. J. Robert, J. Cote, and J. Archambault Surface immobilization of anchorage-dependent mammalian cells Biotech. Bioeng. 39 1992 697 706
87. R.C. Thomson, S.L. Ishaug, A.G. Mikos, and R. Langer Polymers for biological systems R.A. Meyers Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology: Fundamentals and Applications 1996 VCH Publishers New York 31 44
88. D.W. Hutmacher Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage Biomaterials 21 2000 2529 2543
89. V.I. Lozinsky, F.M. Plieva, I.Y. Galaev, and B. Mattiasson The potential of polymeric cryogelsin bioseparation Bioseparation 10 2002 163 188
90. D.C. Stump, M. Theinpont, and D. Collen Urokinase-related proteins in human urine. Isolation and characterization of single-chain urokinase (pro-urokinase) and urokinase-inhibitor complex J. Biol. Chem. 261 1986 1267 1273
91. S. Si, J. Wang, H. Li, and S. Song Purification of high-molecular-weight urokinase Hebeisheng Kexueyuan Xuebao 4 1991 41 46
92. K.B. Male, A.L. Nguyen, and J.H.T. Luong Isolation of urokinase by affinity ultrafiltration Biotechnol. Bioeng. 35 1990 87 93
93. T. Someno, T. Saino, K. Katoh, H. Miyazaki, and S. Ishii Affinity chromatography of urokinase on an agarose derivative coupled with pyroglutamyl-lysyl-leucyl-arginial J. Biochem. 97 1985 1493 1500
94. Y.S. Dong, F. Liang, H.X. Jin, Q. Xi, and J.H. Chang Preparation of new magnetic affinity adsorbents and its application for purification of urokinase Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 23 2002 1013 1017
95. Y.S. Dong, F. Liang, X.Y. Yu, L.A. Guo, and J.H. Chang Preparation of new magnetic dextran affinity adsorbents and their application to purify urokinase Sepu 19 2001 21 24
96. X.J. Cao, M. Tang, X. Wu, and G. Dai Purification of urokinase by affinity chromatography Huadong Ligong Daxue Xuebao 24 1998 515 520
97. X.J. Cao, X.Y. Wu, K.Y. Zhu, and G.C. Dai Affinity chromatography for purification of urokinase using cefazoline as ligand Shengwu Huaxue Yu Shengwu Wuli Xuebao 30 1998 635 637
98. T.X. Sun, H.M. Wang, and C.F. Xu Purification of high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight urokinase and kinetic study Shengwu Huaxue Zazhi 13 1997 344 349
99. X.J. Cao, J.W. Zhu, D.W. Wang, X.Y. Wus, and G.C. Dai Purification of urokinase by affinity cross-flow filtration using a water-soluble macroligand Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 799 1996 454 459
100. Z. Pang, X. Wu, X. Cao, J. Zhu, and G. Dai Affinity chromatographic purification of urokinase with a polystyrene-based medium Huadong Ligong Daxue Xuebao 22 1996 417 421
101. K.C. Hou, and R. Zaniewski Purification of urokinase by combined cation exchanger and affinity chromatographic cartridges J. Chromatogr. 525 1990 297 306
102. B. Astedt, L. Holmberg, G. Wagner, P. Richter, and J. Plough Purification of urokinase by a beta-naphthamidine affinity column Thromb. Haemost. 42 1979 924 928
103. L. Holmberg, B. Bladh, and B. Astedt Purification of urokinase by affinity chromatography Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445 1976 215 222
104. L. Gao, X. Hu, Q. Wu, C. Xiao, Z. Xu, and Z. Zhang Single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (sc-uPA) purification by immuno-affinity chromatography Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao 18 2002 356 359
105. Y.M. Xue, H. Zhu, W. Shi, W. Liu, J.N. Liu, and Z. Ma Construction and characterization of a mutant of single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (Ser (175)-His (187)-msc-uPA) Acta Biochim. Biphys. Sin. 32 2000 26 30
106. T. Edmunds, S. Foley, Purification of urokinase and prourokinase by chromatography on affinity media for immunoglobulins, PCT Int. Appl. 37 (1989) CODEN: PIXXD2 WO 8912099 A1 19891214.
107. K. Dano, V. Moller, L. Ossowski, and L.S. Nielsen Purification and characterization of a plasminogen activator from mouse cells transformed by an oncogenic virus Biochim. Biophys. Acta 613 1980 542 555
108. T. Maciag, M.K. Weibel, and E.K. Pye Affinity chromatography of urokinase W.B. Jakoby M. Wilchek Methods in Enzymology 1974 Plenum New York 451 459
109. V. Bansal, A. Kumar, P.K. Roychoudhury, B. Mattiasson, Integrated process for urokinase production from human kidney cell line HT1080 using supermacroporous monolithic scaffold, in: Indian Chemical Engineering Conference, Technical Session Transcription, vol. 6, 2004, p. 8.
110. J. Plough, and N.O. Kjeldgaard Urokinase, an activator of plasminogen from human urine I. Isolation and properties Biochim. Biophys. Acta 24 1957 278 282
111. T. Astrup, and I. Sterndorff An activator of plasminogen in normal urine Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 81 1952 675
112. C.R. Lowe, S.J. Burton, J. Pearson, Y.D. Clonis, and C.V. Stead Design and application of biomimetic dyes in biotechnology J. Chromatogr. 376 1986 121 130
113. Y.D. Clonis, and C.R. Lowe Monosized adsorbents for high-performance affinity chromatography J. Chromatogr. 540 1991 103 111
114. Y. Tamura, and S. Fujii Purification of human plasma kallikrein and urokinase by affinity chromatography J. Biochem. 80 1976 507 511
115. K. Huber, J. Kirchheimer, and B.R. Binder Rapid isolation of high molecular weight urokinase from native human urine Thromb. Haemost. 47 1982 197 202
116. R. Takahashi, K. Akiba, M. Koike, T. Noguchi, and Y. Ezure Affinity chromatography for purification of two urokinases from human urine J. Chromatogr. B 742 2000 71 78
117. R. Li, X. Zhou, N. Xiao, H. Liu, S. Wang, Prourokinase and urokinase affinity ligands, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu 16 (2001) CODEN: CNXXEV CN 1298869 A 20010613.
118. R. Li, X. Zhou, N. Xiao, Synthesis of affinity ligand PU07 used for pro-urokinase and urokinase purification and inhibition, Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu 12 (2001) CODEN: CNXXEV CN 1301694 A 20010704.
119. S. Husain, B. Lipinski, Gurewich, Rapid purification of a high-affinity plasminogen activator from human blood plasma by specific adsorption on fibrin/celite, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78 (1981) 4265-4269.
120. P. Herion, and A. Bollen Purification of urokinase by monoclonal antibody affinity chromatography Biosci. Rep. 3 1983 373 379
121. J. Wojta, J.C. Kirchheimer, L. Turcu, G. Christ, and B.R. Binder Monoclonal antibodies against human high molecular weight urinary urokinase: application for affinity purification of urinary prourokinase Thromb. Haemost. 55 1986 347 351
122. G.A. Kratasyuk, L.Z. Yukubov, V.V. Sinitsyn, S.P. Domogatskii, O.V. Rohklin, N.A. Bynyaeva, Z.D. Fedorova, S.V. Koltsova, and G.V. Samsonov Monoclonal antibodies for one-step isolation of highly purified urokinase Biopolimery I Kletka 5 1989 95 101
123. S.H. Huang, S. Roy, K.C. Hou, and G.T. Tsao Scaling-up of affinity chromatography by radial-flow cartridges Biotechnol. Prog. 4 1988 159 165
124. J. Porath Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography Protein Express. Purif. 3 1992 263 281
125. Y. Kato, K. Nakamura, and T. Hashimoto High-performance metal chelate affinity chromatography of proteins J. Chromatogr. 354 1986 511 517
126. M.B. Dainiak, A. Kumar, F.M. Plieva, I.Y. Galaev, and B. Mattiasson Integrated isolation of antibody fragments from microbial cell culture fluids using supermacroporous cryogels J. Chromatogr. A 1045 2004 93 98
127. J.H. Chang, J.P. Gao, F. Liang, Y. Feng, Y.S. Dong, T.S. Su, and L.A. Guo Studies on the packings with guanido of affinity chromatography for the separation of urokinase Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao 21 2000 737 739
128. Y.S. Dong, F. Liang, X.Y. Yu, J.H. Chang, and L.A. Guo Study on magnetic agarose affinity adsorbents for the purification of urokinase Xibei Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban 31 2001 121 123
129. T. Peters, H. Taniuchi, and C.B. Anfinsen Affinity chromatography of serum albumin with fatty acids immobilized on agarose J. Biol. Chem. 248 1973 2447 2451
130. J. Lewis Plasminogen activator (urokinase) from cultured cells Thromb. Haemost. 42 1979 895 900
131. G.S. Blank, G. Zapata, R. Fahrner, M. Milton, C. Yedinak, H. Knudsen, and C. Schmelzer Expanded bed adsorption in the purification of monoclonal antibodies: a comparison of process alternatives Bioseparation 10 2001 65 71
132. A. Kadouri, and Z. Bohak Factors affecting the production of plasminogen activator in cultures of normal fibroblasts J. Dev. Biol. Stand. 60 1985 431 437
133. S.M. O'Brien, R.P. Sloane, O.R.T. Thomas, and P. Dunnill Characterisation of non-porous magnetic chelator supports and their use to recover polyhistidine-tailed T4 lysozyme from a crude E. coli extract J. Biotechnol. 54 1997 53 67
134. H. Umakoshi, K. Yano, R. Kuboi, and I. Komasawa Extractive cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli using aqueous two-phase systems for production and separation of intracellular heat shock proteins Biotechnol. Prog. 12 1996 51 56
135. H.A. Chase Purification of proteins by adsorption chromatography in expanded beds Trends Biotechnol. 12 1994 296 303