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note
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The use of an asterisk (*) throughout this paper denotes the use of racemic compounds and is used to clarify the relation between the helicity of the molecule and the absolute configuration of the carbon atom of the stereogenic center. For example, for an alkene with a methyl substituent, (3′R*,3′R*)-(P*,P*)-trans means that the alkene is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, (3R,3′R)-(P,P)-trans and (3S,3′S)-(M,M)-trans, of a stable frans-isomer, whereas for the same alkene, (3R*,3′R*)-(M*,M*)-trans would indicate that the molecule is a racemic mixture of an unstable trans-isomer consisting of the (3R,3′R)-(M,M)-trans and (3S,3′S)-(P,P)-trans enantiomers. From this example, it is important to note that a combination of the absolute configuration at the stereogenic carbon atom (R or S) and the overall helicity of the molecule (P or M) is only valid for certain combinations, because different isomers, stable or unstable, can be meant.
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(a) ter Wiel, M. K. J.; Koumura, N.; van Delden, R. A.; Meetsma, A.; Harada, N.; Feringa, B. L. Chirality 2000, 12, 734-741.
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Chirality
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, pp. 734-741
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Ter Wiel, M.K.J.1
Koumura, N.2
Van Delden, R.A.3
Meetsma, A.4
Harada, N.5
Feringa, B.L.6
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68
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(b) ter Wiel, M. K. J.; Koumura, N.; van Delden, R. A.; Meetsma, A.; Harada, N.; Feringa, B. L. Chirality 2001, 13, 336.
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(2001)
Chirality
, vol.13
, pp. 336
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Ter Wiel, M.K.J.1
Koumura, N.2
Van Delden, R.A.3
Meetsma, A.4
Harada, N.5
Feringa, B.L.6
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69
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See the Supporting Information for more detailed information.
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(a) Villiers, C.; Vandais, A.; Ephritikhine, M. J. Organomet. Chem. 2001, 617-618, 744-747.
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J. Organomet. Chem.
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Villiers, C.1
Vandais, A.2
Ephritikhine, M.3
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(c) Villiers, C.; Ephritikhine, M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2380-2382.
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(1997)
Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl.
, vol.36
, pp. 2380-2382
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Villiers, C.1
Ephritikhine, M.2
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73
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See ref 34; the crystal structure of (3S,3′S)-(M,M)-trans-2 has been published previously and is included here for comparison.
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75
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0030852810
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Harada, N.; Koumura, N.; Feringa, B. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 7256-7264.
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(1997)
J. Am. Chem. Soc.
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, pp. 7256-7264
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Harada, N.1
Koumura, N.2
Feringa, B.L.3
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77
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The absolute configuration of the enantiomerically pure alkene (35,3′S)-(M,M)-trans-2 was assigned on the basis of the stereochemical control excelled by the Evans' auxiliary. The assigned configuration was confirmed by comparison of the CD spectra of (3S,3′S)-(M,M)-trans-2 and (3R,3′R)-(P,P)-trans-1 and the CD spectra of the parent ketones.
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78
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A chemoselective photoisomerization takes place as is evident from NMR analysis and the observation of clear isosbestic points in UV-vis and CD measurements during the photochemical steps. The quantum yields for the photochemical steps of motors 2-4 have not been determined yet. For molecular switches based on structurally related sterically overcrowded alkenes, quantum yields for photoisomerization in the range of 0.07-0.55, depending on the structure and solvent used, were found (Jager, W. F. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Groningen, 1994).
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The photochemical properties of (3S,3′S)-(M,M)-cis-2 and (3R,3′R)-(P,P)-cis-3 are expected to be identical in dodecane and n-hexane. The higher boiling point of dodecane (180 °C) is, however, suitable to determine the rate of the thermal helix inversion.
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8.
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Throughout this paper, (3S*,3′S*)-(M*.M*)- trans-4 and (3R*,3′R*)-(P*,P*)-trans-4 are referred to as unstable isomers. However, this trails-corner of 4 is stable at room temperature and is converted to the other rrans-isomers only at elevated temperatures.
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84
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26844441839
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4′.
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85
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0033525823
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Zijlstra, R. W. J.; Jager, W. F.; de Lange, B.; van Duijnen, P. Th.; Feringa, B. L.; Goto, H.; Saito, A.; Koumura, N.; Harada, N. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1667-1674.
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(1999)
J. Org. Chem.
, vol.64
, pp. 1667-1674
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Zijlstra, R.W.J.1
Jager, W.F.2
De Lange, B.3
Van Duijnen, P.Th.4
Feringa, B.L.5
Goto, H.6
Saito, A.7
Koumura, N.8
Harada, N.9
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