Drug delivery systems for brain tumor therapy

Current Pharmaceutical Design

Volumn 10, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 1341-1353

  Rautio, Jarkko ^a   Chikhale, Prashant J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN FINLAND   (Finland)

^b LAKE ERIE COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHIC MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 BORONOPHENYLALANINE; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BLEOMYCIN; BOROCAPTATE; CAMPTOTHECIN; CARBOPLATIN; CARMUSTINE; CHLORAMBUCIL; CHLOROETHYLNITROSOUREA; CISPLATIN; DAUNORUBICIN; DOXORUBICIN; FLOXURIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; GAMMA INTERFERON; GANCICLOVIR; INTERLEUKIN 2; LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN[2 DEXTRO ALANINE 6 ARGININE]; LOBRADIMIL; LOPERAMIDE; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; MITOMYCIN; MITOXANTRONE; NIMUSTINE; NITROSOUREA DERIVATIVE; PACLITAXEL; THYMIDINE KINASE; TUBOCURARINE CHLORIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS VECTOR;

ANTIBODY DIRECTED ENZYME PRODRUG THERAPY; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN CIRCULATION; BRAIN TUMOR; CLINICAL TRIAL; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG TISSUE LEVEL; DRUG TRANSPORT; HUMAN; LIPOPHILICITY; NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS;

EID: 2342422789     PISSN: 13816128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1381612043384916     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Shapiro W, Shapiro J, Walker R. Central nervous system. In: Abeloff M, Armitage J, Lichter ANJ Eds, Clinical oncology. New York, Churchill Livingstone 2000; 1103-93.
2. Gurney JG, Kadan-Lottick N. Brain and other central nervous system tumors: rates, trends, and epidemiology. Curr Opin Oncol 2001; 13: 160-6.
3. Avgeropoulos NC, Batchelor TT. New treatment strategies for malignant gliomas. The Oncol 1999; 4: 209-24.
4. CBTRUS; 2002-2003 statistical report: primary brain tumors in the United States, 1995-1999, September 30, 2003 at http://www.cbtrus.org/reports.htm.
5. Yuan F, Salehi HA, Boucher Y, Vasthare US, Tuma RF, Jain RK. Vascular permeability and microcirculation of gliomas and mammary carcinomas transplanted in rat and mouse cranial windows. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 4564-8.
6. Jain RK. Barriers to drug delivery in solid tumors. Sci Am 1994; 271: 58-65.
7. Brown JM, Giaccia AJ. The unique physiology of solid tumors: opportunies (and problems) for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1408-16.
8. Rockwell S. Use of hypoxia-directed drugs in the therapy of solid tumors. Seminars in Oncol 1992; 19: 29-40.
9. Rampling R, Cruickshank G, Lewis AD, Fitzsimmons SA, Workman P. Direct measurement of pO2 distribution and bioreductive enzymes in human malignant brain tumors. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 29: 427-31.
10. Goldstein GW, Bezt AL. The blood-brain barrier. Sci Am 1986; 255: 74-83.
11. Neuwelt EA. In: Implication of the blood-brain barrier and its manipulation. New York, Plenun Press 1990.
12. Pardridge WM: Brain drug delivery and blood-brain barrier transport. Drug Deliv 1: 83-101, 1993.
13. Engelhard HH, Groothuis DG. The blood-brain barrier: structure, function, and response to neoplasia. In: Berger MS, Wilson CB Eds, The gliomas. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co. 1999; 115-21.
14. Bouldin TW, Krigman MR. Differential permeability of cerebral capillary and choroids plexus to lanthanum ion. Brain Res 1975; 99: 444-8.
15. Pardridge WM. Drug delivery to the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1997; 17: 713-31.
16. Risau W. Molecular biology of blood-brain barrier ontogenesis and function. Acta Neurochir 1994; 60(suppl): 109-12.
17. Ghersi-Egea JF, Leininger-Muller B, Cecchelli R, Fenstermacher JD. Blood-brain interfaces: relevance to cerebral drug metabolism. Toxicol Lett 1995; 82-83: 645-53.
18. Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Efflux transport systems for drugs at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (Part 1). Drug Discov Today 2001; 6: 150-6.
19. Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Efflux transport systems for drugs at the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (Part 2). Drug Discov Today 2001; 6: 206-12.
20. Lee G, Dallas S, Hong M, Bendayan R. Drug transporters in the central nervous system: brain barriers and brain parenchyma considerations. Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53: 569-96.
21. Taylor EM. The impact of efflux transporters in the brain on the development of drugs for CNS disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 14: 81-92.
22. Cornford EM, Hyman S. Blood-brain barrier permeability to small and large molecules. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 36: 145-163.
23. Bickel U, Yoshikawa T, Pardridge WM. Delivery of peptides and proteins through the blood-brain barrier. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001; 46: 247-79.
24. Pardridge WM. Brain drug targeting and gene technologies. Jpn J Pharmacol 2001; 87: 97-103.
25. Bodor N, Buchwald P. Barriers to remember: brain-targeting chemical delivery systems and Alzheimer's disease. Drug Discov Today 2002; 7: 766-74.
26. Wang PP, Frazier J, Brem H. Local drug delivery to the brain Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002; 54: 987-1013.
27. Greig NH. Drug entry into the brain and its pharmacological manipulation. In: Bradbury MWB Ed, The physiology and pharmacology of the blood-brain barrier. Springer-Verlag 1992; 487-523.
28. Seelig A, Gottschlich R, Devant RM. A method to determine the ability of drugs to diffuse through the blood-brain barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91: 68-72.
29. Abraham MH, Chadha HS, Mitchell RC. Hydrogen bonding. 33. Factors that influence the distribution of solutes between blood and brain. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83: 1257-68.
30. Pardridgre WM: Recent advances in blood-brain barrier transport. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 28:25-39, 1988.
31. Brem H. In: Polymeric site-specific pharmacotherapy. New York, John Wiley and Sons 1994; 117-39.
32. Sinkula AA, Yalkowsky SH. Rationale for design of bilogically reversible drug derivatives: prodrugs. J Pharm Sci 1975; 64: 181-210.
33. Stella VJ, Charman WNA, Naringrekar VH: Prodrugs. Do they have advantages in clinical practice? Drugs 29: 455-73, 1985.
34. Greig NH, Genka S, Daly EM, Sweeney DJ, Rapoport SI. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters of seven lipophilic chlorambucil esters designed for brain penetration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1990; 25: 311-9.
35. Genka S, Deutsch J, Shetty UH, Stahle PL, John V, Lieberburg IM, et al. Development of lipophilic anticancer agents for the treatment of brain tumors by the esterification of water-soluble chlorambucil. Clin Exp Metastasis 1993; 11: 131-40.
36. Connors TA, Whisson ME. Cure of mice bearing advanced plasma cell tumours with aniline mustard: the relationship between glucuronidase activity and tumour sensitivity. Nature 1966; 210: 866-7.
37. Cobb LM, Connors TA, Elson LA, Khan AH, Mitchley BC, Ross WC, et al. 2,4-dinitro-5-ethyleneiminobenzamide (CB 1954): a potent and selective inhibitor of the growth of the Walker carcinoma 256. Biochem Pharmacol 1969; 18: 1519-27.
38. Martin J, Stribbling SM, Poon GK, Begent RH, Napier M, Sharma SK, et al. Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy: pharmaco-kinetics and plasma levels of prodrug and drug in a phase I clinical trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1997; 40: 189-201.
39. Ram Z, Culver KW, Oshiro EM, Viola JJ, DeVroom HL, Otto E, et al. Therapy of malignant brain tumors by intratumoral implantation of retroviral vector-producing cells. Nat Med 1997; 3: 1354-61.
40. Carter BS, Zervas NT, Chiocca EA. Neurogenetic surgery: current limitations and the promise of gene- and virus-based therapies. Clin Neurosurg 1999; 45: 226-46.
41. Aghi M, Hochberg F, Breakefield XO. Prodrug activation enzymes in cancer gene therapy. J Gene Med 2000; 2: 148-64.
42. Springer CJ, Niculescu-Duvaz I. Patent property of prodrug involving gene therapy (1996-1999). Exp Opin Ther Patents 1999; 9: 1381-8.
43. Kirn D, Niculescu-Duvaz I, Hallden G, Springer CJ. The emerging fields of suicide gene therapy and virotherapy. Trends in Molec Medicine 2002; 8: 68-73.
44. Ram Z, Culver KW, Oshiro EM, Viola JJ, DeVroom HL, Otto E, et al. Summary of results and conclusion of the gene therapy of malignant brain tumors: clinical study. J Neurosurg 1995: 82: 343A.
45. Bodor N, Brewster ME. Problems of delivery of drugs to the brain. Pharmacol Ther 1982; 19: 337-86.
46. Bodor N, Brewster ME. Chemical delivery systems. In: Juliano RL Ed, Targeted drug delivery. Berlin, Springer 1991; 231-84.
47. Bodor N, Buchwald P. Recent advances in the brain targeting of neuropharmaceuticals by chemical delivery systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 36: 229-54.
48. Raghavan K, Loftsson T, Brewster ME, Bodor N. Improved delivery through biological membranes. XLV. Synthesis, physical-chemical evaluation, and brain uptake studies of 2-chloroethyl nitrosourea delivery systems. Pharm Res 1992; 9: 743-9.
49. Oldendorf WH. Brain uptake of radiolabeled amino acids, amines and hexoses after arterial injection. Am J Physiol 1971; 221: 1629-39.
50. Pardridge WM, Boado RJ. Molecular cloning and regulation of gene expression of blood-brain barrier glucose transporter. In: Pardridge WM Ed, The blood-brain barrier: cellular and molecular biology. New York, Raven Press 1993; 395-440.
51. Lefauconnier JM. Transport of amino acids. In: Bradbury MWB Ed, Physiology and pharmacology of the blood-brain barrier. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1992; 117-50.
52. Segal MB, Zlokovic BV. The blood-brain barrier, amino acids and peptides. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers 1990.
53. Cornford EM, Baun LD, Oldendorf WH. Carrier mediated blood-brain barrier transport of choline analogs. J Neurochem 1978; 30: 299-308.
54. Pratt OE. The movement of vitamins into the brain. In. Bradbury MWB Ed, Physiology and Pharmacology of the blood-brain barrier. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1992; 205-20.
55. Spector R, Eells J. Deoxynucleoside and vitamin transport into the central nervous system. Fed Proc 1984; 43: 196-200.
56. Kahl SB, Callaway JC. New tumor localizers: Advances in the use of low density lipoproteins (LDL). Strahlenther Onkol 1989; 2/3: 137-9.
57. Abbott NJ, Romero IA. Transporting therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier. Mol Med Today. 1996 Mar;2(3): 106-13.
58. Terasaki T, Tsuji A. Drug delivery to the brain utilizing blood-brain barrier transport system. J Control Rel 1994; 29: 163-9.
59. Nutt JG, Woodward WR, Hammerstad JP, carter MN, Anderson JL. The "on-off" phenomenon in Parkinson's disease. Relation to levodopa absorption and transport. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 483-8.
60. Markowitz DC, Fernstrom JD. Diet and uptake of Aldomet by the brain: competition with natural large neutral amino acids. Science 1977; 197: 1014-5.
61. van Bree JBMM, Audus KL, Borchardt RT. Carrier-mediated transport of baclofen across monolayers of bovine brain endothelial cells in primary culture. Pharm Res 1988; 5: 369-71.
62. Greig NH, Momma S, Sweeney DJ, Smith QR, Rapoport SI. Facilitated transport of melphalan at the rat blood-brain barrier by the large neutral amino acid carrier system. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 1571-6.
63. Takada Y, Vistica DT, Greig NH, Purdon D, Rapoport SI, Smith QR. Rapid high-affinity transport of a chemotherapeutic amino acid across the blood-brain barrier. Cancer Res 1992; 52:2191-6.
64. Kohmo Y, Greig NH, Smith QR: Pharmacokinetics and brain tumor uptake of D,L-NAM - a high affinity anticancer amino acid. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1993; 19: 1897.
65. Killian DM, Chikhale PJ. A bioreversible prodrug approach designed to shift mechanism of brain uptake for amino-acid-containing anticancer agents. J Neurochem 2001; 76: 966-74.
66. Killian DM, Gharat L, Chikhale PJ. Modulating blood-brain barrier interactions of amino acid-based anticancer agents. Drug Deliv 2000; 7: 21-5.
67. Killian DM, Chikhale PJ. Predominant functional activity of the large, neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) isoform at the cerebrovasculature. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306: 1-4.
68. Halmos T, Santarromana M, Antonakis K, Scherman D. Synthesis of glucose-chlorambucil derivatives and their recognition by the human GLUT1 glucose transporter. Eur J Pharmacol. 1996; 318: 477-84.
69. Bonina FP, Arenare L, Palagiano F, Saija A, Nava F, Trombetta D, et al. Synthesis, stability, and pharmacological evaluation of nipecotic acid prodrugs. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88: 561-7.
70. Battaglia G, La Russa M, Bruno V, Arenare L, Ippolito R, Copani A, et al. Systemically administered D-glucose conjugates of 7-chlorokynurenic acid are centrally available and exert anticonvulsant activity in rodents. Brain Res 2000; 860: 149-56.
71. Manfredini S, Pavan B, Vertuani S, Scaglianti M, Compagnone D, Biondi C, et al. Design, synthesis and activity of ascorbic acid prodrugs of nipecotic, kynurenic and diclophenamic acids, liable to increase neurotropic activity. J Med Chem 2002; 45: 559-62.
72. Golden PL, Maccagnan TJ, Pardridge WM. Human blood-brain barrier leptin receptor. Binding and endocytosis in isolated human brain microvessels. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 14-8.
73. Pardridge WM. Non-invasive drug delivery to the human brain using endogenous blood-brain barrier transport systems. Pharm Sci Technol Today 1999; 2: 49-59.
74. Pardridge WM. Vector-mediated drug delivery to the brain. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 36: 299-321.
75. Friden PM, Walus LR, Watson P, Doctrow SR, Kozaricj JW, Backman C, et al. Blood-brain barrier penetration and in vivo activity of an NGF conjugate. Science 1993; 259: 373-7.
76. Bickel U, Yoshikawa T, Landaw EM, Faull KF, Pardridge WM. Pharmacologic effects in vivo in brain by vector-mediated peptide drug delivery. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1993; 90: 2618-22.
77. Pardridge WM, Kang Y-S, Buciak JL: Transport of human recombinant brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the rat blood-brain barrier in vivo using vector-mediated peptide drug delivery. Pharm Res 11: 738-746, 1994.
78. Huwyler J, Yang J, Pardridge WM. Targeted delivery of daunomycin using immunoliposomes: pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in the rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997; 282: 1541-6.
79. Corti A, Gasparri A, Sacchi A, Curnis F, Sangregorio R, Colombo B, et al. Tumor targeting with biotinylated tumor necrosis factor alpha: structure-activity relationships and mechanism of action on avidin pretargeted tumor cells. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 3866-72.
80. Paganelli G, Grana C, Chinol M, Cremonesi M, De Cicco C, De Braud F, et al. Antibody-guided three-step therapy for high grade glioma with yttrium-90 biotin. Eur J Nucl Med 1999; 26: 348-57.
81. Xu X, Clarke P, Szalai G, Shively JE, Williams LE, Shyr Y, et al. Targeting and therapy of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing tumors in transgenic mice with an antibody-interleukin 2 fusion protein. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 4475-84.
82. Kurihara A, Pardridge WM. Imaging brain tumors by targeting peptide radiopharmaceuticals through the blood-brain barrier. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 6159-63.
83. Sato Y, Yamauchi N, Takahashi M, Sasaki K, Fukaura J, Neda H, et al. In vivo gene delivery to tumor cells by transferrin-streptavidin-DNA conjugate. FASEB J 2000; 14: 2108-18.
84. Romano G, Michell P, Pacilio C, Giordano A. Latest developments in gene transfer technology: achievements, perspectives, and controversies over therapeutic applications. Stem Cells 2000; 18: 19-39.
85. Data acquired in June 2003 at www.nih.gov.
86. Data acquired in June 2003 at www.wiley.com.
87. Alavi J, Eck S. Gene therapy for high grade gliomas. Exp Opin Biol Ther 2001; 1: 239-59.
88. Lowenstein PR. Immunology of viral-vector-mediated gene transfer into the brain: an evolutionary and developmental perspective. Trends Immunol 2002; 23: 23-30.
89. Greenwood J. Experimental manipulation of the blood-brain and blood-retinal barriers. In: Bradbury MWB Ed, The physiology and pharmacology of the blood-brain barrier. Germany, Springer-Verlag 1992; 459-86.
90. Tamarko RJ, Brem H. Neurosurgery 1992; 2: 259-79.
91. Broman T. The possibilities of the passage of substances from the blood to the central nervous system. Acta Psych Neurol 1941; 16: 1-25.
92. Kroll RA, Neuwelt EA: Outwitting the blood-brain barrier for therapeutic purposes: osmotic opening and other means. Neurosurgery 1998; 42: 1083-1100.
93. Kroll RA, Pagel MA, Muldoon LL, Roman-Goldstein S, Fiamengo SA, Neuwelt EA. Improving drug delivery to intracerebral tumor and surrounding brain in a rodent model: a comparison of osmotic versus bradykinin modification of the blood-brain and/or blood-tumor barriers. Neurosurgery 1998; 43: 879-86.
94. Williams PC, Henner WD, Roman-Goldstein S, Dahlborg SA, Brummett RE, Tableman M, et al. Toxicity and efficacy of carboplatin and etoposide in conjunction with disruption of the blood-brain tumor barrier in the treatment of intracranial neoplasms. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: 17-28.
95. Inamura T, Nomura T, Bartus RT, Black KL. Intracarotid infusion of RMP-7, a bradykinin analog: a method for selective drug delivery to brain tumors. J Neurosurg 1994; 81: 752-8.
96. Cloughesy TF, Black KL. Pharmacological blood-brain barrier modification for selective drug delivery. J Neurooncol 1995; 26: 125-32.
97. Black KL, King WA, Ikezaki K. Selective opening of the blood-tumour barrier by intracarotid infusion of leukotriene C4. J Neurosurg 1990; 72: 912-6.
98. Chio CC, Baba T, Black KL. Selective blood-tumor barrier disruption by leukotrienes. J Neurosurg 1992; 77: 407-10.
99. Sanovich E, Bartus RT, Friden PM, Dean RL, Le HQ, Brightman MW. Pathway across blood-brain barrier opened by the bradykinin agonist, RMP-7. Brain Res 1995; 705: 125-35.
100. Bartus RT, Elliott PJ, Dean RL, Hayward NJ, Nagle TL, Huff MR, et al. Controlled modulation of BBB permeability using the bradykinin agonist, RMP-7. Exp Neurol 1996; 142: 14-28.
101. Nomura T, Inamura T, Black KL. Intracarotid infusion of bradykinin selectively increases blood-tumor permeability in 9L and C6 brain tumors. Brain Res 1994; 659: 62-6.
102. Ford J, Osborn C, Barton T, Bleehen NM. A phase I study of intravenous RMP-7 with carboplatin in patients with progression of malignant glioma. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1807-11.
103. Alkermes News: Alkermes to discontinue phase III brain tumor study, April 07, 1999 at http://www.alkermes.com/news/index.asp?id=66
104. Tamarko RJ, Langer R, Brem H. Interstitial drug delivery to the central nervous system using controlled release polymers: chemotherapy for brain tumors. Methods Neurosci 1994; 21: 135-49.
105. Brem H, Gabikian P. Biodegradable polymer implants to treat brain tumors. J Contr Rel 2001; 74: 63-7.
106. Lesniak MS, Langer R, Brem H. Drug delivery to tumors of the central nervous system. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2001; 1: 210-6.
107. Brem H, Kader A, Epstein JI, Tamargo RJ, Domb A, Langer R, et al. Biocompatibility of a biodegradable, controlled-release polymer in the rabbit brain. Sel Cancer Ther 1989; 5: 55-65.
108. Leong KW, D'Amore PD, Marletta M, Langer R. Bioerodible polyanhydrides as drug-carrier matrices. II. Biocompatibility and chemical reactivity. J Biomed Mater Res 1986; 20: 51-64.
109. Brem H, Mahaley MS Jr, Vick NA, Black KL, Schold SC Jr, Burger PC, et al. Interstitial chemotherapy with drug polymer implants for the treatment of recurrent gliomas. J Neurosurg 1991; 74: 441-6.
110. Walter KA, Cahan MA, Gur A, Tyler B, Hilton J, Colvin OM, et al. Interstitial taxol delivered from a biodegradable polymer implant against experimental malignant glioma. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 2207-12.
111. Watts MC, Lesniak MS, Burke M, Samdani AF, Tyler BM, Brem H. Controlled release of adriamycin in the treatment of malignant glioma (poster). In: American Association of Neurological Surgeons Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, 1997.
112. Menei P, Venier MC, Gamelin E, Saint-Andre JP, Hayek G, Jadaud E, et al. Local and sustained delivery of 5-fluorouracil from biodegradable microspheres for the radiosensitization of glioblastoma: a pilot study. Cancer 1999; 86: 325-30.
113. Tajika Y, Muragaki Y, Hiyama H, Takakura K, Yoshida M, Kumakura M. Local chemotherapy with slowly-releasing anticancer drug polymers for malignant brain tumors. J Control Rel 1994; 32: 1-8.
114. DiMeco F, Li KW, Tyler BM, Wolf AS, Brem H, Olivi A. Local delivery of mitoxantrone for the treatment of malignant brain tumors in rats. J Neurosurg 2002; 97:1173-8.
115. Storm PB, Moriarity JL, Tyler B, Burger PC, Brem H, Weingart J. Polymer delivery of camptothecin against 9L gliosarcoma: release, distribution, and efficacy. J Neurooncol 2002; 56: 209-17.
116. Ratcheson RA, Ommaya AK. Experience with the subcutaneous cerebrospinal-fluid reservoir. Preliminary report of 60 cases. N Engl J Med 1968; 279: 1025-31.
117. Chandler WF, Greenberg HS, Ensminger WD, Diaz RF, Junck LR, Hood TW, et al. Use of implantable pump systems for intraarterial, intraventricular and intratumoral treatment of malignant brain tumors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 531: 206-12.
118. Lord P, Allami H, Davis M, Diaz R, Heck P, Fischell R. MiniMed Technologies Programmable Implantable Infusion System. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 531: 66-71.
119. Heruth KT. Medtronic SynchroMed drug administration system. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1988; 531: 72-5.
120. Walter KA, Tamargo RJ, Olivi A, Burger PC, Brem H: Intratumoral chemotherapy. Neurosurgery 1995; 37: 1128-45.
121. Blasberg RG. Methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and BCNU concentration in the brain after ventriculocisternal perfusion. Cancer Treat Rep 1977; 61: 625-31.
122. Chamberlain MC, Kormanik P, Howell SB, Kim S. Pharmacokinetics of intralumbar DTC-101 for the treatment of leptomeningeal metastases. Arch Neurol 1995; 52: 912-7.
123. Burch PA, Grossman SA, Reinhard CS. Spinal cord penetration of intrathecally administered cytarabine and methotrexate: a quantitative autoradiographic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 1211-6.
124. Lunning MA, Stetler-Stevenson M, Silberstein PT, Zenger V, Marti GE. Spontaneous (pathological) splenic rupture in a blastic variant of mantle cell lymphoma: a case report and literature review. Clin Lymphoma 2002; 3: 117-20.
125. Yamada K, Ushio Y, Hayakawa T, Arita N, Huang TY, Nagatani M, et al. Distribution of radiolabeled 1-(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitros ourea hydrochloride in rat brain tumor: intraarterial versus intravenous administration. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 2123-8.
126. Shapiro WR, Green SB, Burger PC, et al. A randomized comparison of intra-arterial versus intravenous BCNU, with or without intravenous 5-fluorouracil, for newly diagnosed patients with malignant glioma. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 772-81.
127. Tamaki M, Ohno K, Niimi Y, et al.: Parenchymal damage in the territory of the anterior choroidal artery following supraophthalmic intracarotid administration of CDDP for treatment of malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 1997; 35: 65-72.
128. Fine HA, Antman KH: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of high grade astrocytomas in adults: therapeutic rationale and clinical experience. Bone Marrow Transplant 1992; 10: 315-21.
129. Fernandez-Hidalgo OA, Vanaclocha V, Vieitez JM, Aristu JJ, Rebollo J, Gurpide A, et al. High-dose BCNU and autologous progenitor cell transplantation given with intra-arterial cisplatinum and simultaneous radiotherapy in the treatment of high-grade gliomas: benefit for selected patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1996; 18: 143-9.
130. Grennuso R, Spigelman MK, Chinol M, Zappulla RA, Nieves J, Vallabhajosula S, et al. Effect of blood-barin barrier and blood-tumor barrier modification on central nervous system liposomal uptake. Cancer Invest 1993; 11: 118-28.
131. Huwyler J, Wu D, Pardridge WM. Brain drug delivery of small molecules using immunoliposomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1996; 93: 14164-9.
132. Kreuter J: Nanoparticles. In: Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical Technology. Eds. Swarbrick J and Boylan JC, Vol. 10, New York, Marcel dekker. 1994; 165-90.
133. Gelperina SE, Smirnova ZS, Khalanskiy AS, Skidan IN, Bobruskin AI, Kreuter J. Chemotherapy of brain tumours using doxorubicin bound to polysorbate 80-coated nanoparticles. Proceedings of the 3rd World Meeting APV/APGI, Berlin, 2000, 3/6th April 2000. pp. 441-442
134. Schroeder U, Sommerfeld P, Ulrich S, Sabel BA. Nanoparticle technology for delivery of drugs across the blood-brain barrier. J Pharm Sci 1998; 87: 1305-7.
135. Schroeder U, Schroeder H, Sabel BA. Body distribution of 3H-labelled dalargin bound to poly(butyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles after i.v. injections to mice. Life Sci 2000; 66: 495-502.
136. Alyautdin RN, Petrov VE, Langer K, Berthold A, Kharkevich DA, Kreuter J. Delivery of loperamide across the blood-brain barrier with polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. Pharm Res 1997; 14: 325-8.
137. Alyautdin RN, Tezikov EB, Ramge P, Kharkevich DA, Begley DJ, Kreuter J. Significant entry of tubocurarine into the brain of rats by adsorption to polysorbate 80-coated polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: an in situ brain perfusion study. J Microencapsul 1998; 15: 67-74.
138. Hassan EE, Gallo JM. Targeting anticancer drugs to the brain. I: Enhanced brain delivery of oxantrazole following administration in magnetic cationic microspheres. J Drug Target 1993; 1: 7-14.
139. Devineni D, Klein-Szanto A, Gallo JM. Tissue distribution of methotrexate following administration as a solution and as a magnetic microsphere conjugate in rats bearing brain tumors. J Neurooncol 1995; 24:143-52.
140. Pulfer SK, Ciccotto SL, Gallo JM. Distribution of small magnetic particles in brain tumor-bearing rats. J Neurooncol 1999; 41: 99-105.
141. Godwin JT, Farr LE, Sweet WH, Robertson JS. Pathological study of eight patients with glioblastoma multiform treated by neutron-capture therapy using boron 10. Cancer 1955; 8: 601-15.
142. Soloway AH, Hatanaka H, Davis MA. Penetration of brain and brain tumor VII. Tumor-binding sulfhydryl boron compounds. J Med Chem 1967; 10: 714-7.
143. Abe M, Amano K, Kitamura K, Ohta M, Tateishi J, Hatanaka H. Capillary permeability and boron distribution in ethylnitrosourea-induced rat glioma. Neurosurg 1988; 22: 23-31.
144. Clendenon NR, Barth RF, Gordon WH, Alam R, Soloway AH, Staubus AE, et al. Boron neutron capture therapy of rat glioma. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 47-55.
145. Hatanaka H, Nakagawa Y. Clinical results of long-surviving brain tumor patients who underwent boron neutron capture therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 28: 1061-6.
146. Coderre JA. BNCT for malignant glioma using BPA: radiation biology and treatment planning. In: 6th International Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer, Kobe, Japan, October 32-November 4, 1994, Abstract 6.
147. Mallesch JL, Moore DE, Allen BJ, McCarthy WH, Jones R, Stening WA. The pharmacokinetics of p -Boronophenylalanine fructose in human patients with glioma and metastatic melanoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 28: 1183-8.
148. LaHann TR, Lu DR, Daniell G, Sills C, Kraft SL, Gavin PR, et al. Bioavailability of intravenous formulations of p-boronphenyl-alanine in dog and rat. In: Soloway AH, Barth RF, Carpenter DE Eds, Advances in neutron capture therapy. New York, Plenum 1993; 585-9.
149. Yoshino K, Suzuki A, Mori Y, Kakihana H, Honda C, Mishima Y, et al. Improvement of solubility of p-boronophenylalanine by complex formation with monosaccharides. Strahlenther Onkol 1989; 165:127-9.
150. Coderre JA, Button TM, Micca PL, Fisher CD, Nawrocky MM, Liu HB. Neutron capture therapy of the 9L rat gliosarcoma using the p-boronophenylalanine-fructose complex. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 30: 643-52.
151. Hatanaka H, Komada F, Mishima Y, Okumura K. Improved bioavailability of para-boronophenylalanine by cyclodextrin complexation. J Pharm Sci 1993; 82:1054-7.
152. Hill JS, Kahl SB, Kaye AH, Stylli SS, Koo MS, Gonzales MF, et al. Selective tumor uptake of a boronated porphyrin in an animal model of cerebral glioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 1785-9.
153. Huang LR, Straubinger RM, Kahl SB, Koo MS, Alletto JJ, Mazurchuk R, et al. Boronated metalloporphyrins: a novel approach to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer using contrast-enhanced MR imaging and neutron capture therapy. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993; 3: 351-6.
154. Ceberg CP, Brun A, Kahl SB, Koo MS, Persson BR, Salford LG. A comparative study on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of boronated porphyrin (BOPP) and sulfhydryl boron hydride (BSH) in the RG2 rat glioma model. J Neurosurg 1995; 83: 86-92.
155. Rosenthal MA, Kavar B, Hill JS, Morgan DJ, Nation RL, Stylli SS, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of photodynamic therapy for high-grade gliomas using a novel boronated porphyrin. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 519-24.
156. Yamamoto Y, Seko T, Nakamura H, Nemeto H, Hojo H, Mukai N, et al. Synthesis of carbonate containing nucleoside bases. Unexpected high cytostatic and cytocidal toxicity towards cancer cells. J Chem Soc Commun 1992; 2: 157-8.
157. Jarugula VR, Schinazi RF, Fulcrand G, el Kattan Y, Liotta DC, Boudinot FD. Pharmacokinetics of 5-carboranyl-2′-deoxyuridine in rats. J Pharm Sci 1994; 83: 1697-9.
158. Schinazi RF, Hurwitz SJ, Liberman I, Juodawlkis AS, Tharnish P, Shi J, et al. Treatment of isografted 9L rat brain tumors with beta-5-o-carboranyl-2′-deoxyuridine neutron capture therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 725-30.
159. El-Zaria ME, Dorfler U, Gabel D. Synthesis of (Aminoalkylamine)-N-aminoalkyl)azanonaborane(11) Derivatives for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. J Med Chem 2002; 45: 5817-9.
160. Novick S, Quastel MR, Marcus S, Chipman D, Shani G, Barth RF, et al. Linkage of boronated polylysine to glycoside moieties of polyclonal antibody; boronated antibodies as potential delivery agents for neutron capture therapy. Nucl Med Biol 2002; 29: 159-67.
161. Ji B, Chen W, Lu DR, Halpern DS. Cell culture and animal studies for intracerebral delivery of borocaptate in liposomal formulation. Drug Deliv 2001; 8: 13-7.
162. Barth RF, Yang W, Adams DM, Rotaru JH, Shukla S, Sekido M, et al. Molecular targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor for neutron capture therapy of gliomas. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 3159-66.
163. Yang W, Barth RF, Adams DM, Ciesielski MJ, Fenstermaker RA, Shukla S, et al. Convection-enhanced delivery of boronated epidermal growth factor for molecular targeting of EGF receptor-positive gliomas. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 6552-8.
164. Chen W, Mehta SC, Lu DR. Selective boron drug delivery to brain tumors for boron neutron capture therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997; 26: 231-47.
165. Lu DR, Mehta SC, Chen W. Selective boron drug delivery to brain tumors for boron neutron capture therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1997; 26: 231-47.
166. Ast G. Drug-targeting strategies for prostate cancer. Curr Pharm Design 2003; 9(6): 455-66.
167. Nikam SS, Meltzer LT. NR2B selective NMDA receptor antagonists. Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(10): 845-55.
168. Schimmoller F, Higaki JN, Cordell B. Amyloid forming proteases: therapeutic targets for Alzheimer's disease. Curr Pharm Design 2002; 8(28): 2521-31.