Regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation

Microcirculation

Volumn 12, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 33-45

  Segal, Steven S ^a  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arteriole; Capillary; Exercise; Skeletal muscle; Sympathetic nerves; Venule

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION; ARTERIAL PRESSURE; ARTERIOLE; CELL INTERACTION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GAP JUNCTION; HEMODYNAMICS; HYPEREMIA; METABOLIC REGULATION; MICROCIRCULATION; MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW; MUSCLE CELL; MUSCLE CONTRACTION; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; OXYGEN TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SHEAR STRESS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TISSUE METABOLISM; VASCULAR RESISTANCE; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

ANIMALS; BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY; BLOOD PRESSURE; HUMANS; MICROCIRCULATION; OXYGEN; VASOMOTOR SYSTEM;

EID: 16244370428     PISSN: 10739688     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10739680590895028     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Andersen P, Saltin B. (1985). Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J Physiol 366:233-249.
2. Anderson KM, Faber JE. (1991). Differential sensitivity of arteriolar alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor constriction to metabolic inhibition during rat skeletal muscle contraction. Circ Res 69:174-184.
3. Anrep GV, Von Saalfeld E. (1935). The blood flow through the skeletal muscle in relation to its contraction. J Physiol 85:375-399.
4. Bartlett IS, Segal SS. (2000). Resolution of smooth muscle and endothelial pathways for conduction along hamster cheek pouch arterioles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 278:H604-H612.
5. Beach JM, McGahren ED, Duling BR. (1998). Capillaries and arterioles are electrically coupled in hamster cheek pouch. Am J Physiol 275:H1489-H1496.
6. Beny JL. (1990). Endothelial and smooth muscle cells hyperpolarized by bradykinin are not dye coupled. Am J Physiol 258:H836-H841.
7. Berg BR, Cohen KD, Sarelius IH. (1997). Direct coupling between blood flow and metabolism at the capillary level in striated muscle. Am J Physiol 272:H2693-H2700.
8. Bloch EH, Iberall AS. (1982). Toward a concept of the functional unit of mammalian skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 242:R411-R420.
9. Boegehold MA. (1996). Shear-dependent release of venular nitric oxide: effect on arteriolar tone in rat striated muscle. Am J Physiol 271:H387-H395.
10. Boegehold MA, Johnson PC. (1988). Response of arteriolar network of skeletal muscle to sympathetic nerve stimulation. Am J Physiol 254:H919-H928.
11. Budel S, Bartlett IS, Segal SS. (2003). Homocellular conduction along endothelium and smooth muscle of arterioles in hamster cheek pouch: unmasking an NO wave. Circ Res 93:61-68.
12. Cobbold A, Folkow B, Kjellmer I, Mellander S. (1963). Nervous and local chemical control of pre-capillary sphincters in skeletal muscle as measured by changes in filtration coefficient. Acta Physiol Scand 57:180-192.
13. Collins DM, McCullough WT, Ellsworth ML. (1998). Conducted vascular responses: communication across the capillary bed. Microvasc Res 56:43-53.
14. Davis MJ. (1993). Myogenic response gradient in an arteriolar network. Am J Physiol 264:H2168-H2179.
15. Davis MJ, Hill MA. (1999). Signaling mechanisms underlying the vascular myogenic response. Physiol Rev 79:387-423.
16. de Wit C, Roos F, Bolz SS, Kirchhoff S, Kruger O, Willecke K, Pohl U. (2000). Impaired conduction of vasodilation along arterioles in connexin40-deficient mice. Circ Res 86:649-655.
17. de Wit C, Roos F, Bolz SS, Pohl U. (2003). Lack of vascular connexin 40 is associated with hypertension and irregular arteriolar vasomotion. Physiol Genomics 13:169-177.
18. Delashaw JB, Duling BR. (1988). A study of the functional elements regulating capillary perfusion in striated muscle. Microvasc Res 36:162-171.
19. Delashaw JB, Duling BR. (1991). Heterogeneity in conducted arteriolar vasomotor response is agonist dependent. Am J Physiol 260:H1276-H1282.
20. Dietrich HH. (1989). Effect of locally applied epinephrine and norepinephrine on blood flow and diameter in capillaries of rat mesentery. Microvasc Res 38:125-135.
21. Dodd LR, Johnson PC. (1993). Antagonism of vasoconstriction by muscle contraction differs with alpha-adrenergic subtype. Am J Physiol 264:H892-H900.
22. Dora KA, Doyle MP, Duling BR. (1997). Elevation of intracellular calcium in smooth muscle causes endothelial cell generation of NO in arterioles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:6529-6534.
23. Doyle MP, Duling BR. (1997). Acetylcholine induces conducted vasodilation by nitric oxide-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Am J Physiol 272:H1364-H1371.
24. Duling BR, Berne RM. (1970). Longitudinal gradients in periarteriolar oxygen tension: a possible mechanism for the participation of oxygen in local regulation of blood flow. Circ Res 27:669-678.
25. Duling BR, Berne RM. (1970). Propagated vasodilation in the microcirculation of the hamster cheek pouch. Circ Res 26:163-170.
26. 2+ in response to mouse cremaster muscle contraction. J Physiol 555:459-469.
27. Ellsworth ML. (2004). Red blood cell-derived ATP as a regulator of skeletal muscle perfusion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 36:35-41.
28. Ellsworth ML, Ellis CG, Popel AS, Pittman RN. (1994). Role of microvessels in oxygen supply to tissue. NIPS 9:119-123.
29. Emerson GG, Segal SS. (1997). Alignment of microvascular units along skeletal muscle fibers of hamster retractor. J Appl Physiol 82:42-48.
30. Emerson GG, Segal SS. (2000). Electrical coupling between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in hamster feed arteries: role in vasomotor control. Circ Res 87:474-479.
31. Emerson GG, Segal SS. (2000). Endothelial cell pathway for conduction of hyperpolarization and vasodilation along hamster feed artery. Circ Res 86:94-100.
32. Faber JE. (1988). In situ analysis of alpha-adrenoceptors on arteriolar and venular smooth muscle in rat skeletal muscle microcirculation. Circ Res 62:37-50.
33. Falcone JC, Meininger GA. (1997). Arteriolar dilation produced by venule endothelium-derived nitric oxide. Microcirculation 4:303-310.
34. Figueroa XF, Paul DL, Simon AM, Goodenough DA, Day KH, Damon DN, Duling BR. (2003). Central role of connexin40 in the propagation of electrically activated vasodilation in mouse cremasteric arterioles in vivo. Circ Res 92:793-800.
35. Fleming BP, Barron KW, Howes TW, Smith JK. (1987). Response of the microcirculation in rat cremaster muscle to peripheral and central sympathetic stimulation. Circ Res 61:II26-II31.
36. Folkow B. (1964). Description of the myogenic response. Circ Res 15:279-287.
37. Folkow B, Haglund U, Jodal M, Lundgren O. (1971). Blood flow in the calf muscle of man during heavy rhythmic exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 81:157-163.
38. Folkow B, Sonnenschein RR, Wright DL. (1971). Loci of neurogenic and metabolic effects on precapillary vessels of skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 81:459-471.
39. Frame MD, Sarelius IH. (1993). Regulation of capillary perfusion by small arterioles is spatially organized. Circ Res 73:155-163.
40. Fuglevand AJ, Segal SS. (1997). Simulation of motor unit recruitment and microvascular unit perfusion: spatial considerations. J Appl Physiol 83:1223-1234.
41. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. (1980). The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature 288:373-376.
42. Goodman AH, Einstein R, Granger HJ. (1978). Effect of changing metabolic rate on local blood flow control in the canine hindlimb. Circ Res 43:769-776.
43. Gorczynski RJ, Klitzman B., Duling BR. (1978). Interrelations between contracting striated muscle and precapillary microvessels. Am J Physiol 235:H494-H504.
44. Gore RW. (1972). Wall stress: a determinant of regional differences in response of frog microvessels to norepinephrine. Am J Physiol 222:82-91.
45. Granger HJ, Goodman AH, Cook BH. (1975). Metabolic models of microcirculatory regulation. Fed Proc 34:2025-2030.
46. Granger HJ, Goodman AH, Granger DN. (1976). Role of resistance and exchange vessels in local microvascular control of skeletal muscle oxygenation in the dog. Circ Res 38:379-385.
47. Gray SD, Carlsson E, Staub NC. (1967). Site of increased vascular resistance during isometric muscle contraction. Am J Physiol 213:683-689.
48. Gray SD, Staub NC. (1967). Resistance to blood flow in leg muscles of dog during tetanic isometric contraction. Am J Physiol 213:677-682.
49. Haug SJ, Welsh DG, Segal SS. (2003). Sympathetic nerves inhibit conducted vasodilatation along feed arteries during passive stretch of hamster skeletal muscle. J Physiol 552:273-282.
50. Hester RL. (1990). Venular-arteriolar diffusion of adenosine in hamster cremaster microcirculation. Am J Physiol 258:H1918-H1924.
51. Hilton SM. (1959). A peripheral arterial conducting mechanism underlying dilatation of the femoral artery and concerned in functional vasodilatation in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 149:93-111.
52. Hirche H, Raff WK, Grun D. (1970). The resistance to blood flow in the gastrocnemius of the dog during sustained and rhythmical isometric and isotonic contractions. Pflugers Arch 314:97-112.
53. Hirst GD, Neild TO. (1978). An analysis of excitatory junctional potentials recorded from arterioles. J Physiol 280:87-104.
54. Hoepfl B, Rodenwaldt B, Pohl U, De Wit C. (2002). EDHF, but not NO or prostaglandins, is critical to evoke a conducted dilation upon ACh in hamster arterioles. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283:H996-H1004.
55. Honig CR, Odoroff CL, Frierson JL. (1980). Capillary recruitment in exercise: rate, extent, uniformity, and relation to blood flow. Am J Physiol 238:H31-H42.
56. Honig CR, Odoroff CL, Frierson JL. (1982). Active and passive capillary control in red muscle at rest and in exercise. Am J Physiol 243:H196-H206.
57. Hudlicka O. (1985). Regulation of muscle blood flow. Clin Physiol 5:201-229.
58. Jackson WF. (1987). Arteriolar oxygen reactivity: where is the sensor? Am J Physiol 253:H1120-H1126.
59. Jackson WF. (2000). Ion channels and vascular tone. Hypertension 35:173-178.
60. Kaley G, Rodenburg JM, Messina EJ, Wolin MS. (1989). Endothelium-associated vasodilators in rat skeletal muscle microcirculation. Am J Physiol 256:H720-H725.
61. Kjellmer I. (1965). On the competition between metabolic vasodilatation and neurogenic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 63:450-459.
62. 2. Circ Res 51:711-721.
63. Koller A, Kaley G. (1990). Endothelium regulates skeletal muscle microcirculation by a blood flow velocity-sensing mechanism. Am J Physiol 258:H916-H920.
64. Krogh A. (1918). The number and distribution of capillaries in muscles with calculations of the oxygen pressure head necessary for supplying the tissue. J Physiol 52:409-415.
65. Krogh A. (1919). The supply of oxygen to the tissues and the regulation of the capillary circulation. J Physiol 52:457-474.
66. Krogh A, Harrop CA, Rehberg PB. (1922). Studies on the physiology of capillaries, III: the innervation of the blood vessels in the hind legs of the frog. J Physiol 56:179-189.
67. Kuo L, Arko F, Chilian WM, Davis MJ. (1993). Coronary venular responses to flow and pressure. Circ Res 72:607-615.
68. Kuo L, Chilian WM, Davis MJ. (1991). Interaction of pressure- and flow-induced responses in porcine coronary resistance vessels. Am J Physiol 261:H1706-H1715.
69. Kurjiaka DT, Segal SS. (1995). Conducted vasodilation elevates flow in arteriole networks of hamster striated muscle. Am J Physiol 269:H1723-H1728.
70. Kurjiaka DT, Segal SS. (1995). Interaction between conducted vasodilation and sympathetic nerve activation in arterioles of hamster striated muscle. Circ Res 76:885-891.
71. Larson DM, Kam EY, Sheridan JD. (1983). Junctional transfer in cultured vascular endothelium; I: electrical coupling. J Membr Biol 74:103-113.
72. Larson DM, Sheridan JD. (1985). Junctional transfer in cultured vascular endothelium, II: dye and nucleotide transfer. J Membr Biol 83:157-167.
73. Laughlin MH. (1987). Skeletal muscle blood flow capacity: role of muscle pump in exercise hyperemia. Am J Physiol 253:H993-H1004.
74. Lie M, Sejersted OM, Kiil F. (1970). Local regulation of vascular cross section during changes in femoral arterial blood flow in dogs. Circ Res 27:727-737.
75. Lin Y, Duling BR. (1994). Vulnerability of conducted vasomotor response to ischemia. Am J Physiol 267:H2363-H2370.
76. Little TL, Xia J, Duling BR. (1995). Dye tracers define differential endothelial and smooth muscle coupling patterns within the arteriolar wall. Circ Res 76:498-504.
77. Looft-Wilson RC, Payne GW, Segal SS. (2004). Connexin expression and conducted vasodilation along arteriolar endothelium in mouse skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 97:1152-1158.
78. Lund N, Damon DH, Damon DN, Duling BR. (1987). Capillary grouping in hamster tibials anterior muscles: flow patterns, and physiological significance. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 5:359-372.
79. Marshall JM. (1982). The influence of the sympathetic nervous system on individual vessels of the microcirculation of skeletal muscle of the rat. J Physiol 332:169-186.
80. Marshall JM, Tandon HC. (1984). Direct observations of muscle arterioles and venules following contraction of skeletal muscle fibres in the rat. J Physiol 350:447-459.
81. MeGahren ED, Dora KA, Damon DN, Duling BR. (1997). A test of the role of flow-dependent dilation in arteriolar responses to occlusion. Am J Physiol 272:H714-H721.
82. Mellander S. (1971). Interaction of local and nervous factors in vascular control. Angiologica 8:187-201.
83. Murrant CL, Duza T, Kim MB, Cohen KD, Sarelius IH. (2004). Arteriolar dilations induced by contraction of hamster cremaster muscle are dependent on changes in endothelial cell calcium. Acta Physiol Scand 180:231-238.
84. Murrant CL, Sarelius IH. (2002). Multiple dilator pathways in skeletal muscle contraction-induced arteriolar dilations. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 282:R969-R978.
85. Ohyanagi M, Faber JE, Nishigaki K. (1991). Differential activation of alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors on microvascular smooth muscle during sympathetic nerve stimulation. Circ Res 68:232-244.
86. Ordway GA, Floyd DL, Longhurst JC, Mitchell JH. (1984). Oxygen consumption and hemodynamic responses during graded treadmill exercise in the dog. J Appl Physiol 57:601-607.
87. Payne GW, Madri JA, Sessa WC, Segal SS. (2004). Histamine inhibits conducted vasodilation through endothelium-derived NO production in arterioles of mouse skeletal muscle. FASEB J 18:280-286.
88. Pohl U, De Wit C, Gloe T. (2000). Large arterioles in the control of blood flow: role of endothelium-dependent dilation. Acta Physiol Scand 168:505-510.
89. Pohl U, Herlan K, Huang A, Bassenge E. (1991). EDRF-mediated shear-induced dilation opposes myogenic vasoconstriction in small rabbit arteries. Am J Physiol 261:H2016-H2023.
90. Renkin EM, Hudlicka O, Sheehan RM. (1966). Influence of metabolic vasodilatation on blood-tissue diffusion in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 211:87-98.
91. Rivers RJ. (1995). Remote effects of pressure changes in arterioles. Am J Physiol 268:H1379-H1382.
92. Rivers RJ. (1997). Components of methacholine-initiated conducted vasodilation are unaffected by arteriolar pressure. Am J Physiol 272:H2895-H2901.
93. Saito Y, Eraslan A, Hester RL. (1993). Importance of venular flow in control of arteriolar diameter in hamster cremaster muscle. Am J Physiol 265:H1294-H1300.
94. Saito Y, Eraslan A, Lockard V, Hester RL. (1994). Role of venular endothelium in control of arteriolar diameter during functional hyperemia. Am J Physiol 267:H1227-H1231.
95. Sarelius IH. (1986). Cell flow path influences transit time through striated muscle capillaries. Am J Physiol 250:H899-H907.
96. Sarelius IH. (1993). Cell and oxygen flow in arterioles controlling capillary perfusion. Am J Physiol 265:H1682-H1687.
97. Segal SS. (1991). Microvascular recruitment in hamster striated muscle: role for conducted vasodilation. Am J Physiol 261:H181-H189.
98. Segal SS, Beny JL. (1992). Intracellular recording and dye transfer in arterioles during blood flow control. Am J Physiol 263:H1-H7.
99. Segal SS, Duling BR. (1986). Flow control among microvessels coordinated by intercellular conduction. Science 234:868-870.
100. Segal SS, Duling BR. (1989). Conduction of vasomotor responses in arterioles: a role for cell-to-cell coupling? Am J Physiol 256:H838-H845.
101. Segal SS, Jacobs TL. (2001). Role for endothelial cell conduction in ascending vasodilatation and exercise hyperaemia in hamster skeletal muscle. J Physiol 536:937-946.
102. Sheriff DD, Van Bibber R. (1998). Flow-generating capability of the isolated skeletal muscle pump. Am J Physiol 274:H1502-H1508.
103. Song H, Tyml K. (1993). Evidence for sensing and integration of biological signals by the capillary network. Am J Physiol 265:H1235-H1242.
104. Sperelakis N, Prosser CL. (1959). Mechanical and electrical activity in intestinal smooth muscle. Am J Physiol 196:850-856.
105. Stainsby WN, Otis AB. (1964). Blood flow, blood oxygen tension, oxygen uptake, and oxygen transport in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol 206:858-866.
106. Stamler JS, Jia L, Eu JP, McMahon TJ, Demchenko IT, Bonaventura J, Gernert K, Piantadosi CA. (1997). Blood flow regulation by S-nitrosohemoglobin in the physiological oxygen gradient. Science 276:2034-2037.
107. Sweeney TE, Sarelius IH. (1989). Arteriolar control of capillary cell flow in striated muscle. Circ Res 64:112-120.
108. Tang T, Joyner WL. (1992). Differential role of endothelial function on vasodilator responses in series-arranged arterioles. Microvasc Res 44:61-72.
109. Thomas GD, Segal SS. (2004). Neural control of muscle blood flow during exercise. J Appl Physiol 97:731-738.
110. Tigno XT, Ley K, Pries AR, Gaehtgens P. (1989). Venulo-arteriolar communication and propagated response: a possible mechanism for local control of blood flow. Pflugers Arch 414:450-456.
111. Tschakovsky ME, Rogers AM, Pyke KE, Saunders NR, Glenn N, Lee SJ, Weissgerber T, Dwyer EM. (2004). Immediate exercise hyperemia in humans is contraction intensity dependent: evidence for rapid vasodilation. J Appl Physiol 96:639-644.
112. VanTeeffelen JW, Segal SS. (2000). Effect of motor unit recruitment on functional vasodilatation in hamster retractor muscle. J Physiol 524:267-278.
113. VanTeeffelen JW, Segal SS. (2003). Interaction between sympathetic nerve activation and muscle fibre contraction in resistance vessels of hamster retractor muscle. J Physiol 550:563-574.
114. Walker BD, Segal SS. (1998). Role of smooth muscle activation in conduction of vasodilation along isolated hamster feed arteries. J Vasc Res 35:405-412.
115. Welsh DG, Segal SS. (1996). Muscle length directs sympathetic nerve activity and vasomotor tone in resistance vessels of hamster retractor. Circ Res 79:551-559.
116. Welsh DG, Segal SS. (1998). Endothelial and smooth muscle cell conduction in arterioles controlling blood flow. Am J Physiol 274:H178-H186.
117. Wiedeman MP, Tuma RF, Mayrovitz HN. (1976). Defining the precapillary sphincter. Microvasc Res 12:71-75.
118. Xia J, Little TL, Duling BR. (1995). Cellular pathways of the conducted electrical response in arterioles of hamster cheek pouch in vitro. Am J Physiol 269:H2031-H2038.
119. 2+ signaling between smooth muscle and endothelium of resistance vessels. Circ Res 87:1048-1054.