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In the TEM images the lengths of MWNTs appears smaller (10-500 nm) than the theoretical length (1-2 μm). Extrusion can cause some breakage of nanotubes [12] but here the main reason is the 100 nm thickness of the TEM section. Nanotubes are cut by the diamond knife during microtoming preventing observation of the real carbon-nanotube length.
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Since the TEM samples are microtomed at room temperature and the DMHDIm-TFB does not melt until 75°C, the phase-separated DMHDIm-TFB domains may be pulling out of the sections. It is not likely that these holes are from degradation of the imidazolium salt; the DMHDIm-TFB used to modify the MWNTs has a high thermal stability (325°C), much higher than the processing temperature (195°C). Indeed, these holes do not appear in the TEM images of PS/MWNT-untreated sample, or for the sample with a 1:1 DMHDIm-TFB-to-MWNT ratio.
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This work was carried out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), an agency of the U. S. government and by statute is not subject to copyright in the United States. Certain commercial equipment, instruments, materials or companies are identified in this paper in order to adequately specify the experimental procedure. This in no way implies endorsement or recommendation by NIST. The policy of NIST is to use metric units of measurement in all its publications, and to provide statements of uncertainty for all original measurements. In this document, however, data from organizations outside NIST are shown, which may include measurements in non-metric units or measurements without uncertainty statements.
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