POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR THE USE OF LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES AS LUMINESCENT BIOLABELS

Advances in Inorganic Chemistry

Volumn 55, Issue , 2004, Pages 361-432

  MOTSON, GRAHAM R ^a   FLEMING, JEAN S ^b   BROOKER, SALLY ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 28344440293     PISSN: 08988838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0898-8838(03)55007-3     Document Type: Review

References (201)

1. Parker, D.; Dickins, R. S.; Puschmann, H.; Crossland, C.; Howard, J. A. K. Being excited by lanthanide coordination complexes: aqua species, chirality, excited-state chemistry, and exchange dynamics. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 1977-2010.
2. Bünzli, J.-C. G.; Piguet, C. Lanthanide-containing molecular and supramolecular polymetallic functional assemblies. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 1897-1928.
3. Sabbatini, N.; Guardigli, M.; Lehn, J.-M. Luminescent lanthanide complexes as photochemical supramolecular devices. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1993, 123, 201-228.
4. Sabbatini, N.; Guardigli, M.; Manet, I. Lanthanide complexes of encapsulating ligands as luminescent devices. Adv. Photochem. 1997, 23, 213-278.
5. Sammes, P. G.; Yahioglu, G. Modern bioassays using metal chelates as luminescent probes. Nat. Prod. Rep. 1996, 1-28.
6. Faulkner, S.; Matthews, J. L. Fluorescent and Luminescent Complexes for Biomedical Applications, "Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II", Vol. 9; Eds. McCleverty, J.; Meyer, T. J.; Pergamon, 2003, p. in press, in press.
7. Yam, V. W.-W.; Lo, K. K.-W. Recent advances in utilization of transition metal complexes and lanthanides as diagnostic tools. Coordi. Chem. Rev. 1998, 184, 157-240.
8. Selvin, P. R. Principles and biophysical applications of lanthanide-based probes. Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct. 2002, 31, 275-302.
9. Inanaga, J.; Furuno, H.; Hayano, T. Asymmetric catalysis and amplification with chiral lanthanide complexes. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102, 2211-2225.
10. Bünzli, J.-C. G.; Choppin, G. R. Lanthanide probes in life, chemical, and earth sciences: theory and practice. Elsevier: New York; ISBN: 0-444-88199-9.
11. Lamture, J. B.; Wensel, T. G. A novel reagent for labeling macromolecules with intensely luminescent lanthanide complexes. Tetrahedron Lett. 1993, 34, 4141-4144.
12. Price, C. P.; Newman, D. J. "Principles and Applications of Immunoassay", 2nd edn.; Macmillan Reference. ISBN: 0-333-62504-8.
13. Schepartz, A.; Kim, P. S. Interaction, assembly and processing at the chemistry-biology interface. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 2(1), 9-10.
14. Benkovic, S. J.; Walsh, C. T. Mechanisms research highlights at the chemistry-biology interface. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1999, 3(5), 571-572.
15. Parker, D. Targeting metal complexes. Chem. Britain 1994, 818-822.
16. Parker, D.; Williams, J. A. G. Getting excited about lanthanide complexation chemistry. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1996, 3613-3628.
17. Klink, S. I.; Hebbik, G. A.; Grave, L.; Peters, F. G. A.; Van Veggel, F. C. J. M.; Reinhoudt, D. N.; Hofstraat, J. W. Near-infrared and visible luminescence from terphenyl-based lanthanide(III) complexes bearing amido and sulfonamido pendant arms. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2000, 1923-1931.
18. Caravan, P.; Ellison, J. J.; McMurry, T. J.; Lauffer, R. B. Gadolinium(III) chelates as MRI contrast agents: structure, dynamics, and applications. Chem. Rev. 1999, 99(9), 2293-2352.
19. See for example Topics in Current Chemistry, Volume 221 - Contrast Agents I.
20. Carnall, W. T. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of rare earth ions in solution, "Handbook on the Physics and Chemistry of the Rare Earths", Vol. 4; Eds. Gschneider K. A., Jr.; Eyring, L.; North-Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam, 1979, pp. 171-208.
21. Latva, M.; Takalo, H.; Mukkala, V.-M.; Matachescu, C.; Rodríguez-Ubis, J.-C.; Kankare, J. Correlation between the lowest triplet state energy level of the ligand and lanthanide(III) luminescence quantum yield. J. Luminesc. 1997, 75, 149-169.
22. Horrocks, W. de W. Jr.; Sudnick, D. R. Lanthanide ion probes of structure in biology. Laser-induced luminescence decay constants provide a direct measure of the number of metal-coordinated water molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101(2), 334-340.
23. Holz, R. C.; Allen Chang, C.; Horrocks, W. De W. Jr. Spectroscopic characterization of the europium(III) complexes of a series of N,N′-bis(carboxymethyl macrocyclic ether bis(lactones). Inorg. Chem. 1991, 30, 3270-3275.
24. Beeby, A.; Clarkson, I. M.; Dickins, R. S.; Faulkner, S.; Parker, D.; Royle, L.; de Sousa, A. S.; Williams, J. A. G.; Woods, M. Non-radiative deactivation of the excited states of europium, terbium and ytterbium complexes by proximate energy-matched OH, NH and CH oscillators: an improved luminescence method for establishing solution hydration states. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1999, (3), 493-503.
25. Supkowsky, R. M.; Horrocks, de W. On the determination of the number of water molecules, q, coordinated to europium(III) ions in solution from luminescence decay lifetimes. Inorg. Chim. Acta 2002, 340, 44-48.
26. Haas, Y.; Stein, G. Pathways of radiative and radiationless transitions in europium(III) solutions: role of solvents and anions. J. Phys. Chem. 1971, 75(24), 3668-3677.
27. 3+ macrocyclic complexes bearing an appended phenanthroline chromophore. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 2777-2784.
28. Xiao, M.; Selvin, P. R. Quantum yields of luminescent lanthanide chelates and far-red dyes measured by resonance energy transfer. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7067-7073.
29. Zucchi, G.; Ferrand, A.-C.; Scopelliti, R.; Bünzli, J.-C. G. Highly luminescent, visible-emitting lanthanide macrocyclic chelates stable in water and derived from the cyclen framework. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 2459-2465.
30. Beeby, A.; Bushby, L. M.; Maffeo, D.; Williams, J. A. G. Intramolecular sensitisation of lanthanide(III) luminescence by acetophenone-containing ligands: the critical effect of para-substituents and solvent. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2002, 48-54.
31. Sato, S.; Wada, M. Relations between intramolecular energy transfer efficiences and triplet energies in rare earth beta-diketone chelates. Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan 1970, 43, 1955.
32. Brunet, E.; Juanes, O.; Sedano, R.; Rodríguez-Ubis, J.-C. Lanthanide complexes of polycarboxylate-bearing dipyrazolylpyridine ligands with near-unity luminescence quantum yields: the effect of pyridine substitution. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 2002, 1, 613-618.
33. Jørgensen, C. K.; Reisfeld, R. Chemistry and spectroscopy of rare earths. Top. Curr. Chem. 1982, 100, 127-167.
34. Richardson, F. S. Terbium(III) and europium(III) ions as luminescent probes and stains for biomolecular systems. Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 541-552.
35. Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. "Inorganic Chemistry", 1st edn.; Pearson Education: Harlow, Essex, UK, 2001. ISBN: 0-582-31080-6.
36. 2O (Ln = Ce, Er). Aust. J. Chem. 1998, 51(7), 565-571.
37. Yang, X.-P.; Su, C.-Y.; Kang, B.-S.; Feng, X.-L.; Xiao, W.-L.; Liu, H.-Q. Studies on lanthanide complexes of the tripodal ligand bis(2-benzimidazolylmethyl)(2-pyridylmethyl) amine. Crystal structures and luminescence properties. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, (19), 3253-3260.
38. Su, C.-Y.; Kang, B.-S.; Liu, H.-Q.; Wang, Q.-G.; Mak, T. C. W. Construction of two- and three-dimensional supramolecular networks with an encapsulated lanthanide(III) complex as building block and hydrogen-bonded 4,4′-bipyridyl as spacer. Chem. Commun. 1998, (15), 1551-1552.
39. Su, C.-Y.; Kang, B.-S.; Liu, H.-Q.; Wang, Q.-G.; Chen, Z.-N.; Lu, Z.-L.; Tong, Y.-X.; Mak, T. C. W. Luminescent lanthanide complexes with encapsulating polybenzimidazole tripodal ligands. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38(7), 1374-1375.
40. Yang, X.-P.; Kang, B.-S.; Wong, W.-K.; Su, C.-Y.; Liu, H.-Q. Synthesis, crystal structures, and luminescent properties of lanthanide complexes with tripodal ligands bearing benzimidazole and pyridine groups. Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 169-179.
41. Kanesato, M.; Yokoyama, T. Synthesis and structural characterisation of Ln(III) complexes (Ln = Eu, Gd, Er, Tm, Lu) of tripodal tris[2-(salicylideneamino)ethyl] amine. Chem. Lett. 1999, 137-138.
42. 3 ligand. Aust. J. Chem. 2000, 53, 229-231.
43. 3 coordination site. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1996, 247, 143-145.
44. Costes, J.-P.; Dupuis, A.; Commenges, C.; Lagrave, S; Laurent, J.-P. Mononuclear lanthanide complexes of tripodal ligands: synthesis and spectroscopic studies. Inorg. Chim. Acta 1999, 285, 49-54.
45. Mizukami, S.; Houjou, H.; Kanesato, M.; Hiratani, K. Adjustment of twist angles in pseudo-helical lanthanide complexes by the size of metal ions. Chem. Eur. J. 2003, 9, 1521-1528.
46. Marques, N.; Sella, A.; Takats, J. Chemistry of the lanthanides using pyrazolylborate ligands. Chem. Rev. 2002, 102(6), 2137-2159.
47. Jones, P. L.; Amoroso, A. J.; Jeffery, J. C.; McCleverty, J. A.; Psillakis, E.; Rees, L. H.; Ward, M. D. Lanthanide complexes of the hexadentate N-donor podand tris[3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazolyl]hydroborate: solid-state and solution properties. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36(1), 10-18.
48. 3+ complexes of the hexadentate N-podand tris-[3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazol-1yl]hydroborate. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1997, 276, 435-440.
49. Armaroli, N.; Accorsi, G.; Barigelletti, F.; Couchman, S. M.; Fleming, J. S.; Harden, N. C.; Jeffery, J. C.; Mann, K. L. V.; McCleverty, J. A.; Rees, L. H.; Starling, S. R.; Ward, M. D. Structural and photophysical properties of mononuclear and dinuclear lanthanide(III) complexes of multidentate podand ligands based on poly(pyrazollyl)borates. Inorg. Chem. 1999, 38, 5769-5776.
50. Reeves, Z. R.; Mann, K. L. V.; Jeffery, J. C.; McCleverty, J. A.; Ward, M. D.; Barigelletti, F.; Armaroli, N. Lanthanide complexes of a new sterically hindered potentially hexadentate podand ligand based on a tris(pyrazolyl)borate core; crystal structures, solution structures and luminescence properties. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1999, 349-355.
51. 3+ complexes. New J. Chem. 1997, 21(2), 147-150.
52. Charbonnière, L.; Ziessel, R.; Guardigli, M.; Roda, A.; Sabbatini, N.; Cesario, M. Lanthanide tags for time-resolved luminescence microscopy displaying improved stability and optical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 2436-2437.
53. Døssing, A.; Toftlund, H.; Hazell, A.; Bourassa, J.; Ford, P. C. Crystal structure, luminescence and other properties of some lanthanide complexes of the polypyridine ligand 6,6′-bis[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-2,2′-bipyridine. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1997, (3), 335-339.
54. Piguet, C.; Bünzli, J.-C. G.; Bernardinelli, G.; Hopfgartner, G.; Williams, A. F. Self-assembly and photophysical properties of lanthanide dinuclear triple-helical complexes. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 8197-8206.
55. Martin, N.; Bünzli, J.-C. G.; McKee, V.; Piguet, C.; Hopfgartner, G. Self-assembled dinuclear lanthanide helicates: substantial luminescence enhancement upon replacing terminal benzimidazole groups by carboxamide binding units. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 577-589.
56. Elhabiri, M.; Scopelliti, R.; Bünzli, J.-C. G.; Piguet, C. Lanthanide helicates self-assembled in water: a new class of highly stable and luminescent dimetallic carboxylates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 10747-10762.
57. Andre, N.; Scopelliti, R.; Hopfgarter, G.; Piguet, C.; Bünzli, J.-C. G. Discriminating between lanthanide ions: self-assembly of heterodimetallic triple-stranded helicates. Chem. Commun. 2002, 214-215.
58. Bocquet, B.; Bernardinelli, G.; Ouali, N.; Floquet, S.; Renaud, F.; Hopfgartner, G.; Piguet, C. The first self-assembled trimetallic lanthanide helicate: different coordination sites in symmetrical molecular architectures. Chem. Commun. 2002, 930-931.
59. Renaud, F.; Piguet, C.; Bernardinelli, G.; Bünzli, J.-C. G.; Hopfgartner, G. In search for mononuclear helical lanthanide building blocks with predetermined properties: lanthanide complexes with diethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3(10), 1660-1667.
60. Charbonnière, L. J.; Ziessel, R.; Montalti, M.; Prodi, L.; Zaccheroni, N.; Boehme, C.; Wipff, G. Luminescent lanthanide complexes of a bis-bipyridine-phosphine-oxide ligand as tools for anion detection. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124(26), 7779-7788.
61. 3+. J. Lumin. 1998, 79, 121-125.
62. Yuan, J.; Wang, G.; Majima, K.; Matsumoto, K. Synthesis of a terbium fluorescent chelate and its application to time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73(8), 1869-1876.
63. Bardwell, D. A.; Jeffery, J. C.; Jones, P. L.; McCleverty, J. A.; Psillakis, E.; Reeves, Z. R.; Ward, M. D. Lanthanide complexes of the tetradentate N-donor ligand dihydrobis[3-(2-pyridyl)pyrazolyl]borate and the terdentate N-donor ligand 2,6-bis(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine: syntheses, crystal structures and solution structures based on luminescence lifetime studies. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1997, 2079-2086.
64. 2 and selected anions. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2000, 205, 109-130.
65. Gunnlaugsson, T.; Donall, A. M. D.; Parker, D. Luminescent molecular logic gates: the two-input inhibit (INH) function. Chem. Commun. 2000, 93-94.
66. Beeby, A.; Bushby, L. M.; Maffeo, D.; Williams, J. A. G. The efficient intramolecular sensitisation of terbium(III) and europium(III) by benzophenone-containing ligands. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2000, 1281-1283.
67. Dadabhoy, A.; Faulkner, S.; Sammes, P. G. Long wavelength sensitizers for europium(III) luminescence based on acridone derivatives. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2002, (2), 348-357.
68. Dadabhoy, A.; Faulkner, S.; Sammes, P. G. Small singlet-triplet energy gap of acridone enables longer wavelength sensitization of europium(III) luminescence. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2000, (12), 2359-2360.
69. Dickins, R. S.; Howard, J. A. K.; Lehmann, C. W.; Moloney, J.; Parker, D.; Peacock, R. D. Structural rigidity and luminescence of chiral lanthanide tetraamide complexes based on 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1997, 38, 521-523.
70. Zucchi, G.; Scopelliti, R.; Bünzli, J.-C. G. Importance of the chromophore orientation to the ligand-to-metal energy transfer in lanthanide complexes with pendant-arm fitted cyclen derivatives. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, (13), 1975-1985.
71. Bobba, G.; Frias, J. C.; Parker, D. Highly emissive, nine-coordinate enantiopure lanthanide complexes incorporating tetraazatriphenylenes as probes for DNA. Chem. Commun. 2002, 890.
72. Bornhop, D. J.; Hubbard, D. S.; Houlne, M. P.; Adair, C.; Kiefer, G. E.; Pence, B. C.; Morgan, D. L. Fluorescent tissue site-selective lanthanide chelate, Tb-PCTMB for enhanced imaging of cancer. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71(14), 2607-2616.
73. Fenton, D. E.; Vigato, P. A. Macrocyclic Schiff base complexes of lanthanides and actinides. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1988, 17, 69-90.
74. Fenton, D. E.; Kitchen, S. J.; Spencer, C. M.; Tamburini, S.; Vigato, P. A. Complexes of ligands providing endogenous bridges. Part 5. Solution studies on a novel '3+3' hexamine Schiff-base macrocyclic complex of lanthanum. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1988, 685-690.
75. Howell, R. C.; Spence, K. V. N.; Kahwa, I. A.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. The preparation and crystal and molecular structures of new luminescent Schiff-base complexes featuring coupled lanthanide(III) cations. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1996, 961-968.
76. Bastida, R.; de Blas, A.; Castro, P.; Fenton, D. E.; Macias, A.; Rial, R.; Rodríguez, A.; Rodríguez-Blas, T. Complexes of lanthanide(III) ions with macrocyclic ligands containing pyridine head units. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1996, 1493-1497.
77. Wang, Z.; Reibenspies, J.; Martell, A. E. Design, synthesis and X-ray structural characterization of new dinucleating macrocyclic ligands and a novel phenolate-bridged dilanthanum(III) complex. Inorg. Chem. 1997, 36, 629-636.
78. Aspinall, H. C.; Black, J.; Dodd, I.; Harding, M. M.; Winkley, S. J. A lanthanide-templated Schiff-base condensation reaction to give a trinuclear macrocyclic complex. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1993, 709-714.
79. Sabbatini, N.; Guardigli, M.; Manet, I.; Ziessel, R. Luminescent probes [involving calixarenes], "Calixarenes 2001"; Ed. Asfari, Z.; Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
80. Sabbatini, N.; Guardigli, M.; Mecati, A.; Balzani, V.; Ungaro, R.; Ghidini, E.; Casnati, A.; Pochini, A. Encapsulation of lanthanide ions in calixarene receptors. A strongly luminescent terbium(3+) complex. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, (12), 878-879.
81. 3+ ion complexed with calix[4]arenetetrasulfonate and the thio and sulfonyl analogue. The effect of bridging groups. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2001, 2219-2225.
82. 3+ complexes. Chem. Eur. J. 2000, 6(6), 1026-1034.
83. de Maria Ramírez, F.; Charbonnière, L.; Muller, G.; Scopelliti, R.; Bünzli, J.-C. G. A p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene functionalised at its lower rim with ether-amide pendant arms acts as an inorganic-organic receptor: structural and photophysical properties of its lanthanide complexes. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2001, (21), 3205-3213.
84. Prodi, L.; Pivari, S.; Bolletta, F.; Hissler, M.; Ziessel, R. Synthesis of functionalized calix[4]arene ligands incorporating bipyridine N,N′-dioxide chromophores and luminescence of their lanthanide complexes. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 1959-1965.
85. Casnati, A.; Baldini, L.; Sansone, F.; Ungaro, R.; Armaroli, N.; Pompei, D.; Barigelletti, F. Synthesis, complexation and photophysics in protic solvents of lanthanide complexes of novel calix[4]arene polycarboxylic-2,2′-bipyridine mixed ligands. Supramol. Chem. 2002, 14(2-3), 281-289.
86. Bkouche-Waksman, I.; Guilhem, J.; Pascard, C.; Alpha, B.; Deschenaux, R.; Lehn, J.-M. 110. Crystal structures of the lanthanum(III), europium(III), and terbium(III) cryptates of tris(bipyridine) macrobicyclic ligands. Helv. Chim. Acta 1991, 74, 1163-1170.
87. Alpha, B.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Lehn, J.-M.; Perathoner, S.; Sabbatini, N. Antenna effect in luminescent lanthanide cryptates: a photophysical study. Photochem. Photobiol. 1990, 52(2), 299-306.
88. Prodi, L.; Maestri, M.; Balzani, V.; Lehn, J.-M.; Roth, C. Luminescence properties of cryptate europium(III) complexes incorporating heterocyclic N-oxide groups. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1991, 180, 45-50.
89. 3+ complexes of two macrobicyclic ligands derived from a tetralactam ring and a chromophoric antenna. Helv. Chim. Acta 2002, 85(6), 1613-1625.
90. Platas, C.; Avecilla, F.; de Blas, A.; Rodríguez-Blas, T.; Geraldes, C. F. G. C.; Toth, E.; Merbach, A. E.; Bünzli, J.-C. G. Mono and bimetallic lanthanide(III) phenolic cryptates obtained by template reaction: solid state structure, photophysical properties and relaxivity. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 2000, 611-618.
91. Avecilla, F.; de Blas, A.; Bastida, R.; Fenton, D. E.; Mahia, J.; Macías, A.; Platas, C.; Rodríguez, A.; Rodríguez-Blas, T. The template synthesis and X-ray structure of the first dinuclear lanthanide(III) iminophenolate cryptate. Chem. Commun. 1999, 125-126.
92. Rodríguez-Cortiñas, R.; Avecilla, F.; Platas-Iglesias, C.; Imbert, D.; Bünzli, J.-C. G.; de Blas, A.; Rodríguez-Blas, T. Structural and photophysical properties of heterobimetallic 4f-Zn iminophenolate cryptates. Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41(21), 5336-5349.
93. Dickins, R. S.; Gunnlaugsson, T.; Parker, D.; Peacock, R. D. Reversible anion binding in aqueous solution at a cationic heptacoordinate lanthanide centre: selective bicarbonate sensing by time-delayed luminescence. Chem. Commun. 1998, 16, 1643-1644.
94. Matthews, K. D.; Kahwa, I. A.; Williams, D. J. Preparation, structure, and luminescence of dinuclear lanthanide complexes of a novel imine-amine phenolate macrocycle. Inorg. Chem. 1994, 33, 1382-1387.
95. Costes, J.-P.; Dahan, F.; Dupuis, A.; Lagrave, S.; Laurent, J.-P. Homo- (4f, 4f) and Heterodimetallic (4f, 4f′) Complexes. The first structurally characterized example of a heterodimetallic (Yb, La) complex (1′). Magnetic properties of 1′ and of a homodinuclear (Gd, Gd) analogue. Inorg. Chem. 1998, 37, 153-155.
96. Hemmila, I.; Webb, S. Time-resolved fluorometry: an overview of the labels and core technologies for drug screening applications. DDT 1997, 2(9), 373-381.
97. Sharma, B. P.; Singh, P.; Sharma, R. S.; Tyle, P. Diagnostics - Where we were, where we are, and where we are going: an introduction, "Diagnostics in the year 2000. Antibody, Biosensor and Nucleic Acid Technologies"; Eds. Singh, P.; Sharma, B. P.; Tyle, P.; Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1993, pp. 1-7.
98. Diezel, W.; Kopperschlager, G.; Hofmann, E. An improved procedure for protein staining in polyacrylamide gels with a new type of Coomassie Brilliant Blue. Anal. Biochem. 1972, 48(2), 617-620.
99. Sinha, P.; Poland, J.; Schnolzer, M.; Rabilloud, T. A new silver staining apparatus and procedure for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight analysis of proteins after two-dimensional electrophoresis. Proteomics (Germany) 2001, 1(7), 835-840.
100. Yan, J. X.; Wait, R.; Berkelman, T.; Harry, R. A.; Westbrook, J. A.; Wheeler, C. H.; Dunn, M. J. A modified silver staining protocol for visualization of proteins compatible with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2000, 21(17), 3666-3672.
101. Yan, J. X.; Harry, R. A.; Spibey, C.; Dunn, M. J. Postelectrophoretic staining of proteins separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis using SYPRO dyes. Electrophoresis 2000, 21(17), 3657-3665.
102. Roitt, I. M.; Brostoff, J.; Male, D. K. "Immunology"; 3rd edn. Mosby: St. Louis, MO, 1993.
103. Crowther, J. R. ELISA. Theory and practice, "Methods in Molecular Biology", Vol. 42; Ed. Walker, J. M.; Humana Press: Totowa, New Jersey, 1995, p. 223.
104. Grassi, J.; MacLouf, J.; Pradelles, P. Radioiodination and other labelling techniques, "Radioimmunoassay in Basic and Clinical Pharmacology"; Eds. Patrono, C.; Peskov, B. A.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1987, pp. 103-107.
105. Glanzer, K.; Appenheimer, M.; Kruck, F.; Vetter, W.; Vetter, H. Measurement of 8-arginine-vasopressin by radioimmunoassay. Development and application to urine and plasma samples using one extraction method. Acta Endocrinol. (Denmark) 1984, 106(3), 317-329.
106. Andrews, P. Estimation of molecular size and molecular weights of biological compounds by gel filtration. Methods Biochem. Anal. 1970, 18, 1-53.
107. Amersham-Biosciences. Radiochemicals and Radiation Safety. Biodirectory 2002 2002, 149.
108. Amersham-Biosciences. Radiochemicals. Biodirectory 2002 2002, 110-148.
109. Amersham-Biosciences. Technical information - Radiochemicals. Biodirectory 2002 2002, 177-181.
110. Stenman, U.-H.; Alfthan, H. Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays, "Diagnostics in the year 2000. Antibody, Biosensor, and Nucleic Acid Technologies"; Eds. Singh, P.; Sharma, B. P. ; Tyle, P.; Van Norstrand Reinhold: New York, 1993, pp. 53-64.
111. Wang, P. P.; Boeckx, R. L. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay and therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicology, "Diagnostics in the year 2000. Antibody, Biosensor, and Nucleic Acid Technologies"; Eds. Singh, P.; Sharma, B. P.; Tyle, P.; Van Norstrand Reinhold: New York, 1993, pp. 39-52.
112. Applied Biosystems Ltd. "CDP-Star® & CSPD® Chemiluminescent Substrates for Alkaline Phosphatase", 2003. www.appliedbiosystems.com/products/productdetail.cfm?prod-id=114.
113. Amersham-Biosciences. Protein labelling and detection. Biodirectory 2002 2002, 410-417.
114. Roche-Applied-Science. Protein labelling kits. 2002 Biochem. Catalog 2002, 322-323.
115. Javitch, J. A.; Li, X.; Kaback, J.; Karlin, A. A cysteine residue in the third membrane-spanning segment of the human D2 dopamine receptor is exposed in the binding-site crevice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1994, 91, 10355-10359.
116. Phillips, T. M.; Dickens, B. F. Affinity and immunoaffinity purification techniques, "The Biotechniques Series on Molecular Laboratory Methods"; Eaton: Natick, MA, 2000.
117. Gruber, H. J.; Kada, G.; Pragl, B.; Riener, C.; Hahn, C. D.; Harms, G. S.; Ahrer, W.; Dax, T. G.; Hohenthanner, K.; Knaus, H. G. Preparation of thiol-reactive Cy5 derivatives from commercial Cy5 succinimidyl ester. Bioconjug. Chem. 11(2), 161-166.
118. Gudgin Dickinson, E. F.; Pollak, A.; Diamandis, E. P. Time-resolved detection of lanthanide luminescence for ultrasensitive bioanalytical assays. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biol. 1995, 27, 3-19.
119. Deshpande, S. S.; Sharma, B. P. Diagnostics. Immunoassays, nucleic acid probes, and biosensors - two decades of development, current status, and future projections in clinical, environmental, and agricultural applications, "Diagnostics in the year 2000. Antibody, Biosensor, and Nucleic Acid Technologies", Eds. Singh, P.; Sharma, B. P.; Tyle, P.; Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1993, pp. 459-525.
120. Hartig, W.; Kirazov, L.; Bruckner, G.; Holzer, M.; Gartner, U.; Bigl, V. Blot analyses and immunocytochemistry of neural antigens with digoxigenylated primary and secondary antibodies. Brain Res. Protoc. 1997, 2(1), 35-43.
121. Constantine, N. T.; Bansal, J.; Zhang, X.; Hyams, K. C.; Hayes, C. Enhanced chemiluminescence as a means of increasing the sensitivity of western blot assays for HIV antibody. J. Virol. Methods 1994, 47(1-2), 153-164.
122. Kain, S. R.; Mai, K.; Sinai, P. Human multiple tissue western blots: a new immunological tool for the analysis of tissue-specific protein expression. Biotechniques 1994, 17(5), 982-987.
123. Roda, A.; Pasini, P.; Guardigli, M.; Baraldini, M.; Musiani, M.; Mirasoli, M. Bioand chemiluminescence in bioanalysis. Fresenius' J. Anal. Chem. 2000, 366(6-7), 752-759.
124. Krajewski, S.; Zapata, J. M.; Reed, J. C. Detection of multiple antigens on western blots. Anal. Biochem. 1996, 236(2), 221-228.
125. Conrad, C. C.; Malakowsky, C. A.; Talent, J.; Rong, D.; Lakdawala, S.; Gracy, R. W. Chemiluminescent standards for quantitative comparison of two-dimensional electrophoresis western blots. Proteomics (Germany) 2001, 1(3), 365-369.
126. Cosma, A. Affinity biotinylation: nonradioactive method for specific selection and labeling of cellular proteins. Anal. Biochem. 1997, 252(1), 10-14.
127. Heinicke, E.; Kumar, U.; Munoz, D. G. Quantitative dot-blot assay for proteins using enhanced chemiluminescence. J. Immunol. Methods 1992, 152(2), 227-236.
128. Kemper, C.; Berggren, K.; Diwu, Z.; Patton, W. F. An improved, luminescent europium-based stain for detection of electroblotted proteins on nitrocellulose or polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. Electrophoresis 2001, 22(5), 881-889.
129. Liu, R. H.; Jacob, J.; Tennant, B. Chemiluminescent detection of protein molecular weight markers in western blot techniques. Biotechniques 1997, 22(4), 594-595.
130. Huang, D.; Amero, S. A. Measurement of antigen by enhanced chemiluminescent western blot. Biotechniques 1997, 22(3), 454-456, 458.
131. Roche Applied Science. Protein and antibody labelling and detection. 2002 Biochemicals Catalog 2002, 330-333.
132. Fleming, J. S.; Lun, S.; Smith, P.; McNatty, K. P. Pituitary binding sites for gonadotrophin releasing hormone in Booroola Merino ewes which were non-carriers or homozygotes of the fecundity gene F. J. Neuroendocrinol. 1990, 2, 601-604.
133. Brown, C. Antigen retrieval methods for immunohistochemistry. Toxicol. Pathol. 1998, 26(6), 830-831.
134. Franco, D.; de Boer, P. A.; de Gier de Vries, C.; Lamers, W. H.; Moorman, A. F. Methods of in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and beta-galactosidase reporter gene detection. Eur. J. Morphol. 2001, 39(1), 3-25.
135. Fleming, J. S.; Hope, N. M.; Bolter, C. J. Clusterin is expressed in the anterior and intermediate lobes, but not in the posterior pituitary of sheep. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 1999, 23(2), 199-208.
136. Sovago, J.; Dupuis, D. S.; Gulyas, B.; Hall, H. An overview on functional receptor autoradiography using [35S]GTP-gamma S. Brain Res. Rev. 2001, 38(1-2), 149-164.
137. Cyr, M.; Ghribi, O.; Thibault, C.; Morissette, M.; Landry, M.; di Paolo, T. Ovarian steroids and selective estrogen receptor modulators activity on rat brain NMDA and AMPA receptors. Brain Res. Rev. 2001, 37(1-3), 153-161.
138. Blasberg, R. G. Receptor binding radiotracers: personal history of the past 20 years. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2001, 28(5), 573-583.
139. Yamashita, S. Histochemistry and cytochemistry of nuclear receptors. Prog Histochem. Cytochem. 2001, 36(2), 91-176.
140. Qume, M. Overview of ligand-receptor binding techniques. Methods Mol. Biol. 1999, 106, 3-23.
141. Beaudet, A.; Dournaud, P.; Boudin, H. Complementarity of radioautographic and immunohistochemical techniques for localizing neuroreceptors at the light and electron microscopy level. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1998, 31(2), 215-223.
142. Stumpf, W. E. Receptor localization of steroid hormones and drugs: discoveries through the use of thaw-mount and dry-mount autoradiography. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 1998, 31(2), 197-206.
143. Hemmilá, I.; Mukkala, V.-M. Time-resolution in fluorometry technologies, labels, and applications in bioanalytical assays. Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci. 2001, 38(6), 441-519.
144. Del Rio, M.; Larcher, F.; Serrano, F.; Meana, A.; Munoz, M.; Garcia, M.; Munoz, E.; Martin, C.; Bernad, A.; Jorcano, J. L. A preclinical model for the analysis of genetically modified human skin in vivo. Hum. Gene. Ther. 2002, 13(8), 959-968.
145. Yang, X.; Atalar, E.; Li, D.; Serfaty, J. M.; Wang, D.; Kumar, A.; Cheng, L. Magnetic resonance imaging permits in vivo monitoring of catheter-based vascular gene delivery. Circulation 2001, 104(14), 1588-1590.
146. Kishimoto, J.; Ehama, R.; Ge, Y.; Kobayashi, T.; Nishiyama, T.; Detmar, M.; Burgeson, R. E. In vivo detection of human vascular endothelial growth factor promoter activity in transgenic mouse skin. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 157(1), 103-110.
147. Venter, J. C.; Adams, M. D.; Myers, E. W.; Li, P. W.; Mural, R. J.; Sutton, G. G.; Smith, H. O.; Yandell, M.; Evans, C. A.; Holt, R. A.; Gocayne, J. D.; Amanatides, P.; Ballew, R. M.; Huson, D. H.; Wortman, J. R.; Zhang, Q.; Kodira, C. D.; Zheng, X. H.; Chen, L.; Skupski, M.; Subramanian, G.; Thomas, P. D.; Zhang, J.; Gabor Miklos, G. L.; Nelson, C.; Broder, S.; Clark, A. G.; Nadeau, J.; McKusick, V. A.; Zinder, N.; Levine, A. J.; Roberts, R. J.; Simon, M.; Slayman, C.; Hunkapiller, M.; Bolanos, R.; Delcher, A.; Dew, I.; Fasulo, D.; Flanigan, M.; Florea, L.; Halpern, A.; Hannenhalli, S.; Kravitz, S.; Levy, S.; Mobarry, C.; Reinert, K.; Remington, K.; Abu Threideh, J.; Beasley, E.; Biddick, K.; Bonazzi, V.; Brandon, R.; Cargill, M.; Chandramouliswaran, I.; Charlab, R.; Chaturvedi, K.; Deng, Z.; di Francesco, V.; Dunn, P.; Eilbeck, K.; Evangelista, C.; Gabrielian, A. E.; Gan, W.; Ge, W.; Gong, F.; Gu, Z.; Guan, P.; Heiman, T. J.; Higgins, M. E.; Ji, R. R.; Ke, Z.; Ketchum, K. A.; Lai, Z.; Lei, Y.; Li, Z.; Li, J.; Liang, Y.; Lin, X.; Lu, F.; Merkulov, G. V.; Milshina, N.; Moore, H. M.; Naik, A. K.; Narayan, V. A.; Neelam, B.; Nusskern, D.; Rusch, D. B.; Salzberg, S.; Shao, W.; Shue, B.; Sun, J.; Wang, Z.; Wang, A.; Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Wei, M.; Wides, R.; Xiao, C.; Yan, C.; Yao, A.; Ye, J.; Zhan, M.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, H.; Zhao, Q.; Zheng, L.; Zhong, F.; Zhong, W.; Zhu, S.; Zhao, S.; Gilbert, D.; Baumhueter, S.; Spier, G.; Carter, C.; Cravchik, A.; Woodage, T.; Ali, F.; An, H.; Awe, A.; Baldwin, D.; Baden, H.; Barnstead, M.; Barrow, I.; Beeson, K.; Busam, D.; Carver, A.; Center, A.; Cheng, M. L.; Curry, L.; Danaher, S.; Davenport, L.; Desilets, R.; Dietz, S.; Dodson, K.; Doup, L.; Ferriera, S.; Garg, N.; Gluecksmann, A.; Hart, B.; Haynes, J.; Haynes, C.; Heiner, C.; Hladun, S.; Hostin, D.; Houck, J.; Howland, T.; Ibegwam, C.; Johnson, J.; Kalush, F.; Kline, L.; Koduru, S.; Love, A.; Mann, F.; May, D.; McCawley, S.; McIntosh, T.; McMullen, I.; Moy, M.; Moy, L.; Murphy, B.; Nelson, K.; Pfannkoch, C.; Pratts, E.; Puri, V.; Qureshi, H.; Reardon, M.; Rodriguez, R.; Rogers, Y. H.; Romblad, D.; Ruhfel, B.; Scott, R.; Sitter, C.; Smallwood, M.; Stewart, E.; Strong, R.; Suh, E.; Thomas, R.; Tint, N. N.; Tse, S.; Vech, C.; Wang, G.; Wetter, J.; Williams, S.; Williams, M.; Windsor, S.; Winn Deen, E.; Wolfe, K.; Zaveri, J.; Zaveri, K.; Abril, J. F.; Guigo, R.; Campbell, M. J.; Sjolander, K. V.; Karlak, B.; Kejariwal, A.; Mi, H.; Lazareva, B.; Hatton, T. The sequence of the human genome. Science 2001, 291(5507), 1304-1351.
148. Waterston, R. H.; Lander, E. S.; Sulston, J. E. On the sequencing of the human genome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99(6), 3712-3716.
149. Olivier, M.; Aggarwal, A.; Allen, J.; Almendras, A. A.; Bajorek, E. S.; Beasley, E. M.; Brady, S. D.; Bushard, J. M.; Bustos, V. I.; Chu, A.; Chung, T. R.; de Witte, A.; Denys, M. E.; Dominguez, R.; Fang, N. Y.; Foster, B. D.; Freudenberg, R. W.; Hadley, D.; Hamilton, L. R.; Jeffrey, T. J.; Kelly, L.; Lazzeroni, L.; Levy, M. R.; Lewis, S. C.; Liu, X.; Lopez, F. J.; Louie, B.; Marquis, J. P.; Martinez, R. A.; Matsuura, M. K.; Misherghi, N. S.; Norton, J. A.; Olshen, A.; Perkins, S. M.; Perou, A. J.; Piercy, C.; Piercy, M.; Qin, F.; Reif, T.; Sheppard, K.; Shokoohi, V.; Smick, G. A.; Sun, W. L.; Stewart, E. A.; Fernando, J.; Tejeda, J. F.; Tran, N. M.; Trejo, T.; Vo, N. T.; Yan, S. C.; Zierten, D. L.; Zhao, S.; Sachidanandam, R.; Trask, B. J.; Myers, R. M.; Cox, D. R. A high-resolution radiation hybrid map of the human genome draft sequence. Science 2001, 291(5507), 1298-1302.
150. Lewin, B. "Genes VII"; 7th edn.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1999, p. 990.
151. Southern, E. M. Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. Mol. Biol. 1975, 98(3), 503-517.
152. Fleming, J. S.; Tisdall, D. J.; Greenwood, P. J.; Hudson, N. L.; Heath, D. A.; McNatty, K. P. Expression of the genes for alpha inhibin, beta A inhibin and follistatin in the ovaries of Booroola ewes which were homozygotes or non-carriers of the fecundity gene FecB. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 1992, 8(3), 265-273.
153. Sigma-Aldrich. Electrophoresis - Gel stains, "Products for Life Science Research", 2000, pp. 825-829. www.sigma-aldrich.com.
154. Saiki, R. K.; Scharf, S.; Faloona, F.; Mullis, K. B.; Horn, G. T.; Erlich, H. A.; Arnheim, N. Enzymatic amplification of beta-globin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 1985, 230(4732), 1350-1354.
155. Mullis, K. B. The polymerase chain reaction (Nobel Lecture). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1994, 33, 1209-1213.
156. Cimino, G. D.; Gamper, H. B.; Isaacs, S. T.; Hearst, J. E. Psoralens as photoactive probes of nucleic acid structure and function: organic chemistry, photochemistry, and biochemistry. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 1985, 54, 1151-1193.
157. Mansfield, E. S.; Worley, J. M.; McKenzie, S. E.; Surrey, S.; Rappaport, E.; Fortina, P. Nucleic acid detection using non-radioactive labelling methods. Mol. Cell. Probes 1995, 9(3), 145-156.
158. Schmitz, G. G.; Walter, T.; Seibl, R.; Kessler, C. Nonradioactive labeling of oligonucleotides in vitro with the hapten digoxigenin by tailing with terminal transferase. Anal. Biochem. 1991, 192(1), 222-231.
159. Jowett, T. "Tissue In situ Hybridization: Methods in Animal Development"; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: New York, 1997, p. 121.
160. Osborn, J. A review of radioactive and non-radioactive-based techniques used in life science applications. Part I: Blotting techniques. Life Science News, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech 2000, 6, 1-6.
161. Perkin Elmer Life Sciences "Applications of Time-resolved Fluorometry with the DELFIA® Method", 2003. http://lifesciences.perkinelmer.com.
162. Hukkanen, V.; Rehn, T.; Kajander, R.; Sjoroos, M.; Waris, M. Time-resolved fluorometry PCR assay for rapid detection of herpes simplex virus in cerebrospinal fluid. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38(9), 3214-3218.
163. Seddon, H. R.; Gray, G.; Pollitt, R. J.; Iitia, A.; Green, A. Population screening for the common G985 mutation causing medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency with Eu-labeled oligonucleotides and the DELFIA system. Clin. Chem. 1997, 43(3), 436-442.
164. Nurmi, J.; Kiviniemi, M.; Kujanpaa, M.; Sjoroos, M.; Ilonen, J.; Lovgren, T. High-throughput genetic analysis using time-resolved fluorometry and closed-tube detection. Anal. Biochem. 2001, 299(2), 211-217.
165. Bortolin, S.; Christopoulos, T. K.; Verhaegen, M. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction using a recombinant DNA internal standard and time-resolved fluorometry. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68(5), 834-840.
166. Galvan, B.; Christopoulos, T. K. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate-specific antigen mRNA. Clin. Biochem. 1997, 30(5), 391-397.
167. Gutzmer, R.; Mommert, S.; Kiehl, P.; Wittmann, M.; Kapp, A.; Werfel, T. Detection of clonal T cell receptor gamma gene rearrangements in cutaneous T cell lymphoma by LightCycler-polymerase chain reaction. J. Invest. Dermatol. 2001, 116(6), 926-932.
168. Espy, M. J.; Teo, R.; Ross, T. K.; Svien, K. A.; Wold, A. D.; Uhl, J. R.; Smith, T. F. Diagnosis of varicella-zoster virus infections in the clinical laboratory by LightCycler PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38(9), 3187-3189.
169. Nakao, M.; Janssen, J. W.; Flohr, T.; Bartram, C. R. Rapid and reliable quantification of minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia using rearranged immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor loci by LightCycler technology. Cancer Res. 2000, 60(12), 3281-3289.
170. Espy, M. J.; Uhl, J. R.; Mitchell, P. S.; Thorvilson, J. N.; Svien, K. A.; Wold, A. D.; Smith, T. F. Diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections in the clinical laboratory by LightCycler PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2000, 38(2), 795-799.
171. Kreuzer, K. A.; Lass, U.; Bohn, A.; Landt, O.; Schmidt, C. A. LightCycler technology for the quantitation of bcr/abl fusion transcripts. Cancer Res. 1999, 59(13), 3171-3174.
172. Nozaki, A.; Kato, N. Quantitative method of intracellular hepatitis C virus RNA using LightCycler PCR. Acta Med. Okayama 2002, 56(2), 107-110.
173. Schnerr, H.; Niessen, L.; Vogel, R. F. Real time detection of the tri5 gene in Fusarium species by lightcycler-PCR using SYBR Green I for continuous fluorescence monitoring. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2001, 71(1), 53-61.
174. Hackett, S. J.; Carrol, E. D.; Guiver, M.; Marsh, J.; Sills, J. A.; Thomson, A. P.; Kaczmarski, E. B.; Hart, C. A. Improved case confirmation in meningococcal disease with whole blood Taqman PCR. Arch. Dis. Child. 2002, 86(6), 449-452.
175. Bhudevi, B.; Weinstock, D. Fluorogenic RT-PCR assay (TaqMan) for detection and classification of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet. Microbiol. 2001, 83(1), 1-10.
176. Loeb, K. R.; Jerome, K. R.; Goddard, J.; Huang, M.; Cent, A.; Corey, L. High-throughput quantitative analysis of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum using the TaqMan fluorogenic detection system. Hepatology 2000, 32(3), 626-629.
177. Guiver, M.; Borrow, R.; Marsh, J.; Gray, S. J.; Kaczmarski, E. B.; Howells, D.; Boseley, P.; Fox, A. J. Evaluation of the Applied Biosystems automated Taqman polymerase chain reaction system for the detection of meningococcal DNA. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 2000, 28(2), 173-179.
178. Pusterla, N.; Huder, J. B.; Leutenegger, C. M.; Braun, U.; Madigan, J. E.; Lutz, H. Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of members of the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup in host animals and Ixodes ricinus ticks. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1999, 37(5), 1329-1331.
179. Drosten, C.; Weber, M.; Seifried, E.; Roth, W. K. Evaluation of a new PCR assay with competitive internal control sequence for blood donor screening. Transfusion 2000, 40(6), 718-724.
180. Weinberger, K. M.; Wiedenmann, E.; Bohm, S.; Jilg, W. Sensitive and accurate quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA using a kinetic fluorescence detection system (TaqMan PCR). J Virol Methods 2000, 85(1-2), 75-82.
181. Yajima, T.; Yagihashi, A.; Kameshima, H.; Furuya, D.; Kobayashi, D.; Hirata, K.; Watanabe, N. Establishment of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for human telomerase-associated genes. Clin. Chim. Acta 2000, 290(2), 117-127.
182. Becker, K.; Pan, D.; Whitley, C. B. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to assess gene transfer. Hum. Gene. Ther. 1999, 10(15), 2559-2566.
183. Holloway, J. W.; Beghe, B.; Turner, S.; Hinks, L. J.; Day, I. N.; Howell, W. M. Comparison of three methods for single nucleotide polymorphism typing for DNA bank studies: sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe hybridisation, TaqMan liquid phase hybridisation, and microplate array diagonal gel electrophoresis (MADGE). Hum. Mutat. 1999, 14(4), 340-347.
184. Sellner, L. N.; Turbett, G. R. Comparison of three RT-PCR methods. Biotechniques 1998, 25(2), 230-234.
185. Carninci, P.; Nishiyama, Y.; Westover, A.; Itoh, M.; Nagaoka, S.; Sasaki, N.; Okazaki, Y.; Muramatsu, M.; Hayashizaki, Y. Thermostabilization and thermoactivation of thermolabile enzymes by trehalose and its application for the synthesis of full length cDNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998, 95(2), 520-524.
186. Stone, B. B.; Nietupski, R. M.; Breton, G. L.; Weisburg, W. G. Comparison of Mycobacterium 23S rRNA sequences by high-temperature reverse transcription and PCR. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 1995, 45(4), 811-819.
187. Myers, T. W.; Gelfand, D. H. Reverse transcription and DNA amplification by a Thermus thermophilus DNA polymerase. Biochemistry 1991, 30(31), 7661-7666.
188. Dabiri, G. A.; Turnacioglu, K. K.; Sanger, J. M.; Sanger, J. W. Myofibrillogenesis visualized in living embryonic cardiomyocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 1997, 94(17), 9493-9498.
189. 123/125I]RTI-55, an in vivo label for the serotonin transporter. Synapse 1992, 11(2), 134-139.
190. 111Indium is an unreliable in vivo label for vascular endothelial cells. Ann. Vasc. Surg. 1991, 5(5), 424-428.
191. Bogdanov, A. Jr.; Weissleder, R. In vivo imaging of gene delivery and expression. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20(8 (Suppl)), S11-S18.
192. Fenster, A. A TRENDS guide to imaging technologies. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20(8 (Suppl)), S1-S2.
193. O'Connell-Rodwell, C. E.; Burns, S. M.; Bachmann, M. H.; Contag, C. H. Bioluminescent indicators for in vivo measurements of gene expression. Trends Biotechnol. 2002, 20(8 (Suppl)), S19-S23.
194. Bobba, G.; Dickins, R. S.; Kean, S. D.; Mathieu, C. E.; Parker, D.; Peacock, R. D.; Siligardi, G.; Smith, M. J.; Williams, J. A. G.; Geraldes, C. F. G. C. Chiroptical, ESMS and NMR spectroscopic study of the interaction of enantiopure lanthanide complexes with selected self-complementary dodecamer oligonucleotides. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 2001, (9), 1729-1737.
195. Maxwell, D. J.; Taylor, J. R.; Nie, S. Self-assembled nanoparticle probes for recognition and detection of biomolecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 9606-9612.
196. Sando, S.; Kool, E. T. Quencher as leaving group: efficient detection of DNA-joining reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124(10), 2096-2097.
197. Weizman, H.; Tor, Y. Redox-active metal-containing nucleotides: synthesis, tunability, and enzymatic incorporation into DNA. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1568-1569.
198. Hurley, D. J.; Tor, Y. Ru(II) and Os(II) nucleosides and oligonucleotides: synthesis and properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124(14), 3749-3762.
199. Carnall, W. T.; Fields, P. R.; Rajnak, K. Electronic energy levels of the trivalent lanthanide aquo ions. I-IV. J. Chem. Phys. 1968, 49(10), 4424-4455.
200. Fleming, J. S.; Allison, J. V.; Bray, J. J. Endocrine system, "Lecture Notes on Human Physiology", 4th edn.; Eds. Bray, J. J.; Cragg, P. A.; Macknight, A. D. C.; Mills, R. G.; Blackwell Science: London, 1999, pp. 234-263.
201. Stick, R. V. "Carbohydrates: The Sweet Molecules of Life"; Academic Press: Bodmin (UK), 2001. ISBN: 0-12-670960-2.