Molecular imaging in transplantation: basic concepts and strategies for potential application

Nuclear Medicine Communications

Volumn 26, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 947-955

  Kanderi, Tanuja ^a   Moore, Warren H ^a   Wendt, Julie A ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Imaging; Molecular; Nuclear; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

ALPHA CHEMOKINE; BETA CHEMOKINE; CARBON 11; CROSS LINKED IRON OXIDE; CYTOKINE; ECHO CONTRAST MEDIUM; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; FLUORINE 18; FLUOROCHROME; GALACTOSYLNEOGLYCOALBUMIN TC 99M; GALLIUM 68; HEXAMETHYLPROPYLENE AMINE OXIME TECHNETIUM TC 99M; INDIUM 111; INTEGRIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; IODINE 123; LIDOFENIN TC 99M; LIPOCORTIN 5; MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY PROTEIN 1ALPHA; MERTIATIDE TC 99M; METHOXY ISOBUTYL ISONITRILE TECHNETIUM TC 99M; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; RANTES; SELENOMETHIONINE SE 75; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; TECHNETIUM 99M; TECHNETIUM SULFUR COLLOID TC 99M; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BIOLUMINESCENCE; CHRONIC GRAFT REJECTION; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; ISOTOPE LABELING; MOLECULAR IMAGING; NEAR INFRARED FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; REPERFUSION INJURY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TISSUE TRANSPLANTATION; TRANSPLANTATION;

GRAFT REJECTION; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HUMANS; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; REPERFUSION INJURY; TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY; TRANSPLANTATION TOLERANCE;

EID: 27344432840     PISSN: 01433636     EISSN: 14735628     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mnm.0000183800.89591.2c     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Van de Wiele C. Molecular imaging in oncology by means of nuclear medicine: fact or fiction? Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:151-154.
2. Shah AN. Radionuclide imaging in organ transplantation. Radiol Clin North Am 1995; 33:473-496.
3. VanBuskirk AM, Pidwell DJ, Adams PW, Orosz CG. Transplantation immunology. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 278:1993-1999.
4. Loken MK, Ascher NL, Boudreau RJ, Najarian JS. Scintigraphic evaluation of liver transplant function. J Nucl Med 1986; 27:451-459.
5. Stadalnik RC, Vera DR, Woodle ES, Trudeau WL, Porter BA, Ward RE, et al. Technetium-99m NGA functional hepatic imaging: preliminary clinical experience. J Nucl Med 1985; 26:1233-1242.
6. Shah AN, Dodson F, Fung J. Role of nuclear medicine in liver transplantation. Semin Nucl Med 1995; 25:36-48.
7. Dubovsky EV, Russell CD, Erbas B. Radionuclide evaluation of renal transplants. Semin Nucl Med 1995; 25:49-59.
8. Toledo-Pereyra LH, Kristen KT, Mittal VK. Scintigraphy of pancreatic transplants. Am J Roentgenol 1982; 138:621-622.
9. Patel B, Markivee CR, Mahanta B, Vas W, George E, Garvin P. Pancreatic transplantation: scintigraphy, US, and CT. Radiology 1988; 167:685-687.
10. Chmura AJ, Orton MS, Meares CF. Antibodies with infinite affinity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:8480-8484.
11. Gambhir SS, Barrio JR, Herschman HR, Phelps ME. Assays for noninvasive imaging of reporter gene expression. Nucl Med Biol 1999; 26:481-490.
12. Weissleder R, Moore A, Mahmood U, Bhorade R, Benveniste H, Chiocca EA, et al. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of transgene expression. Nat Med 2000; 6:351-355.
13. Sullivan DC, Ferrari M. Nanotechnology and tumor imaging: seizing an opportunity. Mol Imaging 2004; 3:364-369.
14. Blankenberg FG. Molecular imaging: the latest generation of contrast agents and tissue characterization techniques. J Cell Biochem 2003; 90:443-453.
15. Britz-Cunningham SH, Adelstein SJ. Molecular targeting with radionuclides: state of the science. J Nucl Med 2003; 44:1945-1961.
16. Gambhir SS. Molecular imaging of cancer with positron emission tomography. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2:683-693.
17. Lee FT, Scott AM. Immuno-PET for tumor targeting. J Nucl Med 2003; 44:1282-1283.
18. Weissleder R, Elizondo G, Wittenberg J, Rabito CA, Bengele HH, Josephson L. Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide: characterization of a new class of contrast agents for MR imaging. Radiology 1990; 175:489-493.
19. Jaffer FA, Weissleder R. Seeing within: molecular imaging of the cardiovascular system. Circ Res 2004; 94:433-445.
20. Schellenberger EA, Bogda A Jr, Hogemann D, Tait J, Weissleder R, Johson L. Annexin V-CLIO: a nanoparticle for detecting apoptosis by MRI. Mol Imaging 2002; 1:102-107.
21. Zhao M, Beauregard DA, Loizou L, Davletov B, Brindle KM. Non-invasive detection of apoptosis using magnetic resonance imaging and a targeted contrast agent. Nat Med 2001; 7:1241-1244.
22. Kanno S, Wu YJ, Lee PC, Dodd SJ, Williams M, Griffith BP, et al. Macrophage accumulation associated with rat cardiac allograft rejection detected by magnetic resonance imaging with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. Circulation 2001; 104:934-938.
23. Kobayashi H, Brechbiel MW. Dendrimer-based macromolecular MRI contrast agents: characteristics and application. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:1-10.
24. 3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Med 1998; 4:623-626.
25. Dayton PA, Ferrara KW. Targeted imaging using ultrasound. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:362-377.
26. Lindner JR. Micbrobubbles in medical imaging: current applications and future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:527-532.
27. Lindner JR, Song J, Xu F, Kliba AL, Singbartl K, Ley K, et al. Noninvasive ultrasound imaging of inflammation using microbubbles targeted to activated leukocytes. Circulation 2000; 102:2745-2750.
28. Lindner JR, Dayton PA, Coggins MP, Ley K, Song J, Ferrara K, et al. Noninvasive imaging of inflammation by ultrasound detection of phagocytosed microbubbles. Circulation 2000; 102:531-538.
29. Lindner JR. Assessment of inflammation with contrast ultrasound. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2001; 44:111-120.
30. Leong-Poi H, Christiansen J, Kliba AL, Kaul S, Lindner JR. Noninvasive assessment of angiogenesis by ultrasound and microbubbles targeted to alpha(v)-integrins. Circulation 2003; 107:455-460.
31. Ellegala DB, Leong-Poi H, Carpenter JE, Kliba AL, Kaul S, Shaffrey ME, et al. Imaging tumor angiogenesis with contrast ultrasound and microbubbles targeted to alpha(v)beta3. Circulation 2003; 108:336-341.
32. Lanza GM, Wallace KD, Scott MJ, Cacheris WP, Abendschein DR, Christy DH, et al. A novel site-targeted ultrasonic contrast agent with broad biomedical application. Circulation 1996; 94:3334-3340.
33. Bremer C, Tung CH, Weissleder R. In vivo molecular target assessment of matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Nat Med 2001; 7:743-748.
34. Chen J, Tung CH, Mahmood U, Ntziachristos V, Gyurko R, Fishman MC, et al. In vivo imaging of proteolytic activity in atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105:2766-2771.
35. Lai WF, Chang CH, Tang Y, Bronson R, Tung CH. Early diagnosis of osteoarthritis using cathepsin B sensitive near-infrared fluorescent probes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12:239-244.
36. Funovics M, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Protease sensors for bioimaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 377:956-963.
37. Frangioni JV. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2003; 7:626-634.
38. Branchini BR. Chemical synthesis of firefly luciferin analogs and inhibitors. Methods Enzymol 2000; 305:188-195.
39. Graves EE, Ripoll J, Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. A submillimeter resolution fluorescence molecular imaging system for small animal imaging. Med Phys 2003; 30:901-911.
40. De Grand AM, Frangioni JV. An operational near-infrared fluorescence imaging system prototype for large animal surgery. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2003; 2:553-562.
41. Zhang J, Campbell RE, Ting AY, Tsien RY. Creating new fluorescent probes for cell biology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002; 312:906-918.
42. Segerer S, Cui Y, Eitner F, Goodpaster T, Hudkins KL, Mack M, et al. Expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors during human renal transplant rejection. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37:518-531.
43. Melter M, Exeni A, Reinders ME, Fang JC, McMahon G, Ganz P, et al. Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand IP-10 during human cardiac allograft rejection. Circulation 2001; 104:2558-2564.
44. Agostini C, Calabrese F, Rea F, Facco M, Tosoni A, Loy M, et al. CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL10 are expressed by inflammatory cells infiltrating lung allografts and mediate chemotaxis of T cells at sites of rejection. Am J Pathol 2001; 158:1703-1711.
45. Krukemeyer MG, Moeller J, Morawietz L, Rudolph B, Neumann U, Theruvath T, et al. Description of B lymphocytes and plasma cells, complement, and chemokines/receptors in acute liver allograft rejection. Transplantation 2004; 78:65-70.
46. Signore A, Chianelli M, Bei R, Oyen W, Modesti A. Targeting cytokine/chemokine receptors: a challenge for molecular nuclear medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30:149-156.
47. Ohtsuki K, Hayase M, Akashi K, Kopiwoda S, Strauss HW. Detection of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 receptor expression in experimental atherosclerotic lesions: an autoradiographic study. Circulation 2001; 104:203-208.
48. Blankenberg FG, Wen P, Dai M, Zhu D, Panchal SN, Tait JF, et al. Detection of early atherosclerosis with radiolabeled monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in prediabetic Zucker rats. Pediatr Radiol 2001; 31:827-835.
49. De Vincentis G, Scopinaro F, Pani R, Pellegrini R, Soluri A, Ierardi M, et al. 99mTc MIBI scintimammography with a high resolution single tube gamma camera: preliminary study. Anticancer Res 1997; 17:1627-1630.
50. Williams MB, Goode AR, Galbis-Reig V, Majewski S, Weisenberger AG, Wojcik R. Performance of a PSPMT based detector for scintimammography. Phys Med Biol 2000; 45:781-800.
51. Brem RF, Schoons JM, Kieper DA, Majewski S, Goodman S, Civelek C. High-resolution scintimammography: a pilot study. J Nucl Med 2002; 43:909-915.
52. Segerer S. The role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in progressive renal diseases. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41:S15-S18.
53. Butcher EC, Picker LJ. Lymphocyte homing and homeostasis. Science 1996; 272:60-66.
54. Nelson PJ, Krensky AM. Chemokines, chemokine receptors, and allograft rejection. Immunity 2001; 14:377-386.
55. von Hundelshausen P, Weber KS, Huo Y, Proudfoot AE, Nelson PJ, Ley K, et al. RANTES deposition by platelets triggers monocyte arrest on inflamed and atherosclerotic endothelium. Circulation 2001; 103:1772-1777.
56. Bacchi CE, Marsh CL, Perkins JD, Carithers RL Jr, McVicar JP, Hudkins KL, et al. Expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1) in liver and pancreas allograft rejection. Am J Pathol 1993; 142:579-591.
57. Allen MD, McDonald TO, Carlos T, Himes V, Fishbein D, Aziz S, et al. Endothelial adhesion molecules in heart transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992; 11:S8-S13.
58. Briscoe DM, Yeung AC, Schoen FJ, Allred EN, Stavrakis G, Ganz P, et al. Predictive value of inducible endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression for acute rejection of human cardiac allografts. Transplantation 1995; 59:204-211.
59. Briscoe DM, Schoen FJ, Rice GE, Bevilacqua MP, Ganz P, Pober JS. Induced expression of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules in human cardiac allografts. Transplantation 1991; 51:537-539.
60. Pattison JM, Krensky AM. New insights into mechanisms of allograft rejection. Am J Med Sci 1997; 313:257-263.
61. Brooks PC, Clark RA, Cheresh DA. Requirement of vascular integrin alpha v beta 3 for angiogenesis. Science 1994; 264:569-571.
62. Haubner R, Wester HJ, Weber WA, Mang C, Ziegler SI, Goodman SL, et al. Noninvasive imaging of alpha(v)beta3 integrin expression using 18F-labeled RGD-containing glycopeptide and positron emission tomography. Cancer Res 2001; 61:1781-1785.
63. Haubner RH, Wester HJ, Weber WA, Schwaiger M. Radiotracer-based strategies to image angiogenesis. Q J Nucl Med 2003; 47:189-199.
64. Haubner R, Kuhnast B, Mang C, Weber WA, Kessler H, Wester HJ, et al. [18F]Galacto-RGD: synthesis, radiolabeling, metabolic stability, and radiation dose estimates. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:61-69.
65. Demos SM, Alkan-Onyuksel H, Kane BJ, Ramani K, Nagaraj A, Greene R, et al. In vivo targeting of acoustically reflective liposomes for intravascular and transvascular ultrasonic enhancement. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33:867-875.
66. Bremer C, Bredow S, Mahmood U, Weissleder R, Tung CH. Optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity in tumors: feasibility study in a mouse model. Radiology 2001; 221:523-529.
67. Sell KW, Tadros T, Wang YC, Hertzler G, Knopf WD, Murphy DA, et al. Studies of major histocompatibility complex class I/II expression on sequential human heart biopsy specimens after transplantation. J Heart Transplant 1988; 7:407-418.
68. Isobe M, Southern JF, Yazaki Y. Scintigraphic detection of early cardiac rejection by iodine 123-labeled monoclonal antibody directed against monomorphic determinant of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. Am Heart J 1994; 127:1309-1317.
69. Isobe M, Haber E, Khaw BA. Early detection of rejection and assessment of cyclosporine therapy by 111In antimyosin imaging in mouse heart allografts. Circulation 1991; 84:1246-1255.
70. McGhie AI, Radovancevic B, Capek P, Moore WH, Kasi L, Lamki L, et al. Major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression in rejecting cardiac allografts: detection using in vivo imaging with radiolabeled monoclonal antibody. Circulation 1997; 96:1605-1611.
71. Cherry RJ, Morrison IE, Karakikes I, Barber RE, Silkstone G, Fernandez N. Measurements of associations of cell-surface receptors by single-particle fluorescence imaging. Biochem Soc Trans 2003; 31:1028-1031.
72. Rubin RH. Cytomegalovirus in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2001; 3(Suppl. 2):1-5.
73. Streblow DN, Orloff SL, Nelson JA. The HCMV chemokine receptor US28 is a potential target in vascular disease. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord 2001; 1:151-158.
74. De La Melena VT, Kreklywich CN, Streblow DN, Yin Q, Cook JW, Soderberg-Naucler C, et al. Kinetics and development of CMV-accelerated transplant vascular sclerosis in rat cardiac allografts is linked to early increase in chemokine expression and presence of virus. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:1822-1823.
75. Baumann S, Krueger A, Kirchhoff S, Krammer PH. Regulation of T cell apoptosis during the immune response. Curr Mol Med 2002; 2:257-272.
76. Green AM, Steinmetz ND. Monitoring apoptosis in real time. Cancer J 2002; 8:82-92.
77. Hofstra L, Liem IH, Dumont EA, Boersma HH, van Heerde WL, Doevendans PA, et al. Visualisation of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2000; 356:209-212.
78. Kown MH, Strauss HW, Blankenberg FG, Berry GJ, Stafford-Cecil S, Tait JF, et al. In vivo imaging of acute cardiac rejection in human patients using (99m)technetium labeled annexin V. Am J Transplant 2001; 1:270-277.
79. Narula J, Acio ER, Narula N, Samuels LE, Fyfe B, Wood D, et al. Annexin-V imaging for noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection. Nat Med 2001; 7:1347-1352.
80. Blankenberg FG, Strauss HW. Non-invasive diagnosis of acute heart- or lung-transplant rejection using radiolabeled annexin V. Pediatr Radiol 1999; 29:299-305.
81. Belhocine TZ, Blankenberg FG. 99mTc-Annexin A5 uptake and imaging to monitor chemosensitivity. Methods Mol Med 2005; 111:363-380.
82. Schellenberger EA, Bogda A Jr, Petrovsky A, Ntziachristos V, Weissleder R, Johson L. Optical imaging of apoptosis as a biomarker of tumor response to chemotherapy. Neoplasia 2003; 5:187-192.
83. Petrovsky A, Schellenberger E, Johson L, Weissleder R, Bogda A Jr. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging of tumor apoptosis. Cancer Res 2003; 63:1936-1942.
84. Murakami Y, Takamatsu H, Taki J, Tatsumi M, Noda A, Ichise R, et al. 18F-labelled annexin V: a PET tracer for apoptosis imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31:469-474.
85. Glaser M, Collingridge DR, Aboagye EO, Bouchier-Hayes L, Hutchinson OC, Martin SJ, et al. Iodine-124 labeled annexin-V as a potential radiotracer to study apoptosis using positron emission tomography. Appl Radiat Isot 2003; 58:55-62.
86. Zijlstra S, Gunawan J, Burchert W. Synthesis and evaluation of a 18F-labelled recombinant annexin-V derivative, for identification and quantification of apoptotic cells with PET. Appl Radiat Isot 2003; 58:201-207.
87. Laxman B, Hall DE, Bhoi MS, Hamstra DA, Chenevert TL, Ross BD, et al. Noninvasive real-time imaging of apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:16-551-16-555.
88. Tilney NL, Whitley WD, Tullius SG, Heemann UW, Wasowska B, Baldwin WM 3rd, et al. Serial analysis of cytokines, adhesion molecule expression, and humoral responses during development of chronic kidney allograft rejection in a new rat model. Transplant Proc 1993; 25:861-862.
89. Charpin JM, Valcke J, Kettaneh L, Epardeau B, Stern M, Israel-Biet D. Peaks of transforming growth factor-beta mRNA in alveolar cells of lung transplant recipients as an early marker of chronic rejection. Transplantation 1998; 65:752-755.
90. Waltenberger J, Wanders A, Fellstrom B, Miyazono K, Heldin CH, Funa K. Induction of transforming growth factor-beta during cardiac allograft rejection. J Immunol 1993; 151:1147-1157.
91. Rollins BJ. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1: a potential regulator of monocyte recruitment in inflammatory disease. Mol Med Today 1996; 2:198-204.
92. Kown MH, Jahncke CL, Lijkwan MA, Koransky ML, Mari C, Berry GJ, et al. The use of (99m)technetium-labeled MCP-1 to assess graft coronary artery disease in rat cardiac allografts. J Heart Lung Transplant 2002; 21:1009-1015.
93. Doubrovin M, Serganova I, Mayer-Kuckuk P, Ponomarev V, Blasberg RG. Multimodality in vivo molecular-genetic imaging. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15:1376-1388.
94. Reddy VY, Zhang QY, Weiss SJ. Pericellular mobilization of the tissue-destructive cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B, L, and S, by human monocyte derived macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:3849-3853.
95. Weissleder R, Tung CH, Mahmood U, Bogda A Jr. In vivo imaging of tumors with protease-activated near-infrared fluorescent probes. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:375-378.
96. Schmitz SA, Taupitz M, Wagner S, Wolf KJ, Beyersdorff D, Hamm B. Magnetic resonance imaging of atherosclerotic plaques using superparamagnetic iron oxide particles. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 14:355-361.
97. Becker YT, Becker BN, Pirsch JD, Sollinger HW. Rituximab as treatment for refractory kidney transplant rejection. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:996-1001.
98. 131I-tositumomab radioimmunotherapy in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2004; 45:591-595.
99. Qayumi AK, Nikbakht-Sangari MN, Godin DV, English JC, Horley KJ, Keown PA, et al. The relationship of ischemia-reperfusion injury of transplanted lung and the up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex II on host peripheral lymphocytes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115:978-989.
100. Martinez-Mier G, Toledo-Pereyra LH, McDuffie JE, Warner RL, Ward PA. P-selectin and chemokine response after liver ischemia and reperfusion. J Am Coll Surg 2000; 191:395-402.
101. Martinez-Mier G, Toledo-Pereyra LH, McDuffie E, Warner RL, Ward PA. L-Selectin and chemokine response after liver ischemia and reperfusion. J Surg Res 2000; 93:156-162.
102. Lakshminarayanan V, Lewallen M, Frangogiannis NG, Evans AJ, Wedin KE, Michael LH, et al. Reactive oxygen intermediates induce monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in vascular endothelium after brief ischemia. Am J Pathol 2001; 159:1301-1311.
103. Kataoka M, Shimizu H, Mitsuhashi N, Ohtsuka M, Wakabayashi Y, Ito H, et al. Effect of cold-ischemia time on C-X-C chemokine expression and neutrophil accumulation in the graft liver after orthotopic liver transplantation in rats. Transplantation 2002; 73:1730-1735.
104. Bentzen L, Keiding S, Nordsk M, Falborg L, Hansen SB, Keller J, et al. Tumour oxygenation assessed by 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET and polarographic needle electrodes in human soft tissue tumours. Radiother Oncol 2003; 67:339-344.
105. Barthel H, Cleij MC, Collingridge DR, Hutchinson OC, Osman S, He Q, et al. 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine as a new marker for monitoring tumor response to antiproliferative therapy in vivo with positron emission tomography. Cancer Res 2003; 63:3791-3798.
106. Dehdashti F, Mintun MA, Lewis JS, Bradley J, Govindan R, Laforest R, et al. In vivo assessment of tumor hypoxia in lung cancer with 60Cu-ATSM. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003; 30:844-850.
107. 18FMISO): a comparative study of their selective uptake in hypoxic cells and PET imaging in experimental rat tumors. Nucl Med Biol 2003; 30:317-326.
108. Yoshikawa T, Suzuki Y, Kanashiro M, Li S, Goto T, Tanaka T, et al. Objective and rapid assessment of pancreas graft viability using 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy combined with two-layer cold storage method. Transplantation 2004; 78:78-82.
109. Townsend DW, Beyer T. A combined PET/CT scanner: the path to true image fusion. Br J Radiol 2002; 75(Spec No):S24-S30.
110. Ketai L, Hartshorne M. Potential uses of computed tomography-SPECT and computed tomography-coincidence fusion images of the chest. Clin Nucl Med 2001; 26:433-441.
111. Nishioka T, Shiga T, Shirato H, Tsukamoto E, Tsuchiya K, Kato T, et al. Image fusion between 18FDG-PET and MRI/CT for radiotherapy planning of oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 53:1051-1057.
112. Blankenberg FG, Strauss HW. Nuclear medicine applications in molecular imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 16:352-361.