Pathogenesis of degenerative temporomandibular joint arthritides

Odontology

Volumn 93, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 7-15

  Milam, Stephen B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER AT SAN ANTONIO   (United States)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Free radicals; Matrix metalloproteinases; Neuropeptides; Temporomandibular joint

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BONE REMODELING; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDER;

BONE REMODELING; DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; RISK FACTORS; TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISORDERS;

EID: 26044441196     PISSN: 16181247     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-005-0056-7     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. M Kanyama T Kuboki S Kojima T Fujisawa T Hattori M Takigawa A Yamashita 2000 Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in synovial fluids of patients with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis J Orofac Pain 14 20-30 11203734
2. JI Ishimaru Y Oguma AN Goss 2000 Matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase in serum and lavage synovial fluid of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38 354-9 10.1054/bjom.2000.0306 10922168
3. T Kubota E Kubota A Matsumoto Y Kawai H Saito Y Mikuni-Takagaki S Sato 1998 Identification of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in synovial fluid from patients with temporomandibular disorder Eur J Oral Sci 106 992-8 10.1046/j.0909-8836.1998.eos106603.x 9879910
4. E Kubota T Kubota J Matsumoto T Shibata KI Murakami 1998 Synovial fluid cytokines and proteinases as markers of temporomandibular joint disease J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56 192-8 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90868-0 9461144
5. K Kaneyama N Segami W Sun J Sato K Fujimura 2005 Levels of soluble cytokine factors in temporomandibular joint effusions seen on magnetic resonance images Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 99 411-8 10.1016/j.tripleo.2004.08.012 15772591
6. M Nishimura N Segami K Kaneyama J Sato K Fujimura 2004 Comparison of cytokine level in synovial fluid between successful and unsuccessful cases in arthrocentesis of the temporomandibular joint J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62 284-7 10.1016/j.joms.2003.08.012 15015157
7. K Kaneyama N Segami M Nishimura T Suzuki J Sato 2002 Importance of proinflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid from 121 joints with temporomandibular disorders Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40 418-23 10.1016/ S0266435602002152 12379189
8. M Nishimura N Segami K Kaneyama T Suzuki M Miyamaru 2002 Proinflammatory cytokines and arthroscopic findings of patients with internal derangement and osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 40 68-71 10.1054/bjom.2001.0742 11883975
9. P Alstergren 2000 Cytokines in temporomandibular joint arthritis Oral Dis 6 331-4 11355265
10. NA Sandler MJ Buckley JE Cillo TW Braun 1998 Correlation of inflammatory cytokines with arthroscopic findings in patients with temporomandibular joint internal derangements J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56 534-43 10.1016/ S0278-2391(98)90446-3 9590334
11. S Nordahl P Alstergren S Eliasson S Kopp 1998 Interleukin-1beta in plasma and synovial fluid in relation to radiographic changes in arthritic temporomandibular joints Eur J Oral Sci 106 559-63 10.1046/ j.0909-8836.1998.eos106104.x 9527355
12. T Takahashi T Kondoh M Fukuda Y Yamazaki T Toyosaki R Suzuki 1998 Proinflammatory cytokines detectable in synovial fluids from patients with temporomandibular disorders Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85 135-41 10.1016/S1079-2104(98)90415-2 9503445
13. K-I Murakami T Shibata E Kubota H Maeda 1998 Intra-articular levels of prostaglandin E2, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin-4 and -6 sulfates in the temporomandibular joint synovial fluid of patients with internal derangement J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56 199-203 10.1016/ S0278-2391(98)90869-2 9461145
14. JH Quinn NG Bazan 1990 Identification of prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 in the synovial fluid of painful, dysfunctional temporomandibular joints J Oral Maxillofac Surg 48 968-71 2168477
15. KI Murakami T Shibata E Kubota H Maeda 1998 Intra-articular levels of prostaglandin E2, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin-4 and -6 sulfates in the temporomandibular joint synovial fluid of patients with internal derangement J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56 199-203 10.1016/ S0278-2391(98)90869-2 9461145
16. S Kopp 2001 Neuroendocrine, immune, and local responses related to temporomandibular disorders J Orofac Pain 15 9-28 11889652
17. A Holmlund A Ekblom P Hansson J Lind T Lundeberg E Theodorsson 1991 Concentrations of neuropeptides substance P, neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in synovial fluid of the human temporomandibular joint. A correlation with symptoms, signs and arthroscopic findings Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 20 228-31 10.1016/S0901-5027(05)80181-X 1719105
18. A Appelgren B Appelgren S Eriksson S Kopp T Lundeberg M Nylander E Theodorsson 1991 Neuropeptides in temporomandibular joints with rheumatoid arthritis: A clinical study Scand J Dent Res 99 519-21 1722347
19. A Appelgren B Appelgren S Kopp T Lundeberg E Theodorsson 1998 Substance P-associated increase of intra-articular temperature and pain threshold in the arthritic TMJ J Orofac Pain 12 101-7 9656887
20. S Kopp 1998 The influence of neuropeptides, serotonin, and interleukin 1beta on temporomandibular joint pain and inflammation J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56 189-91 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90867-9 9461143
21. A Appelgren B Appelgren S Kopp T Lundeberg E Theodorsson 1995 Neuropeptides in the arthritic TMJ and symptoms and signs from the stomatognathic system with special consideration to rheumatoid arthritis J Orofac Pain 9 215-25 8995921
22. P Alstergren A Appelgren B Appelgren S Kopp T Lundeberg E Theodorsson 1995 Co-variation of neuropeptide Y, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and neurokinin A in joint fluid from patients with temporomandibular joint arthritis Arch Oral Biol 40 127-35 10.1016/ 0003-9969(94)00141-W 7540832
23. LC Dijkgraaf G Zardeneta FW Cordewener RS Liem JP Schmitz LG de Bont SB Milam 2003 Crosslinking of fibrinogen and fibronectin by free radicals: a possible initial step in adhesion formation in osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint J Oral Maxillofac Surg 61 101-11 10.1053/ joms.2003.50047 12524616
24. G Zardeneta SB Milam JP Schmitz 2000 Iron-dependent generation of free radicals: Plausible mechanisms in the progressive deterioration of the temporomandibular joint J Oral Maxillofac Surg 58 302-8 10.1016/ S0278-2391(00)90060-0 10716113
25. G Zardeneta SB Milam JP Schmitz 1997 Presence of denatured hemoglobin deposits in diseased temporomandibular joints J Oral Maxillofac Surg 55 1242-8 10.1016/S0278-2391(97)90176-2 9371114
26. B Aghabeigi M Haque M Wasil SJ Hodges B Henderson M Harris 1997 The role of oxygen free radicals in idiopathic facial pain Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 35 161-5 10.1016/S0266-4356(97)90555-6 9212290
27. SB Milam JP Schmitz 1995 Molecular biology of temporomandibular joint disorders: Proposed mechanisms of disease J Oral Maxillofac Surg 53 1448-54 10.1016/0278-2391(95)90675-4 7490656
28. SB Milam G Zardeneta JP Schmitz 1998 Oxidative stress and degenerative temporomandibular joint disease: A proposed hypothesis J Oral Maxillofac Surg 56 214-23 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90872-2 9461148
29. CL Haskin SB Milam IL Cameron 1995 Pathogenesis of degenerative joint disease in the human temporomandibular joint Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 6 248-77 8785264
30. MC Symons 1988 Formation of radicals by mechanical processes Free Radic Res Commun 5 131-9 2853116
31. H Chandra MC Symons 1987 Sulphur radicals formed by cutting alpha-keratin Nature 328 833-4 10.1038/328833a0 2442616
32. DW Nitzan 2001 The process of lubrication impairment and its involvement in temporomandibular joint disc displacement: A theoretical concept J Oral Maxillofac Surg 59 36-45 10.1053/joms.2001.19278 11152188
33. MA Kido T Kiyoshima T Kondo N Ayasaka R Moroi Y Terada T Tanaka 1993 Distribution of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat temporomandibular joint J Dent Res 72 592-8 7680675
34. Y Haeuchi K Matsumoto H Ichikawa S Maeda 1999 Immunohistochemical demonstration of neuropeptides in the articular disk of the human temporomandibular joint Cells Tissues Organs 164 205-11 10.1159/ 000016660 10436328
35. R Uddman T Grunditz J Kato F Sundler 1998 Distribution and origin of nerve fibers in the rat temporomandibular joint capsule Anat Embryol 197 273-82 10.1007/s004290050137 9565320
36. A Tahmasebi-Sarvestani R Tedman AN Goss 1997 Distribution and coexistence of neuropeptides in nerve fibres in the temporomandibular joint of late gestation fetal sheep J Anat 191 245-57 10.1046/ j.1469-7580.1997.19120245.x 9306200
37. S Shimizu MA Kido T Kiyoshima T Tanaka 1996 Postnatal development of substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide- and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive nerve fibres in the synovial membrane of the rat temporomandibular joint Arch Oral Biol 41 749-59 10.1016/ S0003-9969(96)00067-2 9022912
38. MA Kido T Kiyoshima T Ibuki S Shimizu T Kondo Y Terada T Tanaka 1995 A topographical and ultrastructural study of sensory trigeminal nerve endings in the rat temporomandibular joint as demonstrated by anterograde transport of wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) J Dent Res 74 1353-9 7560385
39. H Ichikawa S Wakisaka S Matsuo M Akai 1989 Peptidergic innervation of the temporomandibular disk in the rat Experientia 45 303-4 10.1007/ BF01951817 2647513
40. RJ Hinton DS Carlson 1986 Response of the mandibular joint to loss of incisal function in the rat Acta Anat 125 145-51 3962576
41. RJ Hinton DS Carlson 1983 Histological changes in the articular eminence and mandibular fossa during growth of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) Am J Anat 166 99-116 10.1002/aja.1001660108 6837482
42. RJ Hinton 1981 Changes in articular eminence morphology with dental function Am J Phys Anthropol 54 439-55 10.1002/ajpa.1330540402 7234989
43. JA McNamara Jr RJ Hinton DL Hoffman 1982 Histologic analysis of temporomandibular joint adaptation to protrusive function in young adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) Am J Orthod 82 288-98 10.1016/ 0002-9416(82)90463-8 6961801
44. SB Milam RJ Klebe RG Triplett D Herbert 1991 Characterization of the extracellular matrix of the primate temporomandibular joint J Oral Maxillofac Surg 49 381-91 1706426
45. MS Detamore KA Athanasiou 2003 Tensile properties of the porcine temporomandibular joint disc J Biomech Eng 125 558-65 10.1115/1.1589778 12968581
46. KW Kim ME Wong JF Helfrick JB Thomas KA Athanasiou 2003 Biomechanical tissue characterization of the superior joint space of the porcine temporomandibular joint Ann Biomed Eng 31 924-30 10.1114/1.1591190 12918907
47. X Bai Z Xiao Y Pan J Hu J Pohl J Wen L Li 2004 Cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes Biochem Biophys Res Commun 325 453-60 10.1016/ j.bbrc.2004.10.055 15530414
48. LC Yeh AD Tsai MC Zavala JC Lee 2004 Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins enhance the osteogenic protein-1-induced osteoblastic cell differentiation of C2C12 cells J Cell Physiol 201 401-8 10.1002/ jcp.20079 15389555
49. N Tsumaki K Tanaka E Arikawa-Hirasawa T Nakase T Kimura JT Thomas T Ochi FP Luyten Y Yamada 1999 Role of CDMP-1 in skeletal morphogenesis: promotion of mesenchymal cell recruitment and chondrocyte differentiation J Cell Biol 144 161-73 10.1083/jcb.144.1.161 9885252
50. SC Chang B Hoang JT Thomas S Vukicevic FP Luyten NJ Ryba CA Kozak AH Reddi M Moos Jr 1994 Cartilage-derived morphogenetic proteins. New members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily predominantly expressed in long bones during human embryonic development J Biol Chem 269 28227-34 7961761
51. JT Thomas K Lin M Nandedkar M Camargo J Cervenka FP Luyten 1996 A human chondrodysplasia due to a mutation in a TGF-beta superfamily member Nat Genet 12 315-7 10.1038/ng0396-315 8589725
52. FP Luyten 1997 A scientific basis for the biologic regeneration of synovial joints Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83 167-9 10.1016/S1079-2104(97)90109-8 9007942
53. G Agerberg A Bergenholtz 1989 Craniomandibular disorders in adult populations of West Bothnia, Sweden Acta Odontol Scand 47 129-40 2756818
54. G Agerberg I Inkapool 1990 Craniomandibular disorders in an urban Swedish population J Craniomandib Disord 4 154-64 2098391
55. AU Yap SF Dworkin EK Chua T List KB Tan HH Tan 2003 Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder subtypes, psychologic distress, and psychosocial dysfunction in Asian patients J Orofac Pain 17 21-8 12756927
56. K Yamada K Nozawa-Inoue Y Kawano S Kohno N Amizuka T Iwanaga T Maeda 2003 Expression of estrogen receptor alpha (ER alpha) in the rat temporomandibular joint Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 274 934-41 10.1002/ar.a.10107 12973717
57. AO Abubaker WF Raslan GC Sotereanos 1993 Estrogen and progesterone receptors in temporomandibular joint discs of symptomatic and asymptomatic persons: A preliminary study J Oral Maxillofac Surg 51 1096-100 7692023
58. TB Aufdemorte JE Van Sickels MF Dolwick PJ Sheridan GR Holt SB Aragon GA Gates 1986 Estrogen receptors in the temporomandibular joint of the baboon (Papio cynocephaluS): An autoradiographic study Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 61 307-14 3458137
59. SB Milam TB Aufdemorte PJ Sheridan RG Triplett JE Van Sickels GR Holt 1987 Sexual dimorphism in the distribution of estrogen receptors in the temporomandibular joint complex of the baboon Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 64 527-32 10.1016/0030-4220(87)90025-9 3478633
60. S Kapila Y Xie 1998 Targeted induction of collagenase and stromelysin by relaxin in unprimed and beta-estradiol-primed diarthrodial joint fibrocartilaginous cells but not in synoviocytes Lab Invest 78 925-38 9714180
61. G Zardeneta SB Milam T Lee JP Schmitz 1998 Detection and preliminary characterization of matrix metalloproteinase activity in temporomandibular joint lavage fluid Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 27 397-403 9804207
62. A Gepstein S Shapiro G Arbel N Lahat E Livne 2002 Expression of matrix metalloproteinases in articular cartilage of temporomandibular and knee joints of mice during growth, maturation, and aging Arthritis Rheum 46 3240-50 10.1002/art.10690 12483728
63. JE Puzas JM Landeau R Tallents J Albright EM Schwarz R Landesberg 2001 Degradative pathways in tissues of the temporomandibular joint. Use of in vitro and in vivo models to characterize matrix metalloproteinase and cytokine activity Cells Tissues Organs 169 248-56 10.1159/000047888 11455120
64. S Kapila C Lee DW Richards 1995 Characterization and identification of proteinases and proteinase inhibitors synthesized by temporomandibular joint disc cells J Dent Res 74 1328-36 7629341
65. S Nilsson KF Koehler 2005 Oestrogen receptors and selective oestrogen receptor modulators: Molecular and cellular pharmacology Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 96 15-25 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2005.pto960103.x 15667591
66. ME Mendelsohn 2002 Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature Am J Cardiol 90 3F-6F 10.1016/S0002-9149(02)02418-9 12106632
67. T Barkhem S Nilsson JA Gustafsson 2004 Molecular mechanisms, physiological consequences and pharmacological implications of estrogen receptor action Am J Pharmacogenomics 4 19-28 14987119
68. CD Toran-Allerand 2004 Minireview: A plethora of estrogen receptors in the brain: Where will it end? Endocrinology 145 1069-74 10.1210/ en.2003-1462 14670986
69. JL Temple S Wray 2005 Bovine serum albumin-estrogen compounds differentially alter gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 neuronal activity Endocrinology 146 558-63 10.1210/en.2004-1117 15539555
70. GA Figtree D McDonald H Watkins KM Channon 2003 Truncated estrogen receptor alpha 46-kDa isoform in human endothelial cells: Relationship to acute activation of nitric oxide synthase Circulation 107 120-6 10.1161/01.CIR.0000043805.11780.F5 12515753
71. H Takagi N Ishiguro H Iwata T Kanamono 2000 Genetic association between rheumatoid arthritis and estrogen receptor microsatellite polymorphism J Rheumatol 27 1638-42 10914844
72. T Ushiyama K Mori K Inoue J Huang J Nishioka S Hukuda 1999 Association of oestrogen receptor gene polymorphisms with age at onset of rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 58 7-10 10343533
73. R Fassler PN Schnegelsberg J Dausman T Shinya Y Muragaki MT McCarthy BR Olsen R Jaenisch 1994 Mice lacking alpha 1 (IX) collagen develop noninflammatory degenerative joint disease Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91 5070-4 8197187
74. L Xu CM Flahiff BA Waldman D Wu BR Olsen LA Setton Y Li 2003 Osteoarthritis-like changes and decreased mechanical function of articular cartilage in the joints of mice with the chondrodysplasia gene (cho) Arthritis Rheum 48 2509-18 10.1002/art.11233 13130470
75. JK Zubieta MM Heitzeg YR Smith JA Bueller K Xu Y Xu RA Koeppe CS Stohler D Goldman 2003 COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor Science 299 1240-3 10.1126/ science.1078546 12595695
76. TW Oates DL Cochran 1996 Bone cell interactions and regulation by inflammatory mediators Curr Opin Periodontol 3 34-44 8624568
77. TA Samad A Sapirstein CJ Woolf 2002 Prostanoids and pain: Unraveling mechanisms and revealing therapeutic targets Trends Mol Med 8 390-6 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02383-3 12127725
78. S Ito E Okuda-Ashitaka T Minami 2001 Central and peripheral roles of prostaglandins in pain and their interactions with novel neuropeptides nociceptin and nocistatin Neurosci Res 41 299-332 10.1016/ S0168-0102(01)00289-9 11755218
79. D Kamei K Yamakawa Y Takegoshi M Mikami-Nakanishi Y Nakatani S Oh-Ishi H Yasui Y Azuma N Hirasawa K Ohuchi H Kawaguchi Y Ishikawa T Ishii S Uematsu S Akira M Murakami I Kudo 2004 Reduced pain hypersensitivity and inflammation in mice lacking microsomal prostaglandin e synthase-1 J Biol Chem 279 33684-95 10.1074/jbc.M400199200 15140897
80. MD Southall MR Vasko 2001 Prostaglandin receptor subtypes, EP3C and EP4, mediate the prostaglandin E2-induced cAMP production and sensitization of sensory neurons J Biol Chem 276 16083-91 10.1074/jbc.M011408200 11278900
81. MD Southall MR Vasko 2000 Prostaglandin E(2)-mediated sensitization of rat sensory neurons is not altered by nerve growth factor Neurosci Lett 287 33-6 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)01158-7 10841984
82. C Garcia BF Boyce J Gilles M Dallas M Qiao GR Mundy LF Bonewald 1996 Leukotriene B4 stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption both in vitro and in vivo J Bone Miner Res 11 619-27
83. WE Gallwitz GR Mundy CH Lee M Qiao GD Roodman M Raftery SJ Gaskell LF Bonewald 1993 5-Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid stimulate isolated osteoclasts to resorb calcified matrices J Biol Chem 268 10087-94 8486677
84. AR Evans H Junger MD Southall GD Nicol LS Sorkin JT Broome TW Bailey MR Vasko 2000 Isoprostanes, novel eicosanoids that produce nociception and sensitize rat sensory neurons J Pharmacol Exp Ther 293 912-20 10869392
85. TA Mori LJ Beilin 2004 Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammation Curr Atheroscler Rep 6 461-7 15485592
86. A Gil 2002 Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases Biomed Pharmacother 56 388-96 10.1016/S0753-3322(02)00256-1 12442911
87. AP Simopoulos 2002 The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids Biomed Pharmacother 56 365-79
88. PC Calder 2002 Dietary modification of inflammation with lipids Proc Nutr Soc 61 345-58 10.1079/PNS2002166 12296294
89. A Heller T Koch J Schmeck K van Ackern 1998 Lipid mediators in inflammatory disorders Drugs 55 487-96 9561339
90. PC Calder 1997 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cytokine production in health and disease Ann Nutr Metab 41 203-34 9363294
91. CL Curtis CE Hughes CR Flannery CB Little JL Harwood B Caterson 2000 n-3 fatty acids specifically modulate catabolic factors involved in articular cartilage degradation J Biol Chem 275 721-4 10.1074/ jbc.275.2.721 10625599
92. CL Curtis SG Rees CB Little CR Flannery CE Hughes C Wilson CM Dent IG Otterness JL Harwood B Caterson 2002 Pathologic indicators of degradation and inflammation in human osteoarthritic cartilage are abrogated by exposure to n-3 fatty acids Arthritis Rheum 46 1544-53 10.1002/art.10305 12115185
93. AA Berbert CR Kondo CL Almendra T Matsuo I Dichi 2005 Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Nutrition 21 131-6 10.1016/j.nut.2004.03.023 15723739
94. T Sundrarjun S Komindr N Archararit W Dahlan O Puchaiwatananon S Angthararak U Udomsuppayakul S Chuncharunee 2004 Effects of n-3 fatty acids on serum interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor p55 in active rheumatoid arthritis J Int Med Res 32 443-54 15458276
95. PH Remans JK Sont LW Wagenaar W Wouters-Wesseling WM Zuijderduin A Jongma FC Breedveld JM Van Laar 2004 Nutrient supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and biochemical effects Eur J Clin Nutr 58 839-45 10.1038/ sj.ejcn.1601883 15164103
96. LG Cleland MJ James SM Proudman 2003 Omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids and arthritis World Rev Nutr Diet 92 152-68 14579689
97. LG Cleland MJ James SM Proudman 2003 The role of fish oils in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis Drugs 63 845-53 12678571
98. KL Rennie J Hughes R Lang SA Jebb 2003 Nutritional management of rheumatoid arthritis: A review of the evidence J Hum Nutr Diet 16 97-109 10.1046/j.1365-277X.2003.00423.x 12662368
99. RA Harrison BJ Harrison 2001 Fish oils are beneficial to patients with established rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 28 2563-5
100. D Volker P Fitzgerald G Major M Garg 2000 Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 27 2343-6 11036827
101. LG Cleland MJ James 2000 Fish oil and rheumatoid arthritis: antiinflammatory and collateral health benefits J Rheumatol 27 2305-7 11036821
102. JM Kremer 2000 n-3 fatty acid supplements in rheumatoid arthritis Am J Clin Nutr 71 349S-51S 10617995
103. H Mangge J Hermann K Schauenstein 1999 Diet and rheumatoid arthritis - a review Scand J Rheumatol 28 201-9 10.1080/03009749950155553 10503555
104. R Ariza-Ariza M Mestanza-Peralta MH Cardiel 1998 Omega-3 fatty acids in rheumatoid arthritis: An overview Semin Arthritis Rheum 27 366-70 10.1016/S0049-0172(98)80016-4 9662755
105. MJ James LG Cleland 1997 Dietary n-3 fatty acids and therapy for rheumatoid arthritis Semin Arthritis Rheum 27 85-97 10.1016/ S0049-0172(97)80009-1 9355207
106. MD Bandt M Grossin F Driss J Pincemail C Babin-Chevaye C Pasquier 2002 Vitamin E uncouples joint destruction and clinical inflammation in a transgenic mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 46 522-32 10.1002/art.10085 11840456
107. JT Venkatraman WC Chu 1999 Effects of dietary omega-3 and omega-6 lipids and vitamin E on serum cytokines, lipid mediators and anti-DNA antibodies in a mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis J Am Coll Nutr 18 602-13 10613412
108. A Abate G Yang PA Dennery S Oberle H Schroder 2000 Synergistic inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by vitamin E and aspirin Free Radic Biol Med 29 1135-42 10.1016/S0891-5849(00)00425-1 11121721
109. AE Wluka S Stuckey C Brand FM Cicuttini 2002 Supplementary vitamin E does not affect the loss of cartilage volume in knee osteoarthritis: A 2 year double blind randomized placebo controlled study J Rheumatol 29 2585-91 12465157
110. C Brand J Snaddon M Bailey F Cicuttini 2001 Vitamin E is ineffective for symptomatic relief of knee osteoarthritis: A six month double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study Ann Rheum Dis 60 946-9 10.1136/ ard.60.10.946 11557651
111. TE McAlindon P Jacques Y Zhang MT Hannan P Aliabadi B Weissman D Rush D Levy DT Felson 1996 Do antioxidant micronutrients protect against the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 39 648-56 8630116
112. DI Paegle AB Holmlund A Hjerpe 2003 Matrix glycosaminoglycans in the temporomandibular joint in patients with painful clicking and chronic closed lock Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 32 397-400 10.1054/ijom.2003.0375 14505623
113. RS Carvalho EH Yen DM Suga 1995 Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the rat articular disk in response to mechanical stress Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 107 401-10 7709905
114. S Axelsson A Holmlund A Hjerpe 1992 Glycosaminoglycans in normal and osteoarthritic human temporomandibular joint disks Acta Odontol Scand 50 113-9 1604965
115. P Nguyen SE Mohamed D Gardiner T Salinas 2001 A randomized double-blind clinical trial of the effect of chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine hydrochloride on temporomandibular joint disorders: A pilot study Cranio 19 130-9 11842864
116. NM Thie NG Prasad PW Major 2001 Evaluation of glucosamine sulfate compared to ibuprofen for the treatment of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis: A randomized double blind controlled 3 month clinical trial J Rheumatol 28 1347-55 11409130
117. WE Shankland 2nd 1998 The effects of glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate on osteoarthritis of the TMJ: A preliminary report of 50 patients Cranio 16 230-5 10029750
118. M Deniz TR Oegema EL Schiffman Jr JO Look 2003 The effect of exogenous glucosamine hydrochloride on the proteoglycan concentration of the articular disc of the rabbit temporomandibular joint J Orofac Pain 17 251-3 14520771