Bioelectromagnetics in Morphogenesis

Bioelectromagnetics

Volumn 24, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 295-315

  Levin, Michael ^a  

^a FORSYTH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Development; Electromagnetic fields; Embryology; Regeneration; Self assembly; Ultraweak photons

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; DISEASES; MORPHOLOGY; SELF ASSEMBLY;

BIO-ELECTROMAGNETICS; CANCER; DEVELOPMENT; EMBRYOLOGY; EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT; MORPHOGENETICS; REGENERATION; SELF-ASSEMBLE; ULTRA-WEAK; ULTRAWEAK PHOTON;

ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS;

BIOPHYSICS; BIRTH DEFECT; CANCER; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD; EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; GENOMICS; MORPHOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGENERATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ANIMAL; CELL DIVISION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; NEOPLASM; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RADIATION EXPOSURE;

ANIMALS; BODY PATTERNING; CELL DIVISION; CELL PHYSIOLOGY; ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; HUMANS; MEMBRANE POTENTIALS; MORPHOGENESIS; NEOPLASMS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 2142669440     PISSN: 01978462     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/bem.10104     Document Type: Review

References (424)

1. Aarholt E, Flinn EA, Smith CW. 1982. Magnetic fields affect the Lac operon system. Phys Med Biol 27:606-610.
2. Adey WR. 1980. Frequency and power windowing in tissue interactions with weak electromagnetic fields. Proc IEEE 68(1): 119-124.
3. Agata K, Watanabe K. 1999. Molecular and cellular aspects of planarian regeneration. Sem Cell Dev Biol 10(4):377-383.
4. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1979. The orientation of centrioles in migrating 3T3 cells. Exp Cell Res 120:111-118.
5. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1981. Does the geometric design of centrioles imply their function. Cell Motil 1:237-245.
6. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1990. The iris diaphragm model of centriole and basal body formation. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 17:197-213.
7. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1991. Surface extensions of 3T3 cells towards distant infrared light sources. J Cell Biol 114(3):493-502.
8. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1992a. Function and formation of centrioles and basal bodies. In: Kalnins VI, editor. The centrosome. NY: Academic Press.
9. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1992b. Rudimentary form of cellular vision. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8288-8292.
10. Albrecht-Buehler G. 1994. Cellular infrared detector appears to be contained in the centrosome. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 27:262-271.
11. Albrieux M, Villaz M. 2000. Bilateral asymmetry of the inositol triphosphate-mediated calcium signaling in two-cell ascidian embryos. Biol Cell 92:277-284.
12. Altizer A, Moriarty L, Bell S, Schreiner C, Scott W, Borgens R. 2001. Endogenous electric current is associated with normal development of the vertebrate limb. Dev Dyn 221:391-401.
13. Amer NM, Tobias CA. 1965. Analysis of the combined effect of magnetic fields, temperature, and radiation on development. Radiat Res 25:172a.
14. Anderson M, Bowdan E, Kunkel JG. 1994. Comparison of defolliculated oocytes and intact follicles of the cockroach using the vibrating probe to record steady currents. Dev Biol 162:111-122.
15. + inwardly rectifying current: Relevance to neuritogenesis. Cell Adhes Commun 4:369-385.
16. Asashima M, Shimada K, Pfeiffer CJ. 1991. Magnetic shielding induces early developmental abnormalities in the newt. Bioelectromagnetics 12:215-224.
17. Audus LJ. 1960. Magnetotropism: A new plant growth response. Nature 185:132-134.
18. Bajpai RP, Bajpai PK, Roy D. 1991. Ultraweak photon emission in germinating seeds: A signal of biological order. J Biolumin Chemilumin 6:227-230.
19. Baker RR. 1984. Human magnetoreception for navigation. In: O'Connor ME, Lovely RH, editors. Electromagnetic fields and neurobehavioral function. NY: Alan R. Liss.
20. Barish ME. 1983. A transient calcium-dependent chloride current in the immature Xenopus oocyte. J Physiol 342:309-325.
21. Barnes FS. 1992. Some engineering models for interactions of electric and magnetic fields with biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics Suppl 1:67-85.
22. Barnothy MF. 1963a. Reduction of radiation mortality through magnetic pre-treatment. Nature 200:279-280.
23. Barnothy MF, editor. 1964. Biological effects of magnetic fields, Vol 1. NY: Plenum Press.
24. Barnothy MF, editor. 1969. Biological effects of magnetic fields, Vol 2. NY: Plenum Press.
25. Basset CAL. 1993. Beneficial effects of electromagnetic fields. J Cell Biochem 31:387-393.
26. Becker G. 1976. Reaction of termites to weak alternating magnetic fields. Naturwissenschaften 63:201-202.
27. Becker G. 1979. Communication between termites by means of biofields and the influence of magnetic and electric fields on termites. In: Popp AF, Becker G, König HL, Peschka W, editors. Electromagnetic bio-information. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
28. Becker RO. 1960. Bioelectric field pattern in the salamander and its simulation by an electronic analog. IRE Trans Med Electron ME-7:202-206.
29. Becker RO. 1972a. Electromagnetic forces and life processes. Technol Rev 75:32-38.
30. Becker RO. 1972b. Stimulation of partial limb regeneration in rats. Nature 235:109-111.
31. Becker RO. 1974. The basic biological data transmission and control system influenced by electrical forces. Ann NY Acad Sci 238:236-241.
32. Backer RO. 1984. Electromagnetic controls over biological growth processes. Journal of Bioelectricity 3:105-118.
33. Becker RO, Murray DG. 1967. A method for producing cellular redifferentiation by means of very small electrical currents. Transactions of the New York Academy of Science, Series II 29:606-615.
34. Becker RO, Sparado JA. 1972. Electrical stimulation of partial limb regenerationin mammals. Bull NY Acad Med 48:627-641.
35. Bell G, Marino AA, Chesson AL, Struve FA. 1991. Human sensitivity for weak magnetic fields. Lancet 338(8781):1521-1522.
36. Betts DH, Barcroft LC, Watson AJ. 1998. Na/K-ATPase-mediated 86Rb+ uptake and asymmetrical trophectoderm localization of alpha1 and alpha3 Na/K-ATPase isoforms during bovine preattachment development. Dev Biol 197:77-92.
37. + current highly conserved in tumors of different histogenesis: A selective advantage for cancer cells? Cancer Res 58:815-822.
38. Blackman CF. 1984. Stimulation of brain tissue in vitro by extremely lowfrequency, low intensity, sinusoidal electromagnetic fields. In: O'Connor ME, Lovely RH, editors. Electromagnetic fields and neurobehavioral function. NY: Alan R. Liss.
39. Blackman CF, House DE, Benane SG, Joines WT, Spiegel RJ. 1988. Effect of ambient levels of power-line frequency electric fields on a developing vertebrate. Bioelectromagnetics 9:129-140.
40. Bohrmann J, Gutzeit H. 1987. Evidence against electrophoresis as the principal mode of protein transport in vitellogenic ovarian follicles of Drosophila. Development 101:279-288.
41. Bohrmann J, Heinrich UR, Dorn A, Sander K, Gutzeit H. 1984. Electrical phenomena and their possible significance in the vitellogenic follicles of Drosophila melanogaster. J Embryol Exp Morphol 8(Suppl):151.
42. Bohrmann J, Dorn A, Sander K, Gutzeit G. 1986a. The extracellular electrical current pattern and its variability in vitellogenic Drosophila follicles. J Cell Sci 81:189-206.
43. Bohrmann J, Huebner E, Sander K, Gutzeit H. 1986b. Intracellular electrical potential measurements in Drosophila follicles. J Cell Sci 81:207-221.
44. Borgens RB. 1982a. Mice regrow the tips of their foretoes. Science 217:747-748.
45. Borgens RB. 1982b. What is the role of naturally produced electric current in vertebrate regeneration and healing? Int Rev Cytol 76:245-298.
46. Borgens RB. 1984. Are limb development and limb regeneration both initiated by an integumentart wounding. Differentiation 28:87-93.
47. Borgens RB. 1999. Electrically mediated regeneration and guidance of adult mammalian spinal axons into polymeric channels. Neuroscience 91:251-264.
48. Borgens RB, Shi R. 1995. Uncoupling histogenesis from morphogenesis in the vertebrate embryo by collapse of the transneural tube potential. Dev Dyn 203:456-467.
49. Borgens RB, Vanable JW Jr., Jaffe LF. 1979b. The role of subdermal current shunts in the failure of frogs to regenerate. J Exp Zool 209:49-55.
50. Borgens RB, Vanable JW, Jaffe LF. 1979c. Reduction of sodium dependent stump currents disturbs urodele limb regeneration. J Exp Zool 209:377-386.
51. Borgens RB, Vanable JW, Jaffe LF. 1979d. Bioelectricity and regeneration. Bioscience 29:468-474.
52. Borgens RB, Rouleau MF, Delanney LE. 1983. A steady efflux of ionic current predicts hind limb development in the axolotl. J Exp Zool 228:491-503.
53. Borgens RB, Blight AR, Murphy DL, Stewart L. 1986. Transected dorsal column axons within the guinea pig spinal cord regenerate in the presence of an applied electric field. J Comp Neurol 250:168-180.
54. Borgens RB, Callahan L, Rouleau MF. 1987a. Anatomy of Axolotl flank integument during limb bud development with special reference to a transcutaneous current predicting limb formation. J Exp Zool 244:203-214.
55. Borgens RB, Blight AR, McGinnis ME. 1987b. Behavioral recovery induced by applied electric fields after spinal cord hemisection in guinea pig. Science 238:366-369.
56. Borgens RB, Robinson KR, Vanable JW Jr., McGinnis ME. 1989. Electric fields in vertebrate repair. NY: Alan R. Liss.
57. Borgens RB, Blight AR, McGinnis ME. 1990. Functional recovery after spinal cord hemisection in guinea pigs: The effects of applied electric fields. J Comp Neurol 296:634-653.
58. Borgens RB, Toombs JP, Breur G, Widmer WR, Waters D, Harbath AM, March P, Adams LG. 1999. An imposed oscillating electrical field improves the recovery of function in neurologically complete paraplegic dogs [erratum appears in J Neurotrauma 2000 Aug; 17(8):727]. J Neurotrauma 16:639-657.
59. Borgens RB, Toombs JP, Breur G, Widmer WR, Waters D, Harbath AM, March P, Adams LG. 1999. An imposed oscillating electrical field improves the recovery of function in neurologically complete paraplegic dogs [erratum appears in J Neurotrauma 2000 Aug; 17(8):727]. J Neurotrauma 16:639-657.
60. Borodin YI, Letiagin AY. 1990. Reaction of circadian rhythms of the lymphoid system to deep screening from geomagnetic fields of the earth. Biull Eksp Biol Med 109(2):191-193.
61. Bowdan E, Kunkel J. 1990. Patterns of ionic currents around the developing oocyte of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Dev Biol 137:266-275.
62. Bröndsted HV. 1969. Planarian regeneration. Pergamon Press.
63. Brewer HB. 1979. Some preliminary studies of the effects of a static magnetic field on the life cycle of the Lebistes reticulatus. Biophys J 28:305-314.
64. Brick I, Schaeffer BE, Schaeffer HE, Gennaro JF. 1974. Electrokinetic properties and morphologic characteristics of amphibian gastrula cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 238:390-407.
65. Britland S, McCaig C. 1996. Embryonic Xenopus neurites integrate and respond to simultaneous electrical and adhesive guidance cues. Exp Cell Biol Res 226:31-38.
66. Brockes JP. 1998. Regeneration and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1377:M1-M11.
67. Brown FA, Barnwell FH. 1961b. Magnetic field strength and organismic orientation. Biol Bull 121:306.
68. Brown FA, Chow CS. 1973. Interorganismic and environmental influences through extremely weak electromagnetic fields. Biol Bull 144(3):437-461.
69. Brown FA, Scow KM. 1978. Magnetic induction of a circadian cycle in hamsters. J Interdiscip Cycle Res 9:137-145.
70. Brown FA, Webb HM. 1961. A "compass-direction effect" for snails in constant conditions and its lunar modulation. Biol Bull 121:307.
71. Brown FA, Webb HM, Brett WJ. 1955b. Magnetic response of an organism and its lunar relationships. Biol Bull 118:382-392.
72. Brown HR, Ilyinsky OB, Muravejko VM, Corshkov ES, Fonarev GA. 1979. Evidence that geomagnetic variations can be detected by lorenzian ampullae. Nature 277:648-649.
73. Bruce GK, Howlett CR, Huckstep RL. 1987. Effect of a static magnetic field on fracture healing in a rabbit radius. Clin Orthop 222:300-306.
74. Burgener-Kairuz P, Corthesy-Theulaz I, Merillat AM, Good P, Geering K, Rossier BC. 1994. Polyadenylation of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase beta 1-subunit during early development of Xenopus laevis. Am J Physiol 266:C157-C164.
75. Burr HS. 1941a. Field properties of the developing frog's egg. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 27:276-281.
76. Burr HS. 1941b. Changes in the field properties of mice with transplanted tumors. Yale J Biol Med 13:783-788.
77. Burr HS. 1942. Electrical correlates of growth in corn roots. Yale J Biol Med 14:581-588.
78. Burr HS. 1944. Electricity and life. Yale Sci Mag 5-18.
79. Burr HS. 1947a. Field theory in biology. Sci Mon 64:217-225.
80. Burr HS. 1950. An electrometric study of cotton seeds. J Exp Zool 113:201-210.
81. Burr HS. 1952. Electrometrics of atypical growth. Yale J Biol Med 25:67-75.
82. Burr HS, Bullock TH. 1941. Steady state potential differences in the early development of Amblystoma. Yale J Biol Med 14:51-57.
83. Burr HS, Hovland CI. 1937a. Bio-electric correlates of development in Amblystoma. Yale J Biol Med 9:541-549.
84. Burr HS, Hovland CI. 1937b. Bioelectric potential gradients in the chick. Yale J Biol Med 9:247-258.
85. Burr HS, Lane CT. 1935. Electrical characteristics of living systems. Yale J Biol Med 8:31-35.
86. Burr HS, Nelson O. 1946. Growth correlates of electromotive forces in maize seeds. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 32:73-84.
87. Burr HS, Northrop FSC. 1937. The electro-dynamic theory of life. Q Rev Biol 10:322-333.
88. Burr HS, Northrop FSC. 1939. Evidence for the existence of an electro-dynamic field in living organisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 25:284-288.
89. Burr HS, Sinnot EW. 1944. Electrical correlates of form in cucurbit fruits. Am J Bot 31:249-253.
90. Burr HS, Musselman LK, Barton DS, Kelly NB. 1937. A bioelectric record of human ovulation. Science 86:312.
91. Burr HS, Strong LC, Smith GM. 1938a. Bioelectric properties of cancer-resistant and cancer susceptible mice. Am J Cancer 32:240-248.
92. Burr HS, Strong LC, Smith GM. 1938c. Bioelectric correlates of methylcolantherene-induced tumors in mice. Yale J Biol Med 10:539-544.
93. Burr HS, Smith GM, Strong LC. 1940a. Electrometric studies of tumors induced in mice by the external application of benzpyrene. Yale J Biol Med 12:711-717.
94. Cameron IL, Hardman WE, Winters WD, Zimmerman S, Zimmerman AM. 1993. Environmental magnetic fields: Influences on early embryogenesis. J Cell Biochem 51:417-425.
95. Chambers EL, de Armendi J. 1979. Membrane potential, action potential and activation of eggs of the sea urchin. Exp Cell Res 122:203-218.
96. atp channel activity is required for hatching in Xenopus. Dev Dyn 225(4):588-591.
97. Chiabrera A, Hisenkamp M, Pilla AA, Ryaby J, Ponta D, Belmont A, Beltrame F, Grattarola M, Nicolini C. 1979. Cytoflourometry of electromagnetically controlled cell dedifferentiation. J Histochem Cytochem 27(1):375-381.
98. Chiabrera A, Viviani R, Parodi G, Vernazza G, Hinsenkamp M, Pilla AA, Ryaby J, Beltrame F, Grattarola M, Nicolini C. 1980. Automated absorption image cytometry of electromagnetically-exposed frog erythrocytes. Cytometry 1(1):42-48.
99. Chiabrera A, Giannetti G, Grattarola M, Parodi M, Carlo P, Finollo R. 1985. The role of ions in modifying chromatin structure. Reconstr Surg Traumatol 19:51-62.
100. Christel P, Pilla AA. 1981. Pulsating electromagnetically induced current modulation of bone repair: Effect of waveform configuration on rat radialosteotomies. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 1.
101. Christel P, Cerf G, Pilla AA. 1979. Modulation of rat radial osteotomy repair using electromagneticcurrent induction. In: Becker RO, editor. Mechanisms of growth control. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
102. Chwirot WB. 1986. New indication of possible role of DNA in ultraweak photon emission from biological systems. J Plant Physiol 122:81-86.
103. Chwirot WB. 1988. Ultraweak photon emission and anther meotic cycle in Larix europaea. Experientia 44:594-598.
104. Chwirot WB, Dygdala RS. 1986. Light transmission of scales overing male inflorescences and leaf buds in Larch during microsporogenesis. J Plant Physiol 125:79-86.
105. Chwirot WB, Dygdala RS. 1991. Ultraweak photon emission in UV region during microsporogenesis in Larix decidua Mill. Cytobios 65:25-29.
106. Chwirot WB, Popp FA. 1991. White-light induced luminescence and mitotic activity of yeast cells. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 29(4):155.
107. Chwirot WB, Popp FA. 1995. White-light induced luminescence from normal and temperature sensitive Saccharmyces cerevisiae. In: Beloussov LV, Popp FA, editors. Non-equilibrium and coherent systems in biology, biophysics, and biotechnology, biophotonics.
108. Cohen MI, Morrill GA. 1969a. Electric field in amphibian embryo and its possible role in morphogenesis. Biophys J 9:A187.
109. Cohen MI, Morrill GA. 1969b. Model for electric field generated by unidirectional sodium transport in amphibian embryo. Nature 222:84.
110. Colacicco G, Pilla AA. 1984. Transduction of electromagnetic signals into biological effects. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 12:259-265.
111. Cole FE, Graf ER. 1974. Precambrian ELF and abiogenesis. In: Persinger MA, editor. ELF and VLF electromagnetic field effects. New York: Plenum Press.
112. Colli L, Facchini U, Guidotti G. 1955. Further measurements on the bioluminescence of seedlings. Experientia 11:479-481.
113. Cone CD. 1969. Autosynchrony and self-induced mitosis in sarcoma cell networks. Acta Cytol 13:576-582.
114. Cone CD. 1970. Variation of the transmembrane potential level as a basic mechanism of mitosis control. Oncology 24:438-470.
115. Cone CD. 1971. Unified theory on the basic mechanism of normal mitotic control and oncogenesis. J Theor Biol 30:151-181.
116. Cone C. 1974a. The role of the surface electrical transmembrane potential in normal and malignant mitogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 420-435.
117. Cone CD. 1974b. The role of the surface electrical transmembrane potential in normal and malignant mitogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 238:420-435.
118. Cone CD. 1980. Ionically mediated induction of mitogenesis in CNS neurons. Ann NY Acad Sci 339:115-131.
119. Cone CD, Tongier M. 1971. Control of somatic cell mitosis by simulated changes in transmembrane potential level. Oncogenesis 25:168-182.
120. Conley CC, editor. 1970. A review of the biological effects of very low magnetic fields. NASA Technical Note, TN D-5902.
121. Coombs JL, Villaz M, Moody WJ. 1992. Changes in voltage-dependent ion currents during meiosis and first mitosis in eggs of an ascidian. Dev Biol 153:273-282.
122. Cooper MS. 1981. Coherent polarization waves in cell division and cancer. Collect Phenomena 3:273-288.
123. Dalle-Lucca SL, Dalle-Lucca JJ, Borges AC, Ihara SS, Paiva TB. 2000. Abnormal proliferative response of the carotid artery of spontaneously hypertensive rats after angioplasty may be related to the depolarized state of its smooth muscle cells. Braz J Med Biol Res 33:919-927.
124. Davenport RW, McCaig CD. 1993. Hippocampal growth cone responses to focally applied electric fields. J Neurobiol 24:89-100.
125. Delgado JM, Monteagudo JL, Gracia M, Leal J. 1981. Teratogenic effects of weak magnetic fields. IRCS Med Sci 9:392.
126. Delgado JM, Leal J, Monteagudo J, Gracia M. 1982. Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. J Anat 134(4):533-551.
127. Deloof A. 1983. The meroistic insect ovary as a miniature electrophoresis chamber. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 74:3-9.
128. Deloof A, Geysen J. 1983. Epigenetic control of gene-expression - A new unifying hypothesis. Bioelectrochem Bioenerg 11:383-388.
129. Deloof A, Geysen J, Cardoen J, Verachtert B. 1990. Comparative developmental physiology and molecular cytology of the polytrophic ovarian follicles of the blowfly sarcophagi-Bullata and the fruit - Fly Drosophila Melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 96:309-321.
130. Diehl-Jones WL, Huebner E. 1993. Ionic basis of bioelectric currents during oogenesis in an insect. Dev Biol 158:301-316.
131. Djamgoz MBA, Mycielska M, Madeja Z, Fraser SP, Korohoda W. 2001. Directional movement of rat prostate cancer cells in direct-current electric field: Involvement of voltage-gated Na+ channel activity. J Cell Sci 114:2697-2705.
132. Drean G, Leclerc C, Duprat AM, Moreau M. 1995. Expression of L-type Ca2+ channel during early embryogenesis in Xenopus laevis. Int J Dev Biol 39:1027-1032.
133. Engstrom S, Fitzsimmons R. 1999. Five hypotheses to examine the nature of magnetic field transduction in biological systems. Bioelectromagnetics 20:423-430.
134. Erskine L, McCaig CD. 1995a. The effects of lyotropic anions on electric field-induced guidance of cultured frog nerves. J Physiol 486:229-236.
135. Erskine L, McCaig CD. 1995b. Growth cone neurotransmitter receptor activation modulates electric field-guided nerve growth. Dev Biol 171:330-339.
136. Erskine L, Stewart R, McCaig CD. 1995. Electric field-directed growth and branching of cultured frog nerves: Effects of aminoglycosides and polycations. J Neurobiol 26:523-536.
137. Faszewski EE, Kunkel JG. 2001. Covariance of ion flux measurements allows new interpretation of Xenopus laevis oocyte physiology. J Exp Zool 290:652-661.
138. Feijo JA, Sainhas J, Hackett GR, Kunkel JG, Hepler PK. 1999. Growing pollen tubes possess a constitutive alkaline band in the clear zone and a growth-dependent acidic tip. J Cell Biol 144:483-496.
139. Feijo JA, Sainhas J, Holdaway-Clarke T, Cordeiro MS, Kunkel JG, Hepler PK. 2001. Cellular oscillations and the regulation of growth: The pollen tube paradigm. Bioessays 23:86-94.
140. Fröhlich H. 1977. Possibilities of long and short range electric interactions of biological systems. Neurosci Res Program Bull 15:67-72.
141. Fröhlich H, editor. 1988. Biological coherence and response to external stimuli. NY. Springer-Verlag.
142. Fröhlich H, Kremer F, eds. 1983. Coherent excitations in biological systems. New York: Springer-Verlag.
143. French V, Bryant PJ, Bryant SV. 1966. Pattern regulation in epimorphic fields. Science 193:969-981.
144. Friedman H, Becker RO, Bachman C. 1962. Direct current potentials in hypnoanalgesia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 7:193-197.
145. Friedman H, Becker RO, Bachman CH. 1963. Geomagnetic parameters and psychiatric hospital admissions. Nature 200:626-628.
146. Galle M. 1992. Population density-dependence of biophoton emission from Daphnia. In: Popp FA, Li KH, Gu Q, editors. Recent advances in biophoton research and its applications. Singapore: World Scientific.
147. Galle M, Neurohr R, Altmann G, Popp FA, Nagl W. 1991. Biophoton emission from Daphnia magna: A possible factor in the self-regulation of swarming. Experientia 47:457-460.
148. Goodman R, Henderson AS. 1988. Exposure of salivary gland cells to low-frequency electromagnetic fields alters polypeptide synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:3928-3932.
149. Goodman R, Abbot J, Krim AJ, Henderson AS. 1985. The effect of pulsing electromagnetic fields on RNA, DNA, and protein synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 5.
150. Gould JL. 1984. Magnetic field sensitivity in animals. Annu Rev Physiol 46:585-598.
151. Grasso F, Musumeci F, Triglia A, Yanabastiev M, Borisova S. 1991. Self-irradiation effect on yeast cells. Photochem Photobiol 54(1):147-149.
152. Grasso F, Grillo C, Musumeci F, Triglia A, Rodolico G, Cannisuli F, Rinzivillo C, Fragati G, Santuccio A, Rodolico M. 1992. Photon emission from normal and tumor brain tissues. Experientia 48:10-12.
153. Grattarola M, Chiabrera A, Viviani R, Parodi G. 1985. Interactions between weak electromagnetic fields and biosystems. J Bioelectricity 4:211-225.
154. Greene JJ, Skowronski WJ, Mullins JM, Nardone RM. 1991. Delineation of electric and magnetic field effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation on transcription. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 174(2):742-749.
155. Griffin GD, Khalaf W, Hayden KE, Miller EJ, Dowray VR, Creekmore AL, Carruthers CW Jr., Williams MW, Gailey PC. 2000a. Power frequency magnetic field exposure and gap junctional communication in clone 9 cells. Bioelectrochemistry 51:117-123.
156. Griffin GD, Williams MW, Gailey PC. 2000b. Cellular communication in clone 9 cells exposed to magnetic fields. Radiat Res 153:690-698.
157. Gruler H, Nuccitelli R. 1991. Neural crest cell galvanotaxis: New data and a novel approach to the analysis of both galvanotaxis and chemotaxis. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 19:121-133.
158. Gruler H, Nuccitelli R. 2000. The galvanotaxis response mechanism of keratinocytes can be modeled as a proportional controller. Cell Biochem Biophys 33:33-51.
159. Gurwitsch AA. 1988. A historical review of the problem of mitogenetic radiation. Experientia 44:545-550.
160. Hagiwara S, Jaffe LA. 1979. Electrical properties of egg cell membranes. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 8:385-416.
161. Harrington DB, Becker RO. 1973. Electrical stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis in the frog erythrocyte. Exp Cell Res 76:95-98.
162. Harrington DB, Meyer R, Klein RM. 1974. Effects of small amounts of electric current at the cellular level. Ann NY Acad Sci 238:300-305.
163. Harrington DB, Chen TA, Rivlin S, Conway F. 1981. Inhibition of amphibian limb regeneration by electric fields. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 1.
164. Harrison CGA, Funnel BM. 1964. Relationship of paleomagnetic reversals and micropaleontology in two late Caenozoic cores from the Pacific Ocean. Nature 204:566.
165. Hays JD. 1971. Faunal extinctions and reversals of the earth's magnetic field. Geological Soc Am Bull 82:2433-2447.
166. Hillingworth CM. 1974. Trapped fingers and amputated finger tips in children. J Pediatr Surg 9(6):853-858.
167. Hillingworth CM, Barker AT. 1980. Measurement of electrical currents emerging during the regeneration of amputated fingertips in children. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1:87-89.
168. Hinkle L, McCaig CD, Robinson KR. 1981. The direction of growth of differentiating neurones and myoblasts from frog embryos in an applied electric field. Am J Physiol 314:121-135.
169. Hiraoka M, Miyakoshi J, Li YP, Shung B, Takebe H, Abe M. 1992. Induction of c-fos gene expression by exposure to a static magnetic field in HeLaS3 cells. Cancer Res 52:6522-6523.
170. Ho MW, Popp FA, Warnke U, editor. 1994. Bioelectrodynamics and biocommunication. NJ: World Scientific.
171. Holian O, Astumian RD, Lee RC, Reyes HM, Attar BM, Walter RJ. 1996. Protein kinase C activity is altered in HL60 cells exposed to 60 Hz AC electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 17:504-509.
172. + channels in follicular cells from Xenopus oocyte. Pflugers Archiv 424: 113-121.
173. Horn H. 1981. Bees in an electric field. Apidologie 12(1):101-103.
174. Hotary KB, Robinson KR. 1990. Endogenous electrical currents and the resultant voltage gradients in the chick embryo. Dev Biol 140:149-160.
175. Hotary KB, Robinson KR. 1991. The neural-tube of the Xenopus embryo maintains a potential difference across itself. Dev Brain Res 59:65-73.
176. Hotary KB, Robinson KR. 1992. Evidence of a role for endogenous electric fields in chick embryo development. Development 114:985-996.
177. Hotary KB, Robinson KR. 1994. Endogenous electrical currents and voltage gradients in Xenopus embryos and the consequences of their disruption. Dev Biol 166(2):789-800.
178. Hotz-Wagenblatt A, Shalloway D. 1993. Gap junctional communication and neoplastic transformation Crit Rev Oncog 4(5): 541-558.
179. Hu GL, Chiang H, Zeng QL, Fu YD. 2001. ELF magnetic field inhibits gap junctional intercellular communication and induces hyperphosphorylation of connexin43 in NIH3T3 cells. Bioelectromagnetics 22:568-573.
180. Humphrey CE, Seal EH. 1959. Biophysical approach toward tumor regression in mice. Science 130:388-389.
181. Ivanhoe F. 1979. Direct correlation of human skull vault thickness with geomagnetic intensity in some Northern hemisphere populations. J Hum Evol 8(4):433-444.
182. Ivanhoe F. 1982. Evolution of human brain size and paleolithic culture in the Northern hemisphere: Relation to geomagnetic intensity. J Bioelectricity 1(1):13-57.
183. Ives HE, Rector FC Jr. 1984. Proton transport and cell function. J Clin Invest 73:285-290.
184. Jacobson JI. 1988. A new approach to cancer: Oncogenic recrystallization and translocation with amplitude modulated magnetic resonance. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 8.
185. Jaffe L. 1981. The role of ionic currents in establishing developmental pattern. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 295:553-566.
186. Jaffe LF. 1982. Developmental currents, voltages, and gradients. In: Subtelny S, Green PB, editors. Developmental order: Its origin and regulation. NY: Alan R. Liss, Inc.
187. Jaffe L, Nuccitelli R. 1977. Electrical controls of development. Annu Rev Biophys Bioeng 6:445-476.
188. Jaffe LF, Woodruff RI. 1979. Large electrical currents traverse developing Cecropia follicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:1328-1332.
189. Jamakosmanovic A, Loewenstein WR. 1969. Intercellular communication and growth III: Thyroid cancer. J Cell Biol 38:556-561.
190. Jenkins L, Duerstock B, Borgens R. 1996. Reduction of the current of injury leaving the amputation inhibits limb regeneration in the red spotted newt. Dev Biol 178:251-263.
191. Jezowska-Trzebiatowska B, Kochel B, Slawinski J, Strek W. 1986. Photon Emission from biological systems. NJ: World Scientific.
192. Jones S, Ribera A. 1994. Overexpression of a potassium channel gene perturbs neural differentiation. J Neurosci 14:2789-2799.
193. Jones DH, Davies TC, Kidder GM. 1997. Embryonic expression of the putative gamma subunit of the sodium pump is required for acquisition of fluid transport capacity during mouse blastocyst development. J Cell Biol 139:1545-1552.
194. Juutilainen J, Saali K. 1986. Development of chick embryos in 1 Hz to 10 kHz magnetic fields. Radiat Environ Biophys 25:135-140.
195. Juutilainen J, Harri M, Saali K, Lahtinen T. 1986. Effects of 100-Hz magnetic fields with various waveforms on the development of chick embryos. Radiat Environ Biophys 25:65-74.
196. Kamleiter M, Hanemann CO, Kluwe L, Rosenbaum C, Wosch S, Mautner VF, Muller HW, Grafe P. 1998. Voltage-dependent membrane currents of cultured human neurofibromatosis type 2 Schwann cells. GLIA 24:313-322.
197. Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp K-P. 1986a. Magnetic fields differentially inhibit mu, delta, kappa, and sigma opiate-induced analgesia in mice. Peptides 7:449-453.
198. Kavaliers M, Ossenkopp K-P. 1986b. Stress-induced opioid analgesia and activity in mice: Inhibitory influences of exposure to magnetic fields. Psychopharmacology 89:440-443.
199. Keefe D, Pepperell J, Rinaudo P, Kunkel J, Smith P. 1995. Identification of calcium flux in single preimplantation mouse embryos with the calcium-sensitive vibrating probe. Biol Bull 189:200.
200. Kermarrec A. 1981. Sensitivity to artificial magnetic fields and avoiding reaction. Insectes Sociaux 28(1):40-46.
201. Kholodov YA. 1966. Effect of electromagnetic and magnetic fields on the central nervous system, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).
202. Kholodov YA. 1973. Magnetism in Biology, JPRS #60737, National Technical Information Service, U.S. Department of Commerce.
203. Kim YS. 1976. Some possible effects of static magnetic fields on cancer. TIT J Life Sci 6:11-28.
204. Kindle H, Lanzrein B, Kunkel JG. 1990. The effect of ions, ion channel blockers, and ionophores on uptake of vitellogenin into cockroach follicles. Dev Biol 142:386-391.
205. King BF, Wang S, Burnstock G. 1996. P2 purinoceptor-activated inward currents in follicular oocytes of Xenopus laevis. J Physiol 494:17-28.
206. Klimatcheva E, Wonderlin W. 1999. An ATP-sensitive K(+) current that regulates progression through early G1 phase of the cell cycle in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. J Membr Biol 171:35-46.
207. Klueber KM. 1981. The teratogenicity of low-level magnetic fields in the developing chick embryo. Anat Rec 199(3):144a.
208. + channel expression and cell proliferation are regulated by intracellular sodium and membrane depolarization in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. J Neurosci 17:2669-2682.
209. Koch WE, Koch BA, Martin AH, Moses GC. 1993. Examination of the development of chicken embryos following exposure to magnetic fields. Comp Biochem Physiol 105A(4):617-624.
210. König HL. 1979. Bioinformation: Electrophysical aspects. In: Popp FA, Becker G, König HL, Peschka W, editors. Electromagnetic bio-information. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
211. Kopper JS, Papamarinopoulos S. 1978. Human evolution and geomagnetism. J Field Archaeol 5:444-452.
212. Korohoda W, Mycielska M, Janda E, Madeja Z. 2000. Immediate and long-term galvanotactic responses of Amoeba proteus to dc electric fields. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton 45:10-26.
213. Krueger WF, Giarola AJ, Bradley JW, Shrekenhamer A. 1975. Effects of electromagnetic fields on fecundity in the chicken. Ann NY Acad Sci 247:391-400.
214. Kucera P, de Ribaupierre Y. 1989. Extracellular electrical currents in the chick blastoderm. Biol Bull 176(S):118-122.
215. Kunkel JG. 1986. Dorsoventral currents are associated with vitellogenesis in cockroach ovarioles. Prog Clin Biol Res 210:165-172.
216. Kunkel JG. 1991. Models of pattern formation in insect oocytes. In Vivo 5:443-456.
217. Kunkel JG, Faszewski E. 1995. Pattern of potassium ion and proton currents in the ovariole of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, indicates future embryonic polarity. Biol Bull 189:197-198.
218. Kunkel JG, Smith PJ. 1994. Three-dimensional calibration of the non-invasive ion probe, NVP(i), of steady ionic currents. Biol Bull 187:271-272.
219. Kurtz I, Schrank AR. 1955. Bioelectrical properties of intact and regenerating earthworms Eisenia foetida. Physiol Zool 28:322-330.
220. Lai H, Singh NP. 1997. Acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field increases DNA strand breaks in rat brain cells. Bioelectromagnetics 18:156-165.
221. Lai H, Carino MA, Ushijima I. 1998. Acute exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field affects rats' water-maze performance. Bioelectromagnetics 19:117-122.
222. Langman L, Burr HS. 1949. A technique to aid in the detection of malignancy of the female genital tract. Am J Obstet Gynecol 57(2):274-280.
223. Larter R, Ortoleva P. 1981. A theoretical basis for self-electrophoresis. J Theor Biol 88:599-630.
224. Leclerc C, Daguzan C, Nicolas MT, Chabret C, Duprat AM, Moreau M. 1997. L-type calcium channel activation controls the in vivo transduction of the neuralizing signal in the amphibian embryos. Mech Dev 64:105-110.
225. Leclerc C, Duprat AM, Moreau M. 1999. Noggin upregulates Fos expression by a calcium-mediated pathway in amphibian embryos. Dev Growth Differ 41:227-238.
226. Leclerc C, Webb SE, Daguzan C, Moreau M, Miller AL. 2000. Imaging patterns of calcium transients during neural induction in Xenopus laevis embryos. J Cell Sci 113(Pt 19): 3519-3529.
227. Levin M. 2001. Isolation and community: The role of gap junctional communication in embryonic patterning. J Membr Biol 185:177-192.
228. Levin M, Ernst SG. 1997. DC magnetic field effects on early sea urchin development. Bioelectromagnetics 18(3):255-263.
229. Levin M, Mercola M. 1998. Gap junctions are involved in the early generation of left right asymmetry. Dev Biol 203(1):90-105.
230. Levin M, Mercola M. 1999. Gap junction-mediated transfer of left-right patterning signals in the early chick blastoderm is upstream of Shh asymmetry in the node. Development 126:4703-4714.
231. Levin M, Thorlin T, Robinson K, Nogi T, Mercola M. 2002. Asymmetries in H+/K+-ATPase and cell membrane potentials comprise a very early step in left-right patterning. Cell 111:77-89.
232. Levine RL, Dooley JK, Bluni TD. 1995. Magnetic field effects on spatial discrimination and melatonin levels in mice. Physiol Behav 58(3):535-537.
233. Li CM, Chiang H, Fu YD, Shao BJ, Shi JR, Yao GD. 1999. Effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on gap junctional intercellular communication [erratum appears in Bioelectromagnetics 1999 Sep;20(6):396]. Bioelectromagnetics 20:290-294.
234. Li CM, Chiang H, Fu YD, Shao BJ, Shi JR, Yao GD. 1999. Effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on gap junctional intercellular communication [erratum appears in Bioelectromagnetics 1999 Sep;20(6):396]. Bioelectromagnetics 20:290-294.
235. Liboff AR, Williams T Jr., Strong DM, Wistar R Jr. 1982. Alternating magnetic fields enhance DNA synthesis in fibroblastic cells. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 2.
236. Lin-Liu S, Adey WR, Poo MM. 1984. Migration of cell surface concanavalin A receptors in pulsed electric fields. Biophys J 45:1211-1217.
237. Litovitz TA, Montrose CJ, Doinov P. 1992. Spatial and temporal coherence affects the response of biological systems to electromagnetic fields.
238. Litovitz TA, Montrose CJ, Doinov P, Brown KM, Barber M. 1994. Superimposing spatially coherent electromagnetic noise inhibits field-induced abnormalities in developing chick embryos. Bioelectromagnetics 15:105-113.
239. Lo CW. 1996. The role of gap junction membrane channels in development. J Bioenerg Biomembr 28:379-385.
240. Loew LM. 1992. Voltage-sensitive dyes: Measurement of membrane potentials induced by DC and AC electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics (Suppl 1):179-189.
241. Loewenstein WR, Kanno Y. 1966. Intercellular communication and control of tissue growth: Lack of communication between cancer cells. Nature 209:1248-1249.
242. Lohmann KJ, Willows AOD, Pinter RB. 1991. An identifiable molluscan neuron responds to changes in earth-strength magnetic fields. J Exp Biol 161:1-24.
243. Lund EJ. 1921. Experimental control of organic polarity by the electric current I. J Exp Zool 34:471-494.
244. Lund EJ. 1923. Experimental control of organic polarity by the electric current III. J Exp Zool 37:69-87.
245. Lund E. 1947. Bioelectric fields and growth. Austin: University of Texas Press.
246. MacFarlane SN, Sontheimer H. 2000. Changes in ion channel expression accompany cell cycle progression of spinal cord astrocytes. GLIA 30:39-48.
247. Malin SRC, Srivastava BJ. 1979. Correlation between heart attacks and magnetic activity. Nature 277:646-648.
248. Marino AA, Morris DM, Schwalke MA, Iliev IG, Rogers S. 1994b. Electrical potential measurements in human breast cancer and benign lesions. Tumour Biol 15(3):147-152.
249. Marsh G. 1957. Effect of transverse direct current fields upon regenerating Dugesia tigrina. Quastler and Morowitz.
250. Marsh G. 1969. The effect of AC field frequency on the regeneration axis of Dugesia tigrina. Growth 33:291-301.
251. Marsh G, Beams HW. 1957. Electrical control of morphogenesis in regenerating Dugesia tigrina. J Cell Comp Physiol 39:191-211.
252. Marsh AG, Leong PKK, Manahan T. 2000. Gene expression and enzyme activities of the sodium pump during sea urchin development: Implications for indices of physiological state. Biol Bull 199:100-107.
253. Martinez-Zaguilan R, Gillies RJ. 1992. A plasma membrane V-type H(+)-ATPase may contribute to elevated intracellular pH (pHin) in some human tumor cells. Ann NY Acad Sci 671:478-480.
254. Martinez-Zaguilan R, Lynch RM, Martinez GM, Gillies RJ. 1993. Vacuolar-type H(+)-ATPases are functionally expressed in plasma membranes of human tumor cells. Am J Physiol 265:C1015-C1029.
255. Mathews AP. 1903. Electrical polarity in the hydroids. Am J Physiol 8:294-299.
256. Matzke MA, Matzke AJ. 1996. Electric fields and the nuclear membrane. Bioessays 18:849-850.
257. McBride EL, Comer AE. 1975. The effect of magnetic fluctuation on bean rhythms. Chronobiologia Suppl 1:44-45.
258. McCaig CD. 1986a. Dynamic aspects of amphibian neurite growth and the effects of an applied electric field. J Physiol 375:55-69.
259. McCaig CD. 1986b. Electric fields, contact guidance and the direction of nerve growth. J Embryol Exp Morphol 94:245-255.
260. McCaig CD. 1987. Spinal neurite reabsorption and regrowth in vitro depend on the polarity of an applied electric field. Development Suppl 100:31-41.
261. McCaig CD. 1988. Nerve guidance: A role for bio-electric fields? Prog Neurobiol 30:449-468.
262. McCaig CD. 1989a. Nerve growth in the absence of growth cone filopodia and the effects of a small applied electric field. J Cell Sci 93:715-721.
263. McCaig CD. 1989b. Studies on the mechanism of embryonic frog nerve orientation in a small applied electric field. J Cell Sci 93:723-730.
264. McCaig CD. 1990a. Nerve branching is induced and oriented by a small applied electric field. J Cell Sci 95:605-615.
265. McCaig CD. 1990b. Nerve growth in a small applied electric field and the effects of pharmacological agents on rate and orientation. J Cell Sci 95:617-622.
266. McCaig CD, Dover PJ. 1991. Factors influencing perpendicular elongation of embryonic frog muscle cells in a small applied electric field. J Cell Sci 98:497-506.
267. McCaig CD, Dover PJ. 1993. Raised cyclic-AMP and a small applied electric field influence differentiation, shape, and orientation of single myoblasts. Dev Biol 158:172-182.
268. McCaig CD, Erskine L. 1996. Nerve growth and nerve guidance in a physiological electric field. In: McCaig CD, editor. Nerve growth and guidance. Portland Press.
269. McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM. 1991. Electrical fields, nerve growth and nerve regeneration. Exp Physiol 76:473-494.
270. McCaig CD, Stewart R. 1992. The effects of melanocortins and electrical fields on neuronal growth. Exp Neurol 116:172-179.
271. McCaig CD, Zhao M. 1997. Physiological electrical fields modify cell behaviour. Bioessays 19(9):819-886.
272. McCaig CD, Sangster L, Stewart R. 2000. Neurotrophins enhance electric field-directed growth cone guidance and directed nerve branching. Dev Dyn 217:299-308.
273. McCaig CD, Rajnicek AM, Song B, Zhao M. 2002. Has electrical growth cone guidance found its potential? Trends Neurosci 25:354-359.
274. McCleary VL, Akers TK, Aasen GH. 1991. Low magnetic field effects on embryonic bone growth. Biomed Sci Instrum 27:205-217.
275. McGinnis ME, Vanable JW Jr. 1985. Electric fields in newt limb stumps. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 5.
276. McLaughlin S, Poo MM. 1981. The role of electro-osmosis in the electric-field-induced movement of charged macromolecules on the surfaces of cells. Biophys J 34:85-93.
277. Mesnil M, Krutovskikh V, Omori Y, Yamasaki H. 1995. Role of blocked gap junctional intercellular communication in non-genotoxic carcinogenesis. Toxicol Lett 82-83:701-706.
278. Messenger NJ, Warner AE. 2000. Primary neuronal differentiation in Xenopus embryos is linked to the beta(3) subunit of the sodium pump. Dev Biol 220:168-182.
279. 2+ pulses are coincident with peak pulsatile growth rates in pollen tubes of Lilium longiflorum. J Cell Sci 110:1269-1278.
280. Messerli MA, Robinson KR. 1998. Cytoplasmic acidification and current influx follow growth pulses of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes. Plant J 16:87-91.
281. 2+ lag growth pulses of Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes. J Cell Sci 112:1497-1509.
282. 2+ during pollen tube growth. Dev Biol 222:84-98.
283. Metcalf MEM, Borgens RB. 1994. Weak applied voltages interfere with amphibian morphogenesis and pattern. J Exp Zool 268:322-338.
284. Mevissen M, Stamm A, Buntenkotter S, Zwingelberg R, Wahnschaffe U, Loscher W. 1993. Effect of magnetic fields on mammary tumor development induced by 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 14:131-143.
285. Miller AL, Gow NAR. 1989. Correlation between profile of ion-current circulation and root development. Physiol Plantarum 75:102-108.
286. Moment GB. 1946. A study of growth limitation in earthworms. J Exp Zool 103:487-506.
287. Moment GB. 1949. On the relation between growth in length, the formation of new segments, and electric potential in an earthworm. J Exp Zool 112:1-12.
288. 2+ mediates neural induction in the amphibian embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:12639-12643.
289. Moriarty LJ, Borgens RB. 2001. An oscillating extracellular voltage gradient reduces the density and influences the orientation of astrocytes in injured mammalian spinal cord. J Neurocytol 30:45-57.
290. Moses GC, Martin AH. 1993. Effect of magnetic fields on membrane associated enzymes in chicken embryos. Biochem Mol Biol Int 29(4):757-762.
291. Mullins JM, Krause D, Litovitz TA. 1992. Simultaneous application of a spatially coherent noise field bloks the response of cell cultures to a 60 Hz electromagnetic field. First World Congress on Electric and Magnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine.
292. Nagai M; Ota M. 1994. Pulsating electromagnetic field stimulates mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and -4. J Dent Res 73(10):1601-1605.
293. Noda M, Johnson DE, Chiabrera A, Rodan GA. 1987. Effect of electric currents on DNA synthesis in rat osteosarcoma cells: Dependence on conditions that influence cell growth. J Orthop Res 5:253-260.
294. Northrop FSC, Burr HS. 1937. Experimental findings concerning the electro-dynamic theory of life and an analysis of their physical meaning. Growth 1:78-88.
295. Nuccitelli R. 1983. Transcellular ion currents: Signals and effectors of cell polarity. Mod Cell Biol 2:451-481.
296. Nuccitelli R. 1984. The involvement of transcellular ion currents and electric fields in pattern formation. In: Malacinski GM, Bryant SV, eds. Pattern Formation. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co.
297. Nuccitelli R. 1986. Ionic currents in development. NY: Alan R. Liss.
298. Nuccitelli R. 1988. Ionic currents in morphogenesis. Experientia 44:657-666.
299. Nuccitelli R, Erickson CA. 1983. Embryonic cell motility can be guided by physiological electric fields. Exp Cell Res 147:195-201.
300. Nuccitelli R, Wiley LM, editor. 1985. Polarity of isolated blastomeres from mouse morulae: Detection of transcellular ion currents. Dev Biol 109:452-463.
301. Nuccitelli R, Robinson K, Jaffe L. 1986. On electrical currents in development. Bioessays 5:292-294.
302. O'Connor ME, Bentall RHC, Monahan JC. 1990. Emerging electromagnetic medicine. New York: Springer-Verlag.
303. 2+ channel expression. Dev Biol 230: 258-277.
304. Olcese JM. 1990. The neurobiology of magnetic field detection in rodents. Prog Neurobiol 35:325-330.
305. Olcese JM, Reuss S, Semm P. 1988. Geomagnetic field detection in rodents. Life Sci 42:605-613.
306. Olivotto M, Arcangeli A, Carla M, Wanke E. 1996. Electric fields at the plasma membrane level: A neglected element in the mechanisms of cell signalling. Bioessays 18:495-504.
307. Omori Y, Zaidan Dagli ML, Yamakage K, Yamasaki H. 2001. Involvement of gap junctions in tumor suppression: Analysis of genetically-manipulated mice. Mutat Res 477:191-196.
308. Orida N, Poo MM. 1978. Electrophoretic movement and localisation of acetylcholine receptors in the embryonic muscle cell membrane. Nature 275:31-35.
309. Palma V, Kukuljan M, Mayor R. 2001. Calcium mediates dorso-ventral patterning of mesoderm in Xenopus. Curr Biol 11:1606-1610.
310. Parola AH, Porat N, Kiesow LA. 1988. Time-varying magnetic field causes cell transformation. Biophys J 53:448a.
311. Patel N, Poo MM. 1982. Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields. J Neurosci 2:483-496.
312. Patel NB, Xie Z-P, Young SH, Poo M-M. 1985. Response of nerve growth cone to focal electric currents. J Neurosci Res 13:245-256.
313. Pennekamp P, Karcher C, Fischer A, Schweickert A, Skryabin B, Horst J, Blum M, Dwomiczak B. 2002. The ion channel polycystin-2 is required for left-right axis determination in mice. Curr Biol 12:938-943.
314. Perelygin VV, Tarusov BN. 1966. Flash of very weak radiation on damage to living tissues. Biofizika 11(3):539-541.
315. Persinger MA. 1974a. Behavioral, physiological, and histological changes in rats exposed during various developmental stages to elf magnetic fields. In: Persinger MA, editor. ELF and VLF electromagnetic field effects. New York: Plenum Press.
316. Phillips JL. 1987. Electromagnetic-field induced bioeffects in human cells in vitro. In: Anderson LE, Kelman B, Weigel R, editors. Interaction of biological systems with static and ELF electric and magnetic fields. 23rd Hanford Life Sciences Symposium.
317. Pilla AA, Markov MS. 1994. Bioeffects of weak electromagnetic fields. Rev Environ Health 10(3-4):155-169.
318. Pohl HA. 1980. Microdielectrophoresis of dividing cells. In: Keyzer H, Gutmann F, editors. Bioelectrochemistry. Plenum Press.
319. Pohl HA. 1981. Natural RF electrical oscillations from growing cells. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 1.
320. Pohl HA. 1984. Natural AC electric fields in and about cells. In: Adey WR, Lawrence AF, editors. Nonlinear electrodynamics in biological systems. New York: Plenum Press.
321. Pohl HA, Hawk I. 1966. Separation of living and dead cells by dielectrophoresis. Science 144:647-649.
322. Poo MM, Robinson KR. 1977. Electrophoresis of concanavalin-a receptors along embryonic muscle-cell membrane. Nature 265:602-605.
323. Poo MM, Poo WJ, Lam JW. 1978. Lateral electrophoresis and diffusion of concanavalin A receptors in the membrane of embryonic muscle cell. J Cell Biol 76:483-501.
324. Popp FA, Nagl W. 1983a. A physical electromagnetic model of differentiation 1: Basic considerations. Cytobios 37:45-62.
325. Popp FA, Nagl W. 1983b. A physical electromagnetic model of differentiation 2: Application and examples. Cytobios 37:71-83.
326. Popp FA, Nagl W. 1988. Concerning the question of coherence in biological systems. Cell Biophys 13:218-220.
327. Popp FA, Becker G, König HL, Peschka W, editors. 1979. Electromagnetic bio-information. Baltimore: Urban and Schwarzenberg.
328. Popp FA, Li KH, Gu Q. 1992. Recent advances in biophoton research and its applications. Singapore: World Scientific.
329. Presman AS. 1970. Electromagnetic fields and life. NY: Plenum Press.
330. Pyatenko VS, Tarusov BN. 1964. Cathode luminescence of normal and cancer cells. Biofizika 9(1):134-135.
331. Quickenden TI, Hee SQ. 1974. Weak luminesceuce from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the existence of mitogenic radiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 60:768-770.
332. Quickenden TI, Hee SQ. 1976. The spectral distribution of the luminescence emitted during growth of the yeast Saccharomycetes cerevisiae and its relationship to mitogenetic radiation. Photochem Photobiol 23:201-204.
333. Rai KS. 1986. Use of the mosquito Aedes aegypti as an experimental model to study electropollution. In: Dutta SK, Millis RM, editors. Biological effects of electropollution. Philadelphia: Information Ventures.
334. Rajnicek AM, Stump RF, Robinson KR. 1988. An endogenous sodium current may mediate wound healing in Xenopus neurulae. Dev Biol 128:290-299.
335. Rajnicek AM, Gow NA, McCaig CD. 1992. Electric field-induced orientation of rat hippocampal neurones in vitro. Exp Physiol 77:229-232.
336. Rajnicek AM, McCaig CD, Gow NA. 1994. Electric fields induce curved growth of Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis cells: Implications for mechanisms of galvanotropism and bacterial growth. J Bacteriol 176:702-713.
337. Rajnicek AM, Robinson KR, McCaig CD. 1998. The direction of neurite growth in a weak DC electric field depends on the substratum: Contributions of adhesivity and net surface charge. Dev Biol 203:412-423.
338. 2+ is correlated with the growth of lily pollen tubes. Dev Biol 148:612-619.
339. Ravitz LJ. 1959. Application of the electrodynamic field theory in biology, psychiatry, medicine, and hypnosis. Am J Clin Hypn 1(4):135-150.
340. Ravitz LJ. 1962. History, measurement, and applicability of periodic changes in the electromagnetic field in health and disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 98:1144-1201.
341. Rehm WS. 1938. Bud regeneration and electric polarities in Phaseolus multiflorus. Plant Physiol 13:81-101.
342. Rehm WS. 1939. Electrical responses of Phaseolus multiflorus to electrical currents. Plant Physiol 14:359-363.
343. Rein G, Pilla AA. 1985. Biological and physical mechanisms of electromagnetic modulation of cell surface membrane adhesion. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 1.
344. Robinson KR. 1979. Electrical currents through full-grown and maturing Xenopus oocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:837-841.
345. Robinson KR. 1983. Endogenous electrical current leaves the limb and prelimb region of the Xenopus embryo. Dev Biol 97:203-211.
346. Robinson KR. 1985. The responses of cells to electrical fields: A review. J Cell Biol 101:2023-2027.
347. Robinson KR, McCaig C. 1980. Electrical fields, calcium gradients, and cell growth. Ann NY Acad Sci 339:132-138.
348. Robinson KR, Messerli MA. 1996. Electric embryos. In: McCaig CD, editor. Nerve growth and guidance. Portland Press.
349. Romanoff AL. 1941. Fertility study offresh eggs by radio frequency conductivity and dielectric effect. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 46:298-301.
350. Rosene HF. 1937. Effect of an applied electric current on the external longitudinal polarity potentials of the Douglas fir. Am J Bot 24:390-399.
351. Rosene HF, Lund EJ. 1953. Bioelectric fields and correlation in plants. In: Loomis WE, editor. Growth and differentiation in plants. Ames: Iowa State College Press.
352. Ross SM. 1990. Combined DC and ELF magnetic fields can alter cell proliferation. Bioelectromagnetics 11:27-36.
353. Rutenberg J, Cheng SM, Levin M. 2002. Early embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus embryogenesis. Dev Dyn 225(4):469-484.
354. Ryaby JT, Jones DB, Walsh M, Pilla AA. 1986. Pulsing electromagnetic fields affect the phosphorylation and expression of oncogene proteins. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 6.
355. Sater AK, Alderton JM, Steinhardt RA. 1994. An increase in intracellular pH during neural induction in Xenopus. Development 120:433-442.
356. Scaiano JC. 1995. Exploratory laser flash photolysis study of free radical reactions and magnetic field effects in melatonin chemistry. J Pineal Res 19:189-195.
357. Schauble MK, Habal MB, Gullick HD. 1977. Inhibition of experimental tumor growth in Hamsters by small direct currents. Arch Pathol Lab Med 101:294-297.
358. Schauf B, Repas LM, Kaufmann R. 1992. Localization of ultraweak photon emission in plants. Photochem Photobiol 55(2):287-291.
359. Schimmelpfeng J, Stein JC, Dertinger H. 1995. Action of 50 Hz magnetic fields on cyclic AMP and intercellular communication in monolayers and spheroids of mammalian cells. Bioelectromagnetics 16:381-386.
360. Scholz W, Staszkiewicz U, Popp FA, Nagl W. 1988. Light-stimulted ultraweak photon reemission of human amnion cells and Wish cells. Cell Biophys 13:55-63.
361. Sedar JD. 1956. The influence of direct current fields upon the developmental pattern of the chick embryo. J Exp Zool 133:47-71.
362. Semm P, Schneider T, Vollrath L. 1980. Effects of an earth-strength magnetic field on electrical activity of pineal cells. Nature 288:607-608.
363. Senftle FE, Thorpe A. 1961. Cancer and normal cells are magnetically different. Chem Eng News 39:38.
364. Sheppard AR, Eisenbud M. 1977. Biological effects of electric and magnetic fields of extremely low frequency. NY: New York University Press.
365. Shi R, Borgens R. 1994. Embryonic neuroepithelial sodium transport, the resulting physiological potential, and cranial development. Dev Biol 165:105-116.
366. Shi R, Borgens RB. 1995. Three-dimensional gradients of voltage during development of the nervous system as invisible coordinates for the establishment of embryonicpattern. Dev Dyn 202(2):101-114.
367. Shibib K, Brock M, Gosztony G. 1987. The geomagnetic field: A factor in cellular interactions. Neurosci Res 9(4):225-235.
368. Shrode LD, Tapper H, Grinstein S. 1997. Role of intracellular pH in proliferation, transformation, and apoptosis. J Bioenerg Biomembr 29:393-399.
369. Shultz A, Smith A, Dycus AM. 1967. Effects on early plant growth from nulled and directional magnetic field environments. Barnothy.
370. Simoncini L, Block ML, Moody WJ. 1988. Lineage-specific development of calcium currents during embryogenesis. Science 242:1572-1575.
371. Simpson JF. 1966. Evolutionary pulsations and geomagnetic polarity. Geolog Soc Am Bull 77:197-203.
372. Smialowicz RJ. 1987. Immunologic effects of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation. IEEE Eng Med Biol 6(1):47-51.
373. Smith SD. 1974. Effects of electrode placement on stimulation of adult frog limb regeneration. Ann NY Acad Sci 238:500-507.
374. Smith SD. 1979. Bioelectrical control of growth: A retrospective look. Becker.
375. Smith PJ, Hammar K, Porterfield DM, Sanger RH, Trimarchi JR. 1999. Self-referencing, non-invasive, ion selective electrode for single cell detection of trans-plasma membrane calcium flux. Microsc Res Tech 46:398-417.
376. Stern CD. 1982. Experimental reversal of polarity in chick embryo epiblast sheets in vitro. Exp Cell Res 140:468-471.
377. Stern CD. 1986. Do ionic currents play a role in the control of development? Bioessays 4:180-184.
378. Stewart R, Erskine L, McCaig CD. 1995. Calcium channel subtypes and intracellular calcium stores modulate electric field-stimulated and -oriented nerve growth. Dev Biol 171:340-351.
379. Stewart R, Allan DW, McCaig CD. 1996. Lectins implicate specific carbohydrate domains in electric field stimulated nerve growth and guidance. J Neurobiol 30:425-437.
380. Strobl JS, Wonderlin WF, Flynn DC. 1995. Mitogenic signal transduction in human breast cancer cells. Gen Pharmacol 26:1643-1649.
381. Stump RF, Robinson KR. 1986. Ionic current in Xenopus embryos during neurulation and wound healing. Prog Clin Biol Res 210:223-230.
382. Stump RF, Harold KRR, Harold X. 1980. Endogenous electrical currents in the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii during growth and sporulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:6673-6677.
383. Sun Y, Wyman R. 1987. Lack of an oocyte to nurse cell voltage difference in Drosophila. Neuroscience 13:1139.
384. Sun YA, Wyman RJ. 1993. Reevaluation of electrophoresis in the Drosophila egg chamber. Dev Biol 155:206-215.
385. Takamori M. 1999. An autoimmune channelopathy associated with cancer: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Intern Med 38:86-96.
386. Tenforde TS. 1989. Electroreception and magnetoreception in simple and complex organisms. Bioelectromagnetics 10:215-221.
387. Thomas JB. 1939. Electrical control of polarity in plants. Rec Trav Botan Neerl 36(2):373-437.
388. Thomas JR, Schrot J, Liboff AR. 1986. Low-intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats. Bioelectromagnetics 7:349-357.
389. Thomas IM, Freake SM, Swithenby SJ, Wikswo JP Jr. 1993. A distributed quasi-static ionic current source in the 3-4 day old chicken embryo. Phys Med Biol 38:1311-1328.
390. Tsong TY. 1989. Deciphering the language of cells. Trends Biochem Sci 14:89-92.
391. Tsonis PA. 1983. Effects of carcinogens on regenerating and non-regenerating limbs in amphibia (review). Anticancer Res 3:195-202.
392. Ubeda A, Leal J, Trillo MA, Jimenez MA, Delgado JMR. 1985. Pulse shape of magnetic fields influences chick embryogenesis. Am J Anat 137(3):513-536.
393. Ubeda A, Trillo MA, House DE, Blackman CF. 1995. A 50 Hz magnetic field blocks melatonin-induced enhancement of junctional transfer in normal C3H/10T1/ 2 cells. Carcinogenesis 16:2945-2949.
394. +-ATPase alpha subunit requires gastrulation in the Xenopus embryo. Dev Growth Differ 39:571-580.
395. Uzman JA, Patil S, Uzgare AR, Sater AK. 1998. The role of intracellular alkalinization in the establishment of anterior neural fate in Xenopus. Dev Biol 193:10-20.
396. van Wijk RV, Schamhart DH. 1988. Regulatory aspects of low intensity photon emission. Experientia 44:586-593.
397. van Wijk R, van Aken JM. 1992. Photon emission in tumor biology. Experientia 48:1092-1101.
398. Verachtert B, Deloof A. 1988. Experimental reversal of the electric-field around vitellogenic follicles of sarcophaga-bullata. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 90:253-256.
399. Verachtert B, Deloof A. 1989. Intracellular and extracellular electrical fields of vitellogenic polytrophic insect follicles. Biol Bull 176:91-95.
400. Verachtert B, Amelinckx M, Deloof A. 1989. Potassium and chloride dependence of the membrane-potential of vitellogenic follicles of sarcophaga-bullata (diptera). J Insect Physiol 35:143-148.
401. Verworn M. 1889. Die polare Erregnung der Protisten durch den galvanischen Strom. Pflugers Arch 45:1-36.
402. Wang C, Rathore KS, Robinson KR. 1989. The responses of pollen to applied electrical fields. Dev Biol 136:405-410.
403. Wang S, Melkoumian Z, Woodfork KA, Cather C, Davidson AG, Wonderlin WF, Strobl JS. 1998. Evidence for an early G1 ionic event necessary for cell cycle progression and survival in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell line. J Cell Physiol 176:456-464.
404. Wang E, Zhao M, Forrester JV, CD MC. 2000. Re-orientation and faster, directed migration of lens epithelial cells in a physiological electric field. Exp Eye Res 71:91-98.
405. Watkins ND, Goodell HG. 1967. Geomagnetic polarity changes and faunal extinction in the southern ocean. Science 156:1083.
406. Watson AJ, Kidder GM. 1988. Immunofluorescence assessment of the timing of appearance and cellular distribution of Na/K-ATPase during mouse embryogenesis. Dev Biol 126:80-90.
407. Watson AJ, Damsky CH, Kidder GM. 1990. Differentiation of an epithelium: Factors affecting the polarized distribution of Na+,K(+)-ATPase in mouse trophectoderm. Dev Biol 141:104-114.
408. Webb HM, Brown FA, Schroeder TE. 1961. Organismic responses to differences in weak horizontal electrostatic fields. Biol Bull 121:413.
409. Weisennseel MH, Kicherer RM. 1981b. Ionic currents as control mechanisms in cytomorphogenesis. Cell Biol Monogr 8:379-399.
410. Wever R. 1968. Einflub schwacher elektro-magnetischer Felder auf die circadiane periodik des menschen. Naturwissenschaften 55:29-32.
411. + channels in follicular cells promotes Xenopus oocyte maturation. PNAS 89:5133-5137.
412. Wilson DH, Jagadeesh P, Newman PP, Harriman DGF. 1974. The effects of pulsed electromagnetic energy on peripheral nerve regeneration. Ann NY Acad Sci 238:575-XXX.
413. Wohlrab D, Hein W. 2000. Der Einfluss von Ionenkanalmodulatorenauf das Membranpotential humaner Chondrozyten. Orthopade 29:80-84.
414. Wohlrab D, Wohlrab J, Markwardt F. 2000. Electrophysiological characterization of human keratinocytes using the patch-clamp technique. Exp Dermatol 9:219-223.
415. Wood AW. 1993. Possible health effects of 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic fields: Review of proposed mechanisms. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med 16(1):1-21.
416. Yamaguchi DT, Huang J, Ma D, Wang PK. 2002. Inhibition of gap 3junction intercellular communication by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields in osteoblast-like models is dependent on cell differentiation. J Cell Physiol 190:180-188.
417. Yamasaki H, Mesnil M, Omori Y, Mironov N, Krutovskikh V. 1995. Intercellular communication and carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 333:181-188.
418. Yamasaki H, Krutovskikh V, Mesnil M, Tanaka T, Zaidan-Dagli M, Omori Y. 1999. Role of connexin (gap junction) genes in cell growth control and carcinogenesis. C R Acad Sci 322:151-159.
419. Zecca L, Ferrario P, Conte GD. 1984. Activation of immune system by pulsed magnetic fields after γ-ray irradiation. Bioelectrical Repair and Growth Society (BRAGS), 1981. Transactions of the First Annual Meeting, Vol 4.
420. 2+-ions and pattern control in Hydra. Int J Dev Biol 46:705-710.
421. Zhao M, Agius-Fernandez A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD. 1996a. Directed migration of corneal epithelial sheets in physiological electric fields. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:2548-2558.
422. Zhao M, Agius-Fernandez A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD. 1996b. Orientation and directed migration of cultured corneal epithelial cells in small electric fields are serum dependent. J Cell Sci 109:1405-1414.
423. Zhao M, McCaig CD, Agius-Fernandez A, Forrester JV, Araki-Sasaki K. 1997. Human corneal epithelial cells reorient and migrate cathodally in a small applied electric field. Curr Eye Res 16:973-984.
424. Zhao M, Dick A, Forrester JV, McCaig CD. 1999. Electric field-directed cell motility involves up-regulated expression and asymmetric redistribution of the epidermal growth factor receptors and is enhanced by fibronectin and laminin. Mol Biol Cell 10:1259-1276.